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Ad00341 04 052a/engRoses XIV. Vol. V. No. 50.
TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The little Provence-Rose. (Rosa provincialis minima.)
Fig. 2. The Dijon Damason-Rose. (Rosa Damascena Dijonensis.)
Ad00341 04 053a/engBirds. LXX. Vol. V. No. 51.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FOREIGN OWLS.
Fig. 1. The Chocouhou.
Fig. 2. The Huhul.
Fig. 3. The Collar-Owl.
Fig. 4. The crested owl.
Fig. 5. The black mask.
Fig. 6. The white Church-owl.
Ad00341 04 054a/engInsects XXXV. Vol. V. No. 52.
BUTTERFLIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Fig. 1. The green Marble Papilion.
Fig. 2. The Harlequin.
Fig. 3. The Indian Gold-Butterfly.
Fig. 4. The Scarlet spot.
Ad00341 04 055a/engInsects XXXVI. Vol. V. No. 53.
THE COMMON CRAWFISH.
Ad00341 04 056a/engMiscell. Subj. LVIII. Vol. V. No. 54.
CATARACTS.
Fig. 1 The falls of Niagara.
Fig. 2. The cataract of the Rhine near Lauffen.
Ad00341 04 057a/engMiscell. Sub. LIX. Vol. V. No. 55.
PUBLICK GAMES IN THE ALPS NEAR UNTERSEEN IN THE CANTON OF BERN.
Fig. 1. Wrestling.
Fig. 2. The Alp-horns.
Fig. 3. Stone-flinging.
Fig. 4. The Distribution of prices.
Ad00341 04 058a/engPlants XCVI. Vol. V. No. 56.
MAGNIFIC FLOWER.
The beautiful Nelumbo. (Nelumbium speciosum.)
Ad00341 04 059a/engWorms VIII. Vol. V. No. 57.
THE MOLLUSKS OR SMOOTH-WORMS.
Fig. 1. and 2. The Common cuttle-fisch. (Sepia officinalis.)
Fig. 3. The Tuberous cuttle-fish. (Sepia tuberculata.)
Fig. 4. The spotted cuttle-fisch. (Sepia maculata.)
Fig. 5. The small cuttle-fish. (Sepia sepiola.)
Ad00341 04 060a/engInsects. XXXVII. Vol. V. No. 58.
GERMAN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Poplar Butterfly. (Papilio Nymph. Populi.)
Fig. 2. The white marbled Butterfly. (Papilio Dan. Cardamines.)
Fig. 3. The brimstone Butterfly. (Papilio D. Rhamni.)
Fig. 4. The Silver Comma. (Papilio N. C. album.)
Fig. 5. The lesser Tortoise Shell. (Papilio N. urticae.)
Ad00341 04 061a/engMiscell. Subj. LX. Vol. V. No. 59.
FIELDS AND MOUNTAINS OF ICE.
Fig. 1. The Rock or Mountain ice.
Fig. 2. The Field ice.
Ad00341 04 062a/engRoses XV. Vol. V. No. 60.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
The white Rose of Damas. (Rosa Damascena flor. alba.)
Ad00341 04 063a/engGarments VII. Vol. V. No. 61.
ORDERS OF KNIGHTS.
Fig. 1. and 2. Templars.
Fig. 3. and 4. Knights of the Order of S. John.
Ad00341 04 064a/engGarments VIII. Vol. V. No. 62.
DIVERS ORDERS OF KNIGHTS.
Fig. 1. Knights of the Teutonic Order.
Fig. 2. Knights of the golden Fleece.
Fig. 3. Knights of S. Stephan
Fig. 4. Knights of S. Hubert.
Ad00341 04 065a/engBirds LXXI. Vol. V. No. 63.
AFRICAN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Bacha.
Fig. 2. The Singing Falcon.
Fig. 3. The Corbivau.
Fig. 4. The Forktailed Goat-Sucker.
Fig. 5. The Crested Falcon.
Fig. 6. The Chivquera.
Ad00341 04 066a/engInsects XXXVIII. Vol. V. No. 64.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The bindweed Sphinx. (Sphinx convolvuli.)
Fig. 2. The privet Sphinx. (Sphinx Ligustri.)
Ad00341 04 067a/engPlants XCVII. Vol. V. No. 65.
THE GENUINE LOTOS PLANT.
The Egyptian Sea-rose or genuine Lotos-plant. (Nymphaea Lotus.)
Ad00341 04 068a/engGarments IX. Vol. V. No. 66.
DIVERS ORDERS OF KNIGHTS.
Fig. 1. Knights of the order of the black eagle.
Fig. 2. Kinights of the order of S. Andrew.
Fig. 3. Kinights of the Seraphins order.
Fig. 4. Knights of the white Elephant.
Ad00341 04 069a/engInsects XXXIX. Vol. V. No. 67.
RARE GERMAN MOTHS.
Fig. 1. The clifton Non pareil. (Phalaena noctua fraxini.)
Fig. 2. The orange underwing Moth (Phalaena noctua paranympha.)
Fig. 3. The high red underwing Moth. (Phalaena noctua Hera.)
Fig. 4. The crimson underwing Moth. (Phalaena noctua Sponsa.)
Ad00341 04 070a/engPlants XCVIII. Vol. V. No. 68.
GERMAN FOREST TREES.
Fig. 1. The European Lime-tree. (Tilia Europaea.)
Fig. 2. The common Oak. (Quercus pedunculata.)
Ad00341 04 071a/engWorms IX. Vol. V. No. 69.
MOLLUSKS OR SMOOTH WORMS.
Fig. 1. The Fleeve. (Sepia Loligo.)
Fig. 2. The Harpoon Calmory. (Sepia sagittata.)
Fig. 3. and 4. The Preke Pour contrel. (Sepia octopodia.)
Fig. 5. The grained Ink-fish. (Sepia granulata.)
Ad00341 04 072a/engMiscellaneous Subjects LXI. Vol. V. No. 70.
NOTHERN APPEARANCES.
Fig. 1. The norhern Light.
Fig. 2. The Sun at midnight.
Ad00341 04 073a/engQuadrupedes LXXIV. Vol. V. No. 71.
REMARKABLES SUCKING ANIMALS.
Fig. 1. The Canada Rat. (Mus bursarius.)
Fig. 2. The Common mouse, white var. (Mus musculus. Var. alba.)
Ad00341 04 074a/engInsects. XL. Vol. V. No. 72.
REMARKABLE INSECTS.
The gigantic Grasshopper. (Gryllus cristatus.)
Ad00341 04 075a/engInsects XLI. Vol. V. No. 73.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN HAWK-MOTHS.
Fig. 1. The Poplar Sphinx. (Sphinx populi.)
Fig. 2. The lime-tree Sphinx. (Sphinx tiliae.)
Fig. 3. The trunked Sphinx. (Sphinx Elpenor.)
Ad00341 04 076a/engPlants XCIX. Vol. V. No. 74.
GERMAN FRUIT-SORTS.
Fig. 1. The common plum (Prunus domestica.)
Fig. 2. The common cherry. (Prunus avium.)
Ad00341 04 077a/engRoses XVI. Vol. V. No. 75.
VARIETIES OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The French-Rose. (Rosa gallica. L.)
Fig. 2. The large flesh-coloured Rose. (Rosa truncata carnea major.)
Ad00341 04 078a/engBirds LXXII. Vol. V. No. 76.
GERMAN SINGING BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Nightingale with ist nest.
Fig. 2. The petti-chaps. (Motacilla Hippolais.)
Ad00341 04 079a/engPlants C. Vol. V. No. 77.
GERMAN FOREST-TREES.
Fig. 1. The common beech. (Fagus sylvatica.)
Fig. 2. The common Elm. (Ulmus campestris.)
Ad00341 04 080a/engPlants CI. Vol. V. No. 78.
GERMAN FRUIT-SORTS.
Fig. 1. The garden-currant tree. (Ribes rubrum.)
Fig. 2. The goose-berry-bush. (Ribes grossularia.)
Ad00341 04 081a/engInsects XLII. Vol. V. No. 79.
MAGNIFICENT FOREIGN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Iujube-tree Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx Paphia.)
Fig. 2. The Claret-Sphinx. (Sphinx Labruscae.)
Ad00341 04 082a/engMiscell. Subj. LXII. Vol. V. No. 80.
REMARKABLE CAVERNS.
The Gnome’s (Erdmanns) cavern near Hasel.
Ad00341 04 083a/engBIRDS LXXIII. Vol. V. No. 81.
BEAUTIFUL FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Golden Tanager. (Tanagra violacea.)
Fig. 2. The Bishop Tanager. (Tanagra Episcopus.)
Fig. 3. The Paradise Tanager. (Tanagra Tatao.)
Fig. 4. The Orange Grosbeack. (Loxia aurantia.)
Fig. 5. The Java Grosbeack. (Loxia oryzivora.)
Ad00341 04 084a/engPlants CII. Vol. V. No. 82.
WILD FRUIT-KINDS.
Fig. 1. The wild pear. (Pyrus communis.)
Fig. 2. The wild apple. (Pyrus malus.)
Ad00341 04 085a/engInsects XLIII. Vol. V. No. 83.
THE LION-ANT IN IST PIT-FALL.
Ad00341 04 086a/engMiscell. Objects LXIII. Vol. V. No. 84.
THE COMMON FLY MICROSCOPICALLY CONSIDERED.
Ad00341 04 087a/engRoses XVII. Vol. V. No. 85.
DIFFERENT SORTS OF ROSES.
The pale yellow Scotish Rose. (Rosa spinosissima flore flavo.)
Ad00341 04 088a/engBirds LXXIV. Vol. V. No. 86.
BEAUTIFUL FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Azur flycatcher. (Muscicpa caerulea.)
Fig. 2. The black headed Tanager. (Tanagra atricapilla.)
Fig. 3. Cital Tanager. (Tanagra capitalis.)
Fig. 4. The Paradise flycatcher. (Muscicapa paradisi.)
Fig. 5. The fan-tailed flycatcher. (Muscicapa flabellifera.)
Ad00341 04 089a/engPlants CIII. Vol. V. No. 87.
GERMAN FRUIT SORTS.
Fig. 1. The cornel tree. (Cornus mascula.)
Fig. 2. The german medlar. (Mespilus germanica.)
Ad00341 04 090a/engInsects XLIV. Bd. V. No. 88.
GERMAN MOTHS.
Fig. 1. The gipsey moth. (Phalaena Bombyx dispar.)
Fig. 2. The quercifoliated Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx quercifolia.)
Fig. 3. The Fish-tailed Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx Pruni.)
Ad00341 04 091a/engMiscell. Objects LXIV. Vol. V. No. 89.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINOUS PASSAGES IN SWITZERLAND.
Fig. 1. The Road over the great mountain of St. Bernard.
Fig. 2. The Road over the mountain of St. Gotthard.
Ad00341 04 092a/engRoses XVIII. Vol. V. No. 90.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The lucid Rose. (Rosa lucida.)
Fig. 2. The large truncated Rose. (Rosa truncata major.)
Ad00341 04 093a/engBirds. LXXV. Vol. V. No. 91.
REMARKABLE EXOTICK BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Rhinoceros-bird. (Buceros Rhinoceros.)
Fig. 2. The Abyssinian Horn-bill. (Buceros abyssinicus.)
Fig. 3. The gold-breasted Paradise-bird. (Paradisea aurea.)
Fig. 4. The blue green Paradise-bird. (Paradisea viridis.)
Ad00341 04 094a/engInsects XLV. Vol. V. No. 92.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CROSS-SPIDER.
Ad00341 04 095a/engInsects XLVI. Vol. V. No. 93.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CROSS-SPIDER. (Continuation.)
Ad00341 04 096a/engMiscell. Sub. LXV. Vol. V. No. 94
MICROSCOPICK OBSERVATIONS UPON THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF METALS.
Fig. 1. The Tree of copper.
Fig. 2. The Tree of lead.
Fig. 3. The Tree of tin.
Fig. 4. The Tree of Zinc.
Ad00341 04 097a/engMiscellaneous Subjects LXVI. Vol. V. No. 95.
THE OLD PALACE OF THE CZARS OF MOSCOW.
Ad00341 04 098a/engBirds LXXVI. Vol. V. No. 96.
THE CONDUR.
Ad00341 04 099a/engPlants CIV. Vol. V. No. 97.
MEDICINAL PLANTS:
Fig. 1. The lovage leav’d Galbanum. (Bubon galbanum.)
Fig. 2. The Gentian of Austria. (Gentiana pannonica.)
Ad00341 04 100a/engInsects XLVII. Vol. V. No. 98.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The great streak’d Fritillary. (Papilio Paphia.)
Fig. 2. The great Argus. (Papilio Arion.)
Fig. 3. The brown-hair streak. (Papilio betulae.)
Fig. 4. The small Tortoise-shell. (Papilio Phlaeas.)
Ad00341 04 101a/engWorms X. Vol. V. No. 99.
THE EAR’D MEDUSA (SEA-NETTLE.)
Ad00341 04 102a/engMiscellaneaous Subjects LXVII. Vol. V. No. 100.
THE CATHEDRAL AT STRASBOURG.
Ad00341 05 003a/eng

Garments. X. Vol. VI. No. 1.

SWISS-GARMENTS.

Fig. 1. An inhabitant of Underwalden.

The inhabitants of the Canton of Underwalden in Switzerland are good-natured, but little cultivated people; they are inclin'd to melancholy, for the most part poor, and chiefly maintain themselves by breeding of cattle, which they improve with great industry. Here we behold a cow-herd of this country represented in his festival suit.

Fig. 2. A country-girl of Bern.

Here presents herself to us a pretty young country-girl of the Canton of Bern, coming from the field and carrying home potatoes, she has dug out. She is lightly dress'd, that she may be able, with more easiness to work.

Fig. 3. A cow-herd of Emmenthal.

The Emmenthal in the Canton of Bern is very fruitful and famous for it's excellent cheefe. The breeding of cattle is the chief occupation of the inhabitants of this valley. The plate here adjoined represents a cowherd in his ordinary dress, coming very chearfully from his stable, from whence he carries away the earned milk.

Fig. 4 and 5. A girl and a young peasant of Entlibuch.

The valley of Entlibuch lies in the Canton of Luzern, being renown'd for the manly, proud, honest and open character of it's inhabitants, distinguish'd too by their inclination to Poetry, Satire, Musick and gymnastick exercises, in the last of which they particularly excel. The following plates represent them in their ordinary dress.

Fig. 6. A hunter of chamois.

Here we view a hunter of chamois of the Swiss-Alps, in his usual clothes, climbing up the ice-mountains with the help of his pointed staff, and his shoes arm'd with pricks. Thus he exposes himself to the most visible dangers, in order to enjoy the pleasure of killing a chamois.

Ad00341 05 004a/eng

Miscell. Subj. LXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 2.

THE MANNER OF BUILDING IN SWITZERLAND.

Fig. 1. A Swiss peasant's house.

In a great part of Switzerland the peasants-houses are larger, more spacious and therefore more commodious too, than in many other countries. This we perceive already in the house here exhibited of a countryman in the Canton Underwalden, which however is proportionally much poorer and ruder, and has more ignorant and less industrious inhabitants, than many other Swiss-Cantons. The said house is a pretty large building; the ground-floor is mured up with stones, because it includes the cellar; the rest is entirely of wood, and the roof is cover'd with large shingles, fasten'd with stones.

Fig. 2. A Sennhut.

Sennhuts are call'd in Switzerland wooden huts, constructed in the mountain near the Alp-meadows, on which the cows during the whole summer are pasturing, In these huts made of trunks, which are lay'd upon each other (like the Russian bootshouses) the milk is preserv'd and the chieese prepar'd; besides they serve to the cowherds for a shelter and sleeping-place, where their bed under the roof commonly consists but of long grass. Here we see such a hut from within, with all the utensils requisite for preparing cheese; with which the Alpler (as the herdsmen of the Alps are call'd) actually is employ'd; at the same time we perceive his wife with his boy, who are visiting him, and the servant roasting cheese at the fire for these dear guests; for roasted cheese goes here for a great delicacy. Not before winter the Alpler returns with his herd to the valley, where his fixed dwelling is.

Ad00341 05 005a/engMiscell. Subj. LXIX. Vol. VI. No. 3.
REMARKABLE ICE-HILLS, AS THE SOURCE OF GREAT RIVERS.
1 he Ice-hills (t'all'd Gletfcher) in Switzer- takes its rife out of the three principal branlancl are prodigious maffes of ice on the dies, the fore - middle- and hind -Rhine)
ruAlps, being inexhauftible refervoirs for fup- fhes forthas a brook of the ice-hill, with which plying the flowing waters, which from them the 13 lel'fer brooks unite themTelves, turntake their origin. Two of them, reprefen- Min g down from the Shell-horn (Mitjchelhorn) ted here, deferve, a particular noticefor giv- a rock of two hours length, ing the exiftence to two of the largeft rivers of Europe.
Fig. 1. The Rhinewaldgletscher or the first spring of the Rhine.
Fig. 2. The Ice-hill of the Rhone.
hick origin derives the Rhone, that rifes out or the firft ferine of the Rhine. of the ice - hin of the Rhone or the Furca' 1 ° one of the moli beautiful ice - hills in the - In the "back - ground of the Rhincwald- whole chain of Alps. It lies on the fide of thai, furrounded on all fides with lofty the Furca, a lofty mountain, that is the mountains, in the helvetick Canton of Gn- South-"VYeft horn of the St. Gotthard, at the Jons lies the great PJiineuuddgletJchcr, a confines of Wallis, Bern and Uri, and of prodigious mafs of ice in a gloomy, folitary the full higher Galenfiok till down in the place. From an ice-vault, which fometi- valley of G cran, and is the iffue of an icemes is very great and brilliant (we fee it here valley of 6 hours length. Three fmall brooks copied from nature) the hindmoft Rhine (for iffue out of this ice- hill, and form the the whole Rhine, the nobleft river in Europe, fprings of the Rhone.
Ad00341 05 006a/engMiscell. Subj. LXX. Vol. VI. No. 4.
THE STAUBBACH.
\Jne of the most remarkable, celebrated ling-white, continually fhifting form in the and frequented cascades in Switzerland is the air. About noon, when the fun-beams ftrike Staubbach in thé no lefs Fig. nal valley of Lau- this tumbling water, the beauty of this gloterbrunnen, in the Canton of Bern. This rious fport of nature reaches the higheft deStaubbach precipitates iifelf near the village gree; and coming nearer you behold in it of Lauterbrunn, over the fteep rocky wall of two circular rainbows. There is no danger, the mountain of Piateli, about 900 feet from to place himfelf between the rocky wall, and on high. It forms in fact two cascades, one the upper water-fall; the only inconvenient, above the other; the upper Fig.. 1.) falls in one undergoes, is to be wetted by the fpoua rocky bafon, out of which the water fpouts ting water. In the winter one perceives in again, and forms the lower cascade (Fig.. 2.). this Staubbach quite lingular and curious At this fall the water is in the air diffolv'd figures of ice. More upwards it forms yet into the fineft duft (from whence the name other fplendid waterfalls, but not fo high, of Staubbach) waving as an etherian, dazz
Ad00341 05 007a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXI. Vol. VI. No. 5.
MICROSCOPICK CONSIDERATION OF THE SPUNGE AND OF THE CHANGING TAFFETA.
Fig. 1. The Spunge.
1 he Spunge, this. yellowifh- brown loofe. body, we make ufe of, to clean and wafh us, chiefly gruws on the rocky ground of leverai islanJrof the Mediterraneaa Sea, where it is by the divers torn off and gather'd. That it very eafily fokes up the water, every body knows. Bat in what manner this happens, we perceive here, by looking on this little piece of fpunge, magnify'd by the microrcope. The truth is, the whole fpunge confifts of a texture of many nice, flexible hair-channels, which quickly foke in the water and fwell the fpunge. On account •f the foftnefs and flexibility of the little channels the fpunge may be as eafily fqueezed out, lìnee by the fqueeze of the hand the water is again pump'd out, as out of a jack. ■
Fig. 2. The changing taffeta.
The varying play of colours, we obferve in the changing taffeta, (as in the V. Vol. Nro. 40. in the Iris papillon) only derives from the many-coloured threads, as the magnifying (b) clearly proves. The warp namely confifts in this cafe of yellow threads, but the woof of purple ones. According as you turn the taffeta, the yellow or the purple colour prevails, or a fine mixture of both colours arifes.
Ad00341 05 008a/engPlants CV. Vol. VI. No. 6.
BEAR'S BREECH.
I he Bear's breech deferves our notice, be- permanent plant, growing wild in Sicily caute the most ancient greek and roman Ar- and in the lower parts of Italy. The leaves chitecture already adopted it's well fhaped (A) form a leafy rofe, out of which fhoots leaves as an ornament to the Capitals of the ftalk, 2 or 3 feet high, with violet and the columns, efpecially of the corinthick white bloffoms. order, and befides embellifhed them by regularity. The gothick as well as the modern Architecture has retain'd this decora- ^8- 2' The Brank - Urlili. ting plant. Till now we know. 14 fpecies, , , . (Acanthus fpinofus.) of bear's breech 5 but the two following ones J are preferably imitated in Architecture. This fpecies grows likewife upon humid
Fig. 1. The genuine bear's breech. (Acanthus mollis.)
places in Italy. The leaf i, large and well {
rhaped; at the extremities of the liule lea The genuine or foft bear's breech is a
Fig. 2. The Brank-ursin. (Acanthus spinosus.)
are pricks, as at the leaves of the thiftl
Ad00341 05 009a/engWorms XI. Vol. VI. No. 7.
SEA-CREATURES.
Fig. 1. The thorny or echinated cockle (Cardium echinatum.)
As we commonly behold in the cabinets
Fig. 2. The wonderful Sea-feather. (Pennatula mirabilis.)
of natural products the beautiful variegated cockle-fhells but vacant, we might eafily imagine, that they are inhabited by no living creature. But of the contrary convin- This Sea-feather is a coral-like cafe ces us this representalion A, B and C of delicately form'd, being inhabited by a potile thorny cockle, an inhabitant of the lypus-like worm, and provided with lateral Nord-Sea. At A we perceive the creature branches nicely feathered, like the wings in the fhell, being fomewhat open'd on the of a plume. Thefe creatures attain to a fharp border, and at B from the fide, where length of 6 or 8 inches, being met with one obferves the fithe-like and orange-co- in the European and American Seas, where loured foot of the animal, which aids it in they are fwimming at large.
Ad00341 05 010a/engFishes XLI. Vol. Vl. No. 8.
SINGULAR FISHES.
Fig. 1. The chordated Stylephorus. (Stylephorus chordatus.)
1 his fifli of a quite fingular fhape lias but 2o years ago been known, when it was brought from the* Weftindian Seas to England. It's eyes ftand on the two fhort cylinders, and the head with the fnout directed upwards confifts of a flexible leathery duplicature. The body terminates in a ftringlike length of i foot and io inches; whereas the length of the body itfelf amounts but to io inches.
Fig. 2. The painted Angler. (Lophius pictus.)
The painted angler is a native of the pacific Ocean, and is obferved. about NewHolland and Otaheitee. Over thé~wide open mouth fticks a long filament, by which it entices fmall fifhes to devour them. Befides one perceives on the back a pair of thick proceffes. The prime-colour is dull brown with yellow and red fpots. %.
Fig. 3. The marbled Angler. (Lophius marmoratus.)
This fifh is likewife a native of the pacific Ocean. The body is of a black-brown colour, marbled with blueifh, white and red fpots. Above the upper lip fticks a long filament, forking into two at the tip, and the pectoral fins refemble the paws of a quadruped, but are by no means fo.
Ad00341 05 011a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXII. Vol. VI. No. 9.
METEORS.
lo the extraordinary meteors or airy pbe- netrable to us.- The meteor here Fig. ured nomeca belong the fiery globes, that now was to be feen at London the 13th of Noand then all at once appear in the air. vember, 1803. towards half paft eight o' Tho' we cannot yet trace them to their clock in the evening. To an obferver the original, however they are by no means an fiery mafs appear'd at firft (Fig.. 1.) fnictly omen of an imminent misfortune, as fimple, circumfcrib'd, and accompanied by feveral fuperftitious people imagine. We rnuft ra- little fiery balls; but when advancing it got ther fuppofe, that, like the North-light and a fiery tail. An other obferver perceiv'd other phenomena, they owe their exiftence (Fig.. 2.) beams flafhing out of the elliptick to eftablifhed natural laws, but ftill impe- body, which terminated in little ftars.
Ad00341 05 012a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 10.
MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS.
VV e have already before in our Gallery is the difference of the Brabandifh lace, Vol. II. Nro. 98. confider'd and compared wrought by human hands! They are woven the works of nature withthofe of art under or fevved partly of filk, but eTpecially of the magnifying-glafs, obferving, how much flax. An only pound of raw flax in the the former excel in perfection. "Which we Netherlands is wrought up to 7000 florins fhall likewife perceive here, by comparing of points, and nothing more accqmplifhed the two most artful webs, the fpider's-net and regularly beautiful can be feen by meet and a little piece of Brabandifh lace by eyes. However under the magnifying glafs means of the microscope. The greateft re- it appears quite otherwife. The fine lace gularity reigns in the fingle divifions of presents itfelf here as an intangling of many the fpiders-net (Fig.. 1.) both the long and ropes (for fuch feem to be the fingle threads) the crofs - threads are of the fame bignefs being without any regularity tvvifted. and diftance. On the contrary how great
Ad00341 05 013a/engInsects XLVIII. Vol. VI. No. 11.
BEAUTIFUL EXOTICK BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Fast-indian Argus.
J A beautiful diurnal butterfly, which is found in the East-Indies! It is here
Fig. ured, like the three other, in natural fize. The ground of the wings is dark-brown with light- yellow fpots. The lower wings are adorn'd by a large eyefpot black and blue.
Fig. 2. The green-streak'd Westindian Swallow-tail.
This exotick fcarce fwallow - tail of Surinam in America refembles ours in
Fig. ure; only in the colouring it differs, being tinged with green and black ftieaks.
Fig. 3. The American Fire-Spot. (Pap. Eq. H. Ricini.)
The deep-red lower wings give it a lively appearance; on each of the brown upperwings we obferve two yellow fpots.
Fig. 4. The orange-colour'd wing of Surinam.
It diftinguifhes itfelf like the former by it's long but fmall wings, as alio by the long flender body. It's colouring conlifts of a pleafing variety of orange-tawny and brown.
Ad00341 05 014a/engMisc. Subj. LXXIV. Vol. VI. No. 12.
THE MANNER, IN WHICH THE NEGROS IN AMERICA STRIP THE BUFFALO SNAKE (BOA CONSTRICTOR.)
VV e know already by the III. Vol. No. 85. fhots. David faften'd the knot of a cord of our Gallery, that the Buffalo - Snake around the neck of the beaft, which he caus(Boa conftrictor) is a terrible creature, which ed to be drawn up by fome other Negros. attains to a length of 30 or 40 feet. This Then he himfelf climb'd up along the fnake, Serpent is aifo met with in America in Su- cut up the belly and ftripd of the fkin. The rinatn, where the Natives call it Aboma. copious fat, which is faid tobe whole-fome The Englifhoian Stcdman, who pafs'd feve- for bruifes, was carefully gather'd; the flefh ral years in the military Service of the was drefs'd and eat by the Negros with much Dutch in Surinam. kill'd with his Negro appetite. David, fuch a Serpent by leverai mufket
Ad00341 05 015a/engMisc. Subj. LXXV. Vol. VI. No. 13.
THE GATHERING OF THE COCHINEAL INSECTS.
The cochineal infect, which lives on the plants. After fome months, when they have common Indian Fig. {Cactus opuntia) in South attain'd to their full growth, they are brufh'd America, we know already by the II. Vol. of with pencils of roc's hair (b) and gather'd. No. 31. of our Gallery. On account of it's Afterwards the cochineal infects are kill'd beautiful red colour a great traffick is exercis- either upon hot plates (f) and poured into ed with it, and the cochineal infect in Me- vefsels (g, h) or it is done in bafkets in hot xico is in particular plantations of the com- water, and then they are fpread upon mats mon Indian Fig. cultivated and bred up. Thefe and dried. The laft method is the beft. The Fig. s (a) we fee here planted by rows, and the cochineal infects are gather'd in the plantafoil kept always loofe by labourers (c). The tions three times in the year from the month little creatures are carefully placed on the of December till May. —
Ad00341 05 016a/engMisc. Subj. LXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 14
THE SNOW WITH IT'S CRYSTALLIZATIONS.
The Snow is bere the object of our contem- When in calm weather the Snow falls in plation. — The truth is, our atmofphere is reparate thin flakes, we have often occafion always fill'd with watery vapours. Being con- to obferve it's various but regular Figures, geal'd or cryftallized by the wimer - froft, almoft all arifing from the hexagon. The adthey form a loofe white mafs. which being joined plate exhibits Teveral of thefe Snowheavier, than the air, falls down upon the cry ftallizaiions, confiderahly magnify'd bj earth and covers it, as it were, with a white the microfcope. Fig.. 1. 2. 3. were o'nferv'd robe. This is the Snow, that clears up the in Styria. Fig. 4. 5. 6. 8- 9- offer us fuch gloomy days of winter and protects the Seed Snow - crystallizations, as a Naturalift in Swim great cold. But alfo it often happens, tzerland took notice of; and Fig.. 7. thole, «that a little Snowball, breaking loofe from the which were rem ark' d and fet down at BrestoP of lofty mountains, being at 1 aft by it's law. The natural fize of the Snow -cryftdh ro hng along increafed to an huge mafs, as a we find delineated under fix numéros. great drift of Snow becomes the deftroyer of whole houfes, nay even of fmall villages, which are over whelm'd by it.
Ad00341 05 017a/engMisc. Subj. LXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 15.
FROZEN GLASS-PANES.
The water being depriv'd of a part of it's chambers cling to the cold glafs-panes ana calorique, at a certain degree of cold in the congeal there into various ice-Fig. ures. Their Winter (the freezing point) congeals or variety probably depends on the nature of changes itfelf in a hard elaftic body, which the vapours. Here we behold fome examwe call Tee. This freezing happens, when pies of fuch frozen glafs-panes, in the water at firft fingle ice-pins form Fig.. I and 2. Thel'e were obferv'd by themfelves, which under different angles the Profeffor Hacquet in the fevere Winter meet together, "and by degrees make a fo- of 1788 tiU 1789- There appear'd on the lid body, as it arrives in the formation of frozen glafs - panes the perfect Fig. ure of cryftals. This mafs is fo firm, that once Zoophytes./ for fport's fake an ice - palace has been Fig.. 3 and 4. Thefe leaf-like
figures l»uilt, as we fhall fee in the fequel. were obferv'd in the rigorous Winter of 1740 on the glafs-panes of the caftle of pleafure, In the Winter the vapours of the warm Belvedere near Weimar, and delineated.
It
Miscellanea LXXVII. Tom. VI. No. 15.
FINESTRE GELATE.
Quando nell' inverno ad un certo grado del camere calde fi condenfano su i r.riltalli delle freddo {chiamato grado del ghiaccio) l'acqua fineftie, e quivi gelando forman vario e divien privata di una parte del fuo calorico, verfe Fig. ure. La loro varietà probabilmente effa fi gela, e vien ridotta in un corpo folido nasce dalla qualità de' vapori. Qui vediamo edelaftico, che ghiaccio fi dice. Nascon pri- rapprefentate alcune fineftre gelate. ma nelP acqua alcuni ftrali di ghiaccio, che Fig.. 1 e 2. furono offervate dal Sig. fotto diverfi angoli congiungendofi, a poco a •. Hacquet nell' inverno freddi filmo del 1788 poco ne fanno un corpo folido, come fuccede e 1789; le fineftre gelate inoltravano Fig. ure nella criftallifazione de' sali. Quefta malfa che perfettamente raffomigliavano i Zoofiti, d'acqua condenfata è d'una tal fodezza, che una volta per ifcherzo ne fu fabbricato un. Fig.. 304. fomiglianti al fogliame palazzo di ghiaccio, come in appreffo ve- delle piante, furono offervate e copiate nel dremo. palazzo ducale di Belvedere preffo Weimar Coli anche nell' inverno i vapori delle nell' famofo inverno del 1740.
Ad00341 05 018a/engMisc. Subj. LXXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 16.
INDIAN GARBS.
By this and the folloiving three plates we become in many refpects acquainted with the manners and cuftoms of the Indians or Hindoos, who inhabit Hindoftan in the middle part of South-Alia.
Fig. 1. A Pandarum or Hindoo mendicant- friar.
The Hindoos are a harmlefs, fimple, goodnatnred, hut withall very fuperftitious people. This is improv'd by a numberlefs multitude of cheats, who as mendicant-friars of Brama's and the Mahometan religion roam through Hindoftan, as forcerers and foothlayers deceiving the people, which thinks them to be Saints. To this clafs likewife belong the Pandarums, who clothed in an odd manner, rove about and practile foothfavin". * Jo
Fig. 2. A Fakir.
The Fakirs are Mahometan mendicantfriars, who perform the Cervice at the Mofques, go on pilgrimage to Mecca, and roam about in the country, to impofe upon their credulous believers.
Fig. 3. An Indian Clerk.
The Hindoos maintain the degree of halfcultivated people, and are able to write. This they perform upon Palmleaves, call'd Ollas, by means of a fharp ftyle, like as we fee here the Omply drefs'd clerk represented.
Fig. 4. A Carriage loaden with Idols.
The Hindoos of Brama's religion worfhip Idols in their Temples or Pagodes. Thel'e Idols are frequently carried in Proceffion through the ftreets, which is commonly done in fuch carriages, trimm'd up with many ornaments and banners.
Fig. 5. A Hackery.
The only carriage proper for travelling in India is the Hackery, an open cheft, that refts on a two-wheel'd carr, drawn by oxen. Only one perfon can fit therein; the oxen are govern'd by means of a ftring drawn through their nolirils.
Ad00341 05 019a/engMisc. Subj. LXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 17.
INDIAN PENITENTS.
1 he Hindoos are in their fuperftitious no- Fiff. 2. A Dak allibar i tions of religion very extravagant. Thus they imagine, to render themfelves agree- The Dakambaris are a particular Sect able to the gods and to expiate their fins of Penitents, who pretend from a fanatical by ielltormenting of the body. Such Peni- Pri:le t0 be infenfible to all pain. Tims tents go then for Saints in the opinion of one carries here a fire-pan on his bare tho vulgar. We fee fome o£ them repre- »and, and burns it without any Sign of fentcd upon this plate. Imart- TIe ileePs uPon a cover interlaced with thorns, which he bears under his
Fig. 1. The Penitent on the gibbet.
To the honour of the Goddefs Ragawadi a Penitent on her Fefiival has caufed
Fig. 2. A Dakambari.
Peiliteilt rolling along. an iron hook to be put through the flefh at his fhoulders. Drawn on high on a gib- This Pilgrim roll'd, without rifing, a bet, he utters leverai prayers, without tract of thirty German miles, fin gin g all diftorting a mien, and at laft plucks a gar- along longs to the praile of the gods. Being land afunder, of which the alfembled people rich, two of his Slaves always went before ea^erlv gathers up each little leaf, prefer- him, in order to remove all obftacles and Ting it as holy relicks. to fupply him with meat and drink.
Fig 3. A Penitent rolling along.
Ad00341 05 020a/engMisc. Subj. LXXX.
INDIAN JUGGLERS.
The Hindoos have very much agility and dexteritv in all motions of the body, and diftinguifh themfeh es as rope-dancers by a great many particular tricks. The present plate offers feveral proofs of it.
Fig. 1. Indian Jugglers in the Fort George.
On the parade of the Fort George at Madras feveral Indian jugglers are plaving before the Engliihtnen their tricks. On the left a female juggler is climb'd up an unfaften'd pole of Bamboos, 30 feet high, balancing there upon and moving berfelf along with it according to the mufick. The five other jugglers accomplifh many tricks. On the right, wo la
(iian women dan^ on the rope, rêverai times paCKog by each ether. One plays a Bring infiniment, the other holds in her hands two cups quite fulfilled with water.
Fig. 2. A tamer of snakes.
A Hindoo caufes here a tamed SpectacleSnake, of which he has broke out the venomous teeth, to move itfelf up and down after his inftrument, compofed of a hollow gourd with a piece of Bamboos - reed. An evidence of the great effect of mufick upon beafts Ì
Fig. 3. A Juggling with de bull.
An Indian juggler lies here firetched oft the ground. He places at firft a wood to the
Fig. ure of a cup upon his body, on which his drels'd bull by and by gets up with all four feet. The juggler holds ont a fécond wood, which the bull cliinhs alfo :. whilft th" Hindoo pufhes it on the So he does with the third wood. At laft the bull remains ballancing on high.
Ad00341 05 021a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXI. Vol. VI. No. 19.
MOSQUES AND PAGODS IN HINDUSTAN.
The Temples of the true Hindoos, who people to prayer. On the left fide of the are addicted to the religion of Brama, are Mosque the monument of a Nabob is to ca]l'd Pagods, but thofe of the adventitious be feen. Mahometans, have the name of Mosques. Both kinds we behold here
Fig. 1. Grand Mosque near Arcot.
This Mosque, built in a maffive man-
Fig. 2. The Pagod of Wira-Mally.
On a fteep rock is filuated the Pagod of iter, lies near the city of Arcot; towards JVira- Mally, in the Kingdom of Tanfhaure. Weft it is open and adorn'd by arches. The In thefe pagan Temples, which confift of fpiinfide, where the prieft recites prayers and res pyramidally built, halls and colonnades, reads palTages of the Koran, ti eir f:tcied the idols are preferv'd. The Bramines or book, is cover'd with carpets, at the er.try Priefts, who lodge in the courts, are alone 0f which the Ihoes and flippers muft be put permitted to enter into the most holy place, off. On both ends rife the fpires or Mina- where, they imagine, the myfteries of the rets, from whence the priefts are calling the deity are reveal'd.
Ad00341 05 022a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXII. Vol. VI. No. 20.
THE COMETS.
J he comets belong to the extraordinary in g out. If this filine goes before the head, phenomena in the ftarred fky. On that ac- it is call'd the beard, but if it follow* it, we count fuperftitious people formerly look'd on call it the tail; of the laft kind we fee in the them as ominous Fig. ns, and foolißily ima- Fig.. 2 ami 3 two comets represented. That gin'd their appearance to forebode war, di- of Fig., 3. was accurately obfcrv'd by the Afu-ofeafes and other ills. The comets receive nomer Hevelius at Danzig in the year 1661 their light from the fun, but they don't move in the month of February and March. On themfelves in regular orbites around it, like the 3th of February (A) appear'd the kernel the planets, butin an Ellipfis, whereby they of a yellowifh light, but inwardly fome what now and then approach very near to the fun, reddifh. The long tail was at the kernel and then withdraw themfelves very far, as fmall and thick, and grew by degrees larger we find in the Fig.. 1. evidenced by a piece and thinner. On the 6lh of February (B) of an orbite of comet. Thefe celeftial bodies Hevelius took notice of feveral fpotj in the confift of a round luminous head or kernel, kernel; the tail now appear'd foaller, more from which a bright transnavo«. rv,- n 1 ■, . s transparent Chine 1« flow- faint and more pointed.
Ad00341 05 023a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 21.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
The 'horfe, this domeftick animal, which is fo uieful to man, deferves with it's different races or fpecies our particular notice; as we have already given in the II. Vol. of our Gallery the picture of the wild horfe as well as of the horfe in general This and the fubfequent five tables reprefer. t to us the following celebrated races of horfcs : Frieslandifh, Hollfieinian, Danifh, Englifh, French, Neapolitan, Spanifli, Hungarian, Polnifli, Rufsian, Turkijli, Arabian and Barb.
Fig. 1. The Frieslandish and Hollsteinian horse.
The Frieslandifh horfe diftinguirhes it1'elf by the tallnefs and ftrcngth of it's body, by a heavy head, big neck, large back, and a broad cleft croup, with a low let tati. It's thighs are ftrong, roundifh, and thickfet with hairs. The horfes of Hollfiein commonly have ram's-!n ads; the forepart is well built, but tlie hi-.idpart generally too weak; the hoofs are too large and clumfy. Bo'.h kinds are more drawing-than riding horfes. The inoift climate nnd the grafs containing a «eat deal of watery particles, in which their food conQfts, are the caufes of their being fubject to many diftempers.
Fig. 2. The Danish horse.
The diftinctive character of it is a clumfy head, ftrong neck, broad cheft, long low loins, it's croup being in proportion with the cheli too I'm. ill. It is a firm durable race of horfes, which efpecially in modern time« by confiant endeavours of feveral fkilful men has been much improved. The juftly valued whiieborn horfes are of a Danilh origin, and almoft the only ones, that are bred in the royal ftuds. They greatly diftinguifh themfelves by the fineft white fhining hair. Around the eyes as well, as the mouth and the nofe they are fief h coloured and fprinkled with black little points. They have a thick barb; the hoofs are yellow. The head is pretty large, with a broad front, and Tome what curved. A pair of large darkbiown eyes with a flelhcoloured and blatkfpottcd edge likewife characterifes them. The forepart is very tall, the pofture and ftructure of the legs is regular and wellform'd. They are befides compact, and commonly have a well arched croup. A train of Tuch v.hiteborn horfes is perhaps the B* neft fhow of thiy kind.
Ad00341 05 024a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXIV. Vol. VI. No. 22.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The English horse.
A he fine Englifh race-horfe derives from the Arabian or Barb, and therefore much referable? both of them, except that it is much taller. It has a fine dry head, a wellturn'd neck, tall lean withers, light fhoulders, a Jtraight back, the tail being well fet on a fine croup. This kind is only made ufe of for races, and when they grow older, havin» Fig. nalized themfelves, for breeding. One finds among them horfes of extraordinary fwiftnefs; commonly they run two englifh miles in four minutes, four miles in nine minutes. [But they are already as foals of two years exercifed in running twice in a day in winter as in fummer, their foddering and diet being calculated for this end. The common Englifh country horfe is totally different from the former, it's head being thick, flafhy, the neck fhort, the croup blunt, the ftrong legs thick fel with hairs. The most of them are bred in the province of Yorkfhire, and employ'd as courfers and in the fervice of the cavalry.
Fig. 2. The French horse.
France has, befides it's fine and noble races of horfes, among which thofe of Limoulin and Normandy diftinguifh themfelves as ridinghorfes. In fome parts a fingular caft of work-and peafant — horfes, which are known for their uglineis. Their head refembles that of a hog, the ears are far dtftant from one another, flapping down, »he neck is fhort and thick fet with brifily manes, the croup is very blunt, the ftrong legs are cover'd with hairs till above the knee. They are firm durable workhorfes, contenting themfelves with Tedge, and other mean Corti of erafs.
Ad00341 05 025a/engMisc. Subj. No. LXXXV. Vol. VI. No.23.
THE HORSE WITH ITS DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Neapolitan horse.
liefe horfes aie tall, they hare a flefhy neck and withers and a ram's head. They are fomewhat high-legged with narrow hoofs. Their croup refembles that of the mules. Their temperament is commonly vicious, wicked and ftubborn. They are belter drawingthan riding-horfes. The belt of them ave bred in Terra di Lavoro, di Otranto, di Barri, in Calabria and in Apulia.
Fig. 2. The Spanish horse.
It has a noble, proud air, fparkling eyes, is full of mettle, and yet tame and docile. The head is generally fomewhat thick; yet there are alfo lam's heads not unfrequent. They have longifh, but well fet ears, the mouth fomewhat pointed and fmall chaws. The neck is indeed big, but wcllform'd and ihickfet with hairs. It has a broad cheft, the body fomewhat big, low loins, a long round croup. The legs are elegant, furnifh'd with ftrong looie Sinews, not cover'd with hairs. The hair is commonly of the chefsnut - colour or black; white fpots or white feet are very rarely found. They are the firft horfes for the manage and for the fervice in war. Thole of Upper-Andalufia are most fought for; but alfo in the mountains of Cordova they breed horfes, that are indeed little, but vigorous, durable, powerful, and not to betiied.
Ad00341 05 026a/engPlants CVI. Vol. VI. No. 24.
THE MANGUSTAN TREE.
The Manguftan tree (Gavcinia Mango- ward unpalatable peel is broken of, one findi ftana) grows in the Eaft Indies, and in a white favoury pulp, which being inwardly the neighbouring Islands, efpecially that divided in fix compartments, includes the of Java, bearing a very favoury whole- kernels. This pulp is of an agreeable favour, Tome fruit. The tree attains to the and is frequently enjoy'd in the Indies, height of our mulberry • trees, has long lea- being very refrefhing and wholefome. Even »es, and bears red blofToms, appearing at in dyfenteries and other epidemical difeafes the end of the branches. The globular fruit the phyficians prefcribe the Mangufiana as a has the bignefs of a Imall apple, and from counteracting remedy, without a redbrown colour. When the out
Ad00341 05 027a/engInfects XLIX. Vol. VI. No. 25.
SEVERAL SPECIES OF INDIGENOUS CRICKETS.
Fig. 1. 2. 3. The house-cricket. (Gryllus domesticus.)
1 he house-cricket likes best to dwell with the men in the hake - arid brew-houfes, where it lives in nooks, being known by the Thrill fouud, it produces by the friction of the ftvong underwings. It feeds upon meal, bread, lard etc. The female lays little whitifh eggs, from which after ten or twelve days the young crickets are flipping out. being at firfl winglefs. After they have feveral times caft the fkin, one beholds the fhea'ths of the wings Fig.. 2.) We fee them in their natural greatnel's Fig. 1. and 3. The skinned underwings are widely juttiDg over the upper ones, and are provided with a horny point.
Fig. 4. 5. The field-cricket. (Gryllus campestris.)
The field-cricket lives in the fields and woods, being cistinguilVd from the iorrner by the darker colour and coarfer Fig. ure, and feeding on littie infects and roots. Like the houfe cricket it excites with the wings ihe chirping found, that in fun,mer evenings is frequently heard in the fields.
Fig. 6. 7. The mole-cricket. (Gryllus gryllotalpa.)
The mole-cricket, which we fee Fig.. h. represented as nymph, and Fig.. 7. in its full growth, is the largeft kind of crickets in Germany, and a noxious infect. With its ftrong mole- like fore-feet it digs eafy pal'faget ihrough the furface of the earth, gnawing all the tender roots of the plants. It has finali horny upperwings, and large thin underwings, but of which it leldoni makes ule.
Ad00341 05 028a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 26.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Hungarian horse.
TheTe horfe« are of the middling kind, they have fomewhat heavy heads and narrow uoftrils, a long body, but good thighs. They are vigorous durable riding horfes, that with fcanty food endure great fatigues.
Fig. 2. The Polnish horse.
For the most part they are bred in the Ruffian and Auftrian part of the former Kingdom of Poland. In general they are rather little, than tall; their head is pretty well-form'd. They have moftly the neck of a ftag, but a ftrong ftraight back, vigorous fhort loins, a fine fomewhat pointed croup, with a wellfet tail, which they wear in a bow; their legs are nice, with little hair, but vigorous. They are extremely ufeful, when by a good and convenient treatment they have loft their fhinefs and timorousnefs.
Ad00341 05 029a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 27.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Turkish horse.
Platc has in the middle a round-opening, the nailholes are rather round, than i
Fig. 2. The Russian horse.
IlOrfe. Tartarian, and has therefore much in com- The indigenous RtSfcari horfe is chiefly mon with them. Thefe horfes are power- to be fought in Great- Pmffia. It has no fine fui, nimble, mettlefome and of good breath, ftaturc, but is middle- fi/.'d; the head is foeafily bear all fatigues without prejudice to mewhat big and flefhy, the front fiat, the their health, and grow very old. It is the- eye phlegmatic, the neck fhort and thick, refore commonly faid of thefe horfes:, ,they the breaft broad, the croup ftrong, the legs die without being become old"; lince old cover'd with hairs, the hoof more flat, than age itfelf nothing robs of their prerogatives, prominent, the tail and the mane long. It's The Turks are wont to fhoe their horfes with character is quiet, obedient and docile. They a particular sort of iron, which confifts of are efpecially excellent and durable drawinga plate, that in the forepart and on the Tides horfes, able to make in a fhort time journeys has ihe roundnefs of the hoof, and behind in of more than loo Miles, and obdurate againft the balls terminates in a blunt point. This any change of weather.
Ad00341 05 030a/engMisc. Subj. No. LXXXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 28.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Arabian horse.
i- his is the most accomplifh'd and nobleft of it's fpecies, and of the middle fize; it's length commonly imports fomewhat move, thaa it's height. II'*, principal diftinctive character is thehead, with a Arai glu flat front; the ears are indeed fomewhat great, but well let; it has beautiful large eyes, fhining with a quiet fire, and a Araight nofe with wide epen noftrils. The well-form'd neck has a Imall indent next to the withers, and the tail is well fei to the finely rounded croup. The line thighs gain by the vigorous mulcles and Sinew» a particular Arength, and the longifh darkgrey hoofs have a very firm confiftency. It is very nimble and durable, hearing without hurt the harHfhips of long and oft repeated marches. As foals they are already mounted by the children of the Arabs; they remain night and day Cad die a% and take an hahit, which united with their other qualities, makes them the best hunting and warhoiTes; a fame, that they have maintain'«! fili ce the most ancient times.
Fig. 2. The horse from Barbary.
abbreviation it is alio call'd Barb, is middlefized, has a Ihecp's head, a thin neck cover'd with fhort manes, lean but A iff fhoulders, a fine back, Ihort Aung loins, a longilh croup, with high fet tail; the thighs are vigorous, but Aretched, and the hoof, like that of the Arabian, fomewhat long. Theie horres are very nimble; at firft indeed they go fomewhat lazily; but being animated, they quickly give proofs of their Itiength and vigour. Next to the horfes from Tunis, thofe from Marocco and Fer-/, are most valued.
Ad00341 05 031a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 29.
THE ICE-PALACE UPON THE NEWA AT ST. PETERSBOURG.
1 ho QIIL Section, No. 15 of onr Gallery Fig.. I. the length of which amounted to 52J-, already informed us of the nature of the ice, the breadth to about 16, and the height to a:;d gave us an Recount of a fatali palace, 20 feet. All the decorations of it, the ftatues built with ice. v.'hich we fee here :rprc-[en- themfelves were of ice. At the entrance layted. This happened in la* rigorous wiuter, two dolphins (Fig.. 2.) that in the night caft 1740 at Petersbiurg, in the r«ign of the Era- out ftrcams of burning Naphta. Hard by were pieTs Anna, one attempted already in the placed canons and mortars (Fig.. 3.4.) wholly November, IJtf}, the Brfi building on the tur.i'd out of ice., where with they went fo frozen river of Newn, but die ice of r. cculd fax as to ritfa a [snail charge of gunuot Lear the burden, awl tu yield, powder. Within the palace there were feveNeverthelefs loon afterwards the hructure ral chambei 1, with tables, chairs, watches was repeated on the continent between the and other furniture, altogether wrought out Fort of the Admiralty and the Winterpslace; of ice. Thus this curious ice - palace remain'd which perfectly fucceeded. The large tHpi feveral months till the end of March, when hewn out of ice, were Caßcn'd 6y na I the milder weather bv degrees taeâted it upon it, thai immediately coa^ -. down, viis manner avole the ice-palace, depicted
Ad00341 05 032a/engMiscell. Subj. XC. Vol. VI. No. 30.
COCHINCHINESE CUSTOMS AND DRESSES.
oehinchina, discovered by tbe Portvguefe A prieft in a long yellowifh coloured rube, in tbe fi\tt ent lentnry, is counted lo be one performs his duty, in pronouncing prayers, of tbe molt ìeinarkableft countrys of eaftern Afia, which in re atd to the cuftomsand diref-
Fig. 2. A Group of Cochinchinese.
1rs of its inhabitants, has much refeniblance The Cochinchinefe are harm eie fs good o the neighbouring China. natured people, which if in forno degree comparatif to the Chinefe are rather uniformer in The Cochinchinefe do worship the God there habitudes and drelTes. The women drels Budha or Fo, bceing idolaters. They generally in cotton frocks, were under thefe ride offer to tbe images of thefe protecting deitys drawers, and on holy days they fnpply leverai the BrfMings of their living flocks and of the frocks to the one they generally were. The fruits of the earth. Fig.. I. represents fuch men put on large jackets and trowiers, have an offering brought to Fo. Upon a Banyan there feet uncover'd, and fome tie handkertree (ficus indica) in a large cage of latticed cheefs around their head, in the fhape of a work, is sitted the gore-belly'd, blubcheeked turban; other have hat* or cap* of various wooden idol. Cochinchinefe peafants are ap- forms. The foldiers represented at the right pearmg, having put a ladder of bamboo to hand in the picture annexed are armed the-tree and are worfhipping rice to the idol, with fhields and fwords.
Ad00341 05 033a/engQuadrupeds LXXV. Vol. VI. No. 31.
SCARCE ANIMALS FROM NEW-HOLLAND.
Fig. 1. The fasciated Kanguroo. (Kangurus fasciatus. PERON.)
he Kanguroos, as we know, are a remarJ Kable fpeFig. 2. The Wombat. (Didelphis Wombat. SHAW.)
The Wombat, which is of the same fize as a badger, belongs likewife to the didelphs, as we here fee, where the young ones ifsue out of the pouch of the mother. This animal, which in the exterior form bears much refemblance to a young bear, feeds upon grafs, fcrapes itfelf into the earth with the ftrong claws of the fore-feet, where it lives by day, and by night only it goes abroad in queft of its maintenance. This animal was alfo firft difcover'd in modern times, upon van Diemens-land, that great Island, bordering upon the Southern point of New-Holland.
Ad00341 05 034a/engMiscell. Subj. XCI. Vol. VI. No. 32.
VANDIEMENS - LAND.
Among the islands of Auftralia or the fifth unproportionably thin. Their food chiefly part of the World, Neu Holland is the confifts of roots and feafhells; they go nakmoft confiderable, its greatnefs being al- ed, only fome of them wear fkins of the most equal to that of Europe. The most Kangoroo, the only quadruped ofthat counmeridional point, which according to recent try, around their fhoulders. But of their reobfervations, forms a particular island, was verence to their dead, the neweft french 1649 difcover'd by the Dutch Abel Tasman, traveller Perori found proofs on the finali and call'd Vandiemem-land to the honour neighbouring island of Maria (Fig.. 1.). Ketof the then Governor of Batavia. The inha- ween Cafuartrees there were little huts constants of this island (Fig.. 2.) are favages, ftrncted of barks, examining one of which and ftill on the loweft ftep of culture. We he found within under an elevation of turf, fee here feveral of them aftembled around aines and bones of men; from whence it a fire. They have a forbidding look, their appears, that thefe nations how rude ioecolour is darkbrown, the frame of the bo- ver and uncultivated yet burn their dead dy is indeed long, but compared to the and honour their memory by the conftruchead and the Ihoulders, the lower parts are tion of thefe huts of barks.
Ad00341 05 035a/engPlants CVII. Vol. VI. No. 33.
THE CEDAR OF LIBANON.
The Cedar of Libanon (Pinus Cedro») be- an age of feveral hundred years. But fingle longs to the m oft beautiful trees, that areto Cedars are alfo now found in the gardens be feeu. Its large branches extend them- of England and France. The beautiful Cefelves like fans one over another, yielding dar of Libanon, here repreTented, is met coolnefs and fhade under their arch. The with in the garden of plants or Jardin des pointy leaves or needles fuck together in plantes at Paris, where it was planted in clufters. (a) The fruit or Cedar apple, drawn the year 1734. It forms a ftately tree, the (b) in its natural. greatnefs, and (c) in pro- ftock of which has the compafs of 8 Parifian ine, is perpendicularly fixt on the branche«, feet, and the arched branches form very pieThe wood is reddifh, odoriferous and fit for turesque groups. On that account the Cedar le lneft Joineries. — The Cedar is native merits to be planted as an ornament in the of th »Mount Libanon in Syria, it grows in Parks or gardens of pleafure. tne higher fnowy refiionSi where fc aUaifl
Ad00341 05 036a/engMiscell. Subj. XCII. Vol. VI No. 34.
SUBTERRANEAN CURIOSITIES IN EGYPT.
Fig. 1. Catacombs in Alexandria.
Tin the rock » b«t piaifter'd with mortac. The dead bodies repol'e in longifli excavaihe ancient Egyptians, «hole architectu- tions, which are carved in rows, re is known to be in many refpects lingular and remarkable, went To far, as to bu-
Fig. 2. Subterranean chamber near the Pyramids of Ghizé.
ild to their dead peculiar fnhtenar.ean ■. apartments, where they were preferv'd, and which they call'd Catacombs. Thefe Cata- The fubterranean graves hewn in the combs confifts of leverai chambers , hewn rock were often adorn'd with various hieroout in the rock , being contiguous to the glyphic Fig. ures , as we fee here reprefentgraves. Thofe of Alexandria we lind here ed. But in the Catacombs they not only reprefenied. The entry confifts of a narrow preferv'd the embalmed bodies or mummies hole, through which one gets with difficul- of men, but alfo thofe of hallow'd beafts, ty, and proceeds to feveral moulder'd rooms, efpecially of the Ibis , a bird , which in One round chamber with a vaulted roof is Egypt w-as preferably worfhiped. The boadorn'd by pillars , and a fiuuion is to be dies of thefe birds were embalm'd and prefeen at one paffage. All this work is hewn ferved in longifh velfels.
Ad00341 05 037a/engMiscell. Subj. XCIII. Vol. Vl. No. 35.
THE NILE-MEASURER UPON THE ISLAND OF RAUDAH NEAR CAHIRAH.
It is known, that by the tropic rains the Nile, that great river of Egypt fo extraordinarily rifes in Autumm, that leaving its fhores, for fome time overflows the whole Nile-vale. This is a true benefit to this fandy country ; becaufe , «hilft the Nile fucceffively recedes into its fhores, it leaves behind upon the whole overflow'd furface a fat muddy earth, that is fufficient to fertilize the Nile-valley. That in the yearly inundation the water every-where may penetrate, the Egyptians have conducted canals through the land. In order to perceive exactly after the inundation the height of water at every time, fcales or Nile-meajurers have been raifed in feveral places. The principal of them is that, we give here a draught of, erected on the island of Raudah near Kahirah. Here one finds in a round turret a ciftern, the bottom of which has the fame height with that of the Nile. On the Gde is an opening, through which the Nile water freely may flow in. An octagonal column of marble is in the middle erected, on which the meafure is mark'd, to what height, according to the obfervations, the water after an inundation fucceffively rife9. A peculiar overfeer daily obTerves from the 1. of July, the rifing of the river, which by publie cryer* is notified to the town.
Ad00341 05 038a/engQuadrupeds LXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 36.
THE LION-APE.
Amon" the curiofities of nature ,' which The lion ape inhabits the plains at the the celebrated traveller Sir Alexander Hum- eaftern declivity of the Cordilleras in Southbold has brought us from South-America, America, efpecially the fertile fhores of there is alfo a nice little monkey, attain- Putumayo and Caqueté. But there too it ing the length of but 7 or 8 inches, and belongs to the fcarce animals, and Sir on account of its extraordinary likenofs to Alexander Humbold during his fojourn in the king of animals juftly call'd lion-ape. that country law only two individuals. Its mane and ftretched body is quite refem- They were kept in a cage and were very bling to the lion in miniature, but the fa- lively and merry; yet being provok'd they ce and the feet inftantly betray the gentle angrily briftled their mane. Till now nolittle monkey. The colour of the face is ne of thefe nice beafts has been carried to half black and balf white, and that of the Europe, remaining body yellowifh and olive-brown. «
Ad00341 05 039a/engPlants. CVIII. Vol. VI. 37
GERMAN GEATRA OR STELLATE MUSHROOMS.
gilrman geastra or stellate mushrooms. J liefe elegant German wood-inhabitants have indeed the fkinned globular hollow feed b'ox, and in it the Coloured pnwdery liule grains of feed, which cleave to the fubtle filaments, in common with 'he much frequenter and more known puff balls in ibeir maturity ; but diluug.iiih ihemfehes by a more regular and commonly more elegant uperiing (mouth) for the releaXe of the ripe little grains of feed, and by an exterior thick cover, that fplits into rays, forming .1 hell,ite b.ifis. Thefe mufhrooml grow under the earth, rifing at laft out of it, when they are unlolding thenifelves.
Fig. 1 et 2. The crowned geastrum or stellate mushroom. (Geastrum coronatum.)
The ftarlike cover has always more than five rays, which indeed fpread wi.ie from one another, but do not bend backwards. Thi- inferior or exterior fur face ol il u darkbrnwn, and Jh,igreen-like granulated. The protuberance« are white. (Fig. 2.) The npinr or interior lurface is white, but foon becomes cbiiiky, the chinks appearing brown. I) 1 nil Ipi cies parti) grows in a loamy and clayifh, partly in «Candy ground.
Fig. 3 et 4. The brown-red geastrum or stellate mushroom. (Geastrum rufescens.)
The ftellate cover of this species ü brownied, fleck, and not only fpreads wide, but befides bends backwards, and raifes the glohulir leed box. Its upper furtace becomes likewife chinky (Fig. 4.) Thefe mufhroomi preferably grow in fir-and pine-groves.
Fig. 5. The hygrometric geastrum or stellate mushroom. (Geastrum hygrometricum.)
The colour of this mufhroom is rather yellow-brown. The ftellate cover beaming with many rays only difplays itself, without bending backwards, but has this remarkable property, that, as often as it dries up , it forcibly claps upwards together, and difplays itself agaio after a leeoni moiftening. From this différent appearance in a moift and dry eft ue, this species has got its fumarne. It likes preferably a fandy ground.
Ad00341 05 040a/engInsects. L. Vol. VI. No. 38.
GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The glossy white butterfly. (Phalaena bombyx salicis.)
T1 he caterpillar and nymph of this white nocturnal butterfly (a) is many years fo frequently met with upon willows and poplars, that whole plantations are laid wafte by them. fae hiver-bright nocturnal butterfly (d)
at A*t timo flies about in great Twarms. The caterpillar fpins itself between the leaves of ^IWs (c) and transforms itself into a brown nymph (b.)
Fig. 2. The great ermine butterfly. (Phalaena bomhyx vinula.)
Dame °n -count of lhe foft The upperwings are diûinguifh'd by grey and reddilh undulating lines. The green caterpillar (A) is of a lingular Fig. ure; it feems to be cover'd with fcales of a coat of mail, and the hind end terminates in a forky tail. The caterpillar fpins itself into fplinters of wood (C) and metamorpbofes itself into a brown nymph (B.)
Fig. 3. The little pigeon. (Sphinx stellatarum.)
The little pigeon is a known butterfly of twilight, fluttering in the gardens towards evening with great fwiftnefs from flower to flower. ïïc exhibit it here drawn, like the other butterflies, in its natural fize. The green-yellow caterpillar is found on feveral plants.
Ad00341 05 041a/engMiscell. Subj. XCIV. Vol. VI. No. 39.
THE COLUMN OF POMPEIUS.
About half a league from the walls of the according to the neweft french meafuremeni, modern city of Alexandria in Egypt one amounts altogether to 88 Parifian feet, 6 inmeets with the remarkable column here re- ches. The height of the column itielf exceeds prefented, of reddifh granite, the highest lomething 63 feet, and the diameter of it hitherto known. Therefore the Arabians amounts to 8 feet, 4 inches. The CoiinthiTti calFd it the column of columns. Likely it chapiter is adorn'd with fleek foliage. To has been in more ancient times furrounded the upper plinth leverai travellers have climby other columns, with which it belonged to bed up, in order to meafure the column; a grand building of parade. and in the year 1733 eight Englifhmen emptied upon it for fport's fake a bowl of Punch. This magnificent column of granite con- Why the column carries the name of Pomfilts of three pieces, de chapiter, the column peius, we don't know, fince to his memory itself, and the pedefial, the height of which, it has not been erected.
Ad00341 05 042a/engMiscell. Subj. XCV. Vol. VI. No. 40.
THE CALMUCKS.
Jlie Calmucks are a paEoTal people of the Mongolick race, inhabititig the middle and being Tiihject partly to the Ruffian, partly to the Chine.'e dominion. By their fiat Tentures they are disFig. ured, but are goodnatured, ducile and very bofpJM As a paftoral people they wander with iheir herds in the heaths of Afia from onepafinre to the other, wherefore both men and women from iheir youth live on horfes, their whole drefs being nrjufted to that end. Their hulnunun are funnel-like tents of felt, with W1&14 Vlhen thcy renjove> flJnip. ters are bfcargétf. ],;,. , we ^^ ifae camp of iuch a horde of CrtW flJnip. ters are bfcargétf. ],;,. , we ^^ ifae camp of iuch a horde of CrtW, v.h in the foreground the migration begins. On the left one perceives the lomb of one of their Lamas or priefts. The wealth of the Calmucks confifts of their herds of horfes, oxen, cows and fheep. Fig. 2. exhibits us an hufbandry of Calmucks. On both fides of the great tent of felt girls are bufied with milking the mares and cows. In the middle we fee a Calmuck woman dreffing a /kin; near her /lands a lad with the horfe, holding a long 1'taff with thenoofe, by means of which the wild horfes are caught. In the fore-ground feveral Calmucks play at chefs, the favorite play of this people. ere
Ad00341 05 043a/engBirds LXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 41.
THE CASUAR OF NEW-HOLLAND.
The Casuar of New- Holland was but lately the forepart of the neck a great whitifh roll, difcover'd on that great Archipel of the South- Tho' it cannot fly, yet it runs with extraorfea, and the neweft French voyage of difco- dinary quicknefs, and on account of its wildvery gives us the following excellent picture nefs is difficult to be tam'd. Its flefh being of it. This Cafuar confiderably differs from favoury, it is hunted; the eggs too are enthe Afiatick, which we became acquainted joyd. The young ones in the firft month of with Vol. I. No. 3. of our Gallery. The Ca- their age are brown, with white ftreaks, as Juar of New- Holland (Cafuarius novae Hoi- we fee them here depicted before their molandiae) has a length of 7 feet, being coverd ther (Fig. 2.) The next month they become all-over with grey-brown long briftly fea- quite grey. The Cafuar of New-Holland as theirs, which in the male (Fig. 1.) form in well as the Afiatick feeds upon vegetables.
Ad00341 05 044a/engPlants CIX. Vol. VI.No. 42.
THE RAMUSTAN-TREE.
The Pi.anibuftan or hairy fruit (Nephelium broken up, one-finds (a) five kernels near one echinatum) grows in Java, Sumatra and in anotlier vertically converging in a center, the Molucky Islands on a highgrown tree, furroundecl with a fweetifh pappy Cr.bftance, much refembling to our chefnut-tree. From and inclore.d in.a whitilo fki'n. The Rarnbw the bloffoiTiS, which only appear like green little flan fruit ripens at the fame time with the buds, the fruit unfolds itself, being of the big- Mangufuna, that we have feen depicted nefs of a walnutand allovei cover'd with hairs. (Tab. 24.); it is for its cooling quality a beThis exterior covering is at firic green, after- loved meat in the Indies, wards it becomes deep orange-tawny. Being
Ad00341 05 045a/engAmphibia. XXIV. Vol. VI. No. 43.
THE PROPOSCIS-SEAL.
The Seals are known to be a species of suck- ver'd an uncommonly great species , the Proina animals, that commonly live in the fea, bofcis - Seal (Phoca probofcidea) that attaint difadvamageoutly diftinguifhing therr.Ielves to a length of 35 till 30 feet, which we fee by their ugly, deformed body. They are here leverai imaged of. The upperpart of ready fwimmers, yet they often emerge on the fnout of this miffhapen beaft protracts itthe fea-fhore; their food confifts of nfb.es, felf into a fort of probofcis, that has given maritime animals and fea - weeds. At the the name to this kind of feals. At a diftance coafts of New-Holland, efpecially near Kings- we perceive fome of them in an upright poIsland, the neweft French travellers disco- sture, just when they aie chased.
Ad00341 05 046a/engInsects LI. Vol. VI. No. 44.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN NIGHT-BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Matron. (Phalaena bombyx matronula.)
This beautiful phalaena arises from a roughhaired caterpillar, which is met with on several plants. The butterfly has umberbrown «pperwings with yellow spots. The yellow underwings are blackstain'd. The big body «rcadet red with black crofs-bands.
Fig. 2. The vary-coloured Phalaena. (Phalaena bombyx versicolor.)
It belong in r>" »oths diftiagui;hi Gennan>- to the «««• wi,gS agreeably r.^f. b/ the "^1" low and brown hues VU ^*' **
" »oths diftiagui;hi Gennan>- to the «««• wi,gS agreeably r.^f. b/ the "^1" low and brown hues VU ^*' **
- to the «««• wi,gS agreeably r.^f. b/ the "^1" low and brown hues VU ^*' **
Fig. 3. The drone-wanderer. (Sphinx fuciformis.)
■"« Sphin, (b. e,) refembleS) atthe firfi Fig. ht, our common drone, whence it has got its name. It proceeds from a great green caterpillar, and flies at broad daylight humming, about many flowers.
Fig. 4. The Diana.
A beautiful phalaena, which is likewife pretty rare, and whose upperwings, are green, white and black-marbled.
Fig. 5. The Widow. (Phalaena bombyx Hebe.)
The white upperwings are adorn'd by black crofs-bands with an orange- tawny border. The fcarlet underwings give to this Phalaena a gorgeous appearance.
Ad00341 05 047a/engMiscell. Subj. XCVI. VoI. VI. No. 45
THE FLYING MACHINE OF MR. DEGEN.
A here is no doubt, that the man, whose ingenuity did so many things contrive, has often conceiv'd the thought of imitating the flight of birds by artificial wings, in order to soar with easinefs into the immense spaces of the air. Now a skilful watch maker at Vienna, Mr. James Dcgen has latelymade lucky attempts to rise up to the air by means of artificial wings. This artificer with his flying machine we see here (Fig.. I.) imaged. Mr. Drgcn namely construed to himself two wings in the form of a heart (of which Fig.. 2. gives the sight from above) of fine paper imbih'd with varnish, that have a surface of [16 square- feet ; and a length of 10 feet. For elasticity's sake the artificer ran ihrough the whole with itreaki of reed, combin'd by silken strings. The body of the fl\ing man standi tiprigh-, as we see, between the wings, being by several bamboos (aa) united with the machine. The hands (bh) are moving the crooked pole, by which the clap of the wings in horizontal direction up and down is brought about. The first attempt was made by Mr. Dcgen in the spring 1808. in lhe ridinghouse at Vienna, where he by means of a counter-balance, fasten'd by a string (d) rose to a height ol 54 feet. In order to repeat his experiments in the free air, Mr. Degen combin'd a small air-balloon with his machine, and thus on the 12'1' and 15th of Nuvhr. he took his flight in the Prater near Vienna repeatedly in different directions in the air 10 the surprise ol all the Ctatort, and came tnhuit back again. These experiments yielded to the artificer j.it of IO,(XiO imperial florins.
Ad00341 05 048a/engMiscell. Subj. XCVII. Vol. VI. No. 46.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS.
The Pic of Teneriffa.
Among the Canary Islands, situate westward from North-Africa in the Atlantic Ocean, that of Teneriffa distinguishes itself by its lofty, pointed mountain or Pico de Teyde. It is elevated 12,420 feet above the surface of the Sea; we behold it here represented from the Sea-side or the bay of Santa Cruz. The city of Santa Cruz lies before us on the Sea-shore.
The Pic is situated towards the Southpart of the Island. Its summit ist naked, where a great volcanic Crater appears, surrounded with more than 70 little ones on the different lava-beds. The lava covers the top of the Pic; the nether regions are cover'd with pumice. This Vulcano upon Teneriffa is not yet extinguish’d, but sulphureous steams are almost perpetually amending from it. The last great eruption of uncommon violence happen'd in the year 1707.
Since almost all ships, bound for the East-Indies, are landing at Teneriffa; this Pic, just now described by us, is universally known, having been mounted by many European travellers.
Ad00341 05 049a/engMiscell Subjects. XCVIII. Vol. VI. No. 47.
OPERA OF COCHINCHINA.
The inhabitants of Cochinthina on the east- This they did to the honour of the first accoaft of Asia are very fond of fpectacles, mu- treft, who on the left was there leated at fick and dance. Their companies of players, fpectatrefs in the dref« of an old queen. The that ate fent for in the houfes, give hiftori- three girls held an eafy dialogue, which wai cal reprefentations, operas and dances, which interrupted by merry airs. Their fong wat tre accompanied by a noisy mufick of trum- fbrieking, yet they pretty well kept time, pets, kettle-drums, and caftanett. The whole wat accompanied by mufick and The Englifsh Embaffador, Lord Macart- dance; thus opera and ballet were join'd tone/, when he on his embally in the year pether. An old man, drefi'd like a buffoon, 1792 alfo was in Cochinchina, faw the folio- «pproach'd now and then to the girls, perforwing reprefentation. In the interior part of ming feveral buffooneries. In this manner it an edifice a folemn opera with chorus's was continued a confidprable time. During this given by a company of players. During the interlude fofter mufick was heard, at laft the firft theatrical reprefentation, the noify juft noify inftruments founded again. As a Fig. n now mention'd inftruments, made a hideout of applaufe the numerous affembly of (pectanoife. Upon this follow'd an interlude, very tors threw from time to time copper-money agreeably reprefented by three young girls, to the players.
Ad00341 05 050a/engMiscell. Subjects. XCIX. Vol. VI. No. 48.
THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTIN AT ROME.
In Otdet to immortalize the ac,;ms of Heroes, the ancient Remans conftructeil to the honour of the victora trimr arches of uncommon magnificence, aiicru'd with ike fiuefi Lculptnxtt. In the modern Rome there are hill extant feveral of Rich triumph«! arches. One of the most intire is here represented, which hands in the firft quarter of Rome between the Monte Celio and Monte Palatino. It was erected to the honour of the Emperor Conßantin the great, when he in the year 31J C. n. had vanquirird Maxentius. Tins iriun Arch of marble his a large patfage, and two lif.le ones, and is adorn'd with 20 great baffo - relievo's of fculpture. On each oi the long fides ftand upon 4 corinthian columns, ftatues of yellow marble (giallo antico), reprefenting Dacians. Thefe as well as the most carvings of this triumphal arch were taken from earlier monuments of the Emperor Trajan, and have a relation e victory of him over the Dacians. Orer the middle arch hands a latin infeription, by which this triumphal arch is con. lecrated to the Emperor Conftantine. Sia« ce the inferior part by little and little was crumbled down, tha prefent Pope Piut VII. order'.I in the year 1805, to dig out the whole bafii and to fcreen it for the future by an incompufiing. j) In the background one perceive« a part of the ColiJeum. 3)
Ad00341 05 051a/engMiscell. Subj. C. Vol. VI. No. 49.
THE COLOSSUS IN THE GARDEN OF THE PALACE PRATOLINO NEAR FLORENCE.
Si«c Itnlbn miles from Florence on the declivity of ihe mountain Settario lies the remarkajbht palace of Pratolino with its a table garden. It belong'd to thè Grind-duke? oi Tofcanâ, but now it i» almtf; ir.thely decayed. The Pratolino was confuucted 1569 under Francis, a fon of Cosinus de' Medicit by the Ikilful architect Bi/mitu'cnti. Nature and art united themselves, to form out of it an lite banting refideaca. Atnongß other one conici to a place, round incloled with thick treei. Ueie rifes over a bafia full of cle*r and limpid water the colofTal ftatue of the God Apennin, which being raifed would be about 100 feet h With one hand the god repofes on the rock, with the other he feems to prefs the head of a fea-monfter, from whose ja>vs a jet of water is gufhing out. The whole ftatue is conlirucled of Itone and brick, and over-la\'d with mortar. Inwardly it is hollow, and one finis in the head a pretty little :.ber, where the windows open themfalves in the eye-balls.
Ad00341 05 052a/engMisc. Subj. CI. Vol. VI. No. 50.
DWELLINGS OF THE BOOSHUANA'S.
The Booshuana's, who inhabit the Interior Here lives the proper family. This inner of Soutb.-rn Africa, are of the fame race of apartment is enclofed by a gallery [upported people as the Hottentots, who, however, on trunks of the Mimol'a, whore the fervents differ fromibeminmanyrefpects. The Dutch, and flaves take their nightly reft. The poinbut ten ye.irs fince, gave us more exact ted tent- ihaped roof is thatched with reeds, accounts of ihem from the Cape of Good overshadowing likewise the outer gallery, Hope. They are a half civilized people that which gives to the whole a very beautiful applies himfeif to cattle-breeding, hunting appearance. The corn is contained in coand agriculture. Their villages confift of nical granaries, from fix to nine feet high, dwelling-houfes as we fee reprelented in the whereof we fee one reprefented in the anannexed view. Thefe cottages are built in the nexed engraving. The agriculture is perfollowing manner. The inner apartment is formed by the women, and the men emfurroundid with a wall of clay interwoven ploy their time in hunting and caule-breewith branches wherein there is a narrow door. ding. —
Ad00341 05 053a/engMiscell. Subj. CII. Vol. VI. Nr. 51.
REMARKABLE CAVES.
The Schulerloch in Bavaria.
cave is aloft in the rocky mountain, and at the beginning very painful. But the unwealn the large caves of chalk-mountains the ried traveller is sufficiently rewarded by the water impregnated with dissolved chalk-par- magnificent rocky hall, that we see here tides forms, as we know, the stalactites, imaged. As to a Gothic dome the pointed which lines the interior walls of lhosecc.es arches vault themselves, partly reposing under various Fig. ures, and makes them curious as upon columns on the stalactite-tenon«, objects of nature. Such a remarkable cave, which reach to the ground, forming in this call'd thfl. Sek derloch, we see here repre- manner several passages, where the eye of sented. It is m t wiih in the chalk-mountain the beholder, deceiv'd by the light of the near the river AlfMÜkl i" BV.-aria, below flambeaux, presumes to perceive altar« and the village Alt-Es.ung. The entrance to this other decorations ol a church.
Ad00341 05 054a/engMiscell. Subj. Vol. VI. No. 52.
THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF THE EMPEROR SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.
The adjoined table exhibits again one of those remarkable monuments, which gratitude, but not seldom also flattery of the ancient Ro7)ians, erected to their victorious Heroes, namely a triumphal Arch, dedicated to the Emperor Sepiimius Severus on account of his victories over the Parthians, Arabians and. other nations. It is pretty well preserv'd, and still to be seen at Rome behind the Capitolium, clean'd from the rubbish and surrounded with a rampart. (1) Fig.. I, represents the principal side with its four beautiful columns and three vaulted passages, which in the midst are join'd together by two bows. Over the principal bow appear two beautiful Fig. ures of the goddefs of Fame. Over the smaller side-bows are the actions of the triumphant Emperor represented, in bas-relief. In the Attica one reads both upon the fore-and backside the dedicatory inscription, in which the successor too of the said Emperor is mention'd. The ingraved letters were formerly inlay'd with gilt bronze, which afterwards has been purloin'd. The whole terminates with a Platform; one gets up to in the inside upon a 'pair of stairs, and where at that time the triumphal cart of the victor with soldiers at his side stood ingraved in stone. Fig.. II. exhibits one of the by-Sides of this triumphal arch, both of which, except the columns and the cornice, are void of all other ornaments. The whole stately building is constructed with white marble.
Ad00341 05 055a/engInsects LII. Vol. VI. No. 53.
GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Wood-pecker. (Phalaena Bombyx Dominula.)
Fig. 2. The purple-bear. (Phalaena Bombyx purpurea.)
Fig. 3. The lime-tree Spinner. (Phalaena Bombyx Bucephala.)
The checkered grown up caterpillar (B) g->. of this nocturnal butterfly common in Germai* n account of the dark - green ground-co- ny) feeds indeed upon the leaves of different lour of the fore-wings, and the white and tree», hut preferably likes those of the limeorangetawny spots of different Fig. ure on them \xee. It is but little hairy, in the earliest elegantly contrasting, likewise on account youth quite black, and but by deajees, alter of the deep- vermilion hind-wings, being having cast off several times its nein, becoadorn'd with black fillets and points of a mes more and more yellow. The winged Inbluish cast, this- nocturnal butterfly justly $ect (A) wears also the name of ox - head ani wears the name of wood pecker. Though the grafs-head from its big head half concealed hlack yellow - sutak'd hairy caterpillar (25) under the longhairy neck-hand; and from feeds upon the leaves of 'lifferent trees, yet tne large yellowish stains on the tips of the it preferably likes those of the hound's ton- fore-wings the name of the half-moon. The g'ie (cMiop'os.-um vulgare); wherefore the caterpillar changes into a chrysalis under the nocturnal butterfly is call'd too the hound's earth, where it only constructs a cave, withspinner. Several redbro.vn bright out lining it with a web.
. of this nocturnal butterfly common in Germai* n account of the dark - green ground-co- ny) feeds indeed upon the leaves of different lour of the fore-wings, and the white and tree», hut preferably likes those of the limeorangetawny spots of different Fig. ure on them \xee. It is but little hairy, in the earliest elegantly contrasting, likewise on account youth quite black, and but by deajees, alter of the deep- vermilion hind-wings, being having cast off several times its nein, becoadorn'd with black fillets and points of a mes more and more yellow. The winged Inbluish cast, this- nocturnal butterfly justly $ect (A) wears also the name of ox - head ani wears the name of wood pecker. Though the grafs-head from its big head half concealed hlack yellow - sutak'd hairy caterpillar (25) under the longhairy neck-hand; and from feeds upon the leaves of 'lifferent trees, yet tne large yellowish stains on the tips of the it preferably likes those of the hound's ton- fore-wings the name of the half-moon. The g'ie (cMiop'os.-um vulgare); wherefore the caterpillar changes into a chrysalis under the nocturnal butterfly is call'd too the hound's earth, where it only constructs a cave, withspinner. Several redbro.vn bright out lining it with a web.
Fig. 4. The Geometer of the alder. (Phalaena Geometra alniaria.)
tongue chrysalides (C; lie commonly imulv'd together within a white thin web, which several caterpillars, before they change into a chrysalis, in community spin. The caterpillars (b) of the family, ta which this Geometer belongs, intirely have the Fig. ure of dry little branches, especially when the caterpillar quietly sits erect on its hindpart. Being furnish'd only in the forepart This nocturnal butterfly much esteem'd and behind with a few pairs of feet, but with hy the lovers of butterflies, which is not to none in the midst of the body, it does not he found in every country, (a) has got the creep with all the parts of the body moving name of purple-bear from its bimiingred forwards, but in a bending manner, forming hinclwings, adorn'd with large, black spots bows, from whence the name of Geometer, of a blui'h cast highly contrasting. The mild- (Geometra). It preferably likes to eat the ly yellow fore-wings wear various little brow- leaves of the alder, without despising those nish stains, among which one resembles the of other trees. The butterfly (a) pleases more Fig. ure of a, latin S, wherefore the insect has on account of the wings elegantly cut out bealso got the name of yellow S bear. The ca- hind, than of the simple colour. The chanterpillar (b) belongs on account of its hair- ging of the caterpillar into a chrysalis protufts often fox-coloured to the bear-caterpil- ceeds on the trees, where it between leaves lars, and therefore the butterflies arising from spins a case from long threads, within which it are cali'd bears. The darkbrown chrysalis it casts off its last skin of caterpillar, appea(c) is naturally swrrounded by a delicate web. ring as a greenish- white chrysalis (c)
Ad00341 05 056a/engMiscell. Subj. CIV. Vol. V. No. 54.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS.
Nr. 1. The Great-Glöckner.
enchanting prospect over the Alps of Carinthiaanrf Styria,1 and at a further distance one The Great-Glöckner, we view here. repre- surveys Tyrol with the rivers Inn and Drau, sented, which is denominated from its bell- ^r- Schuhes, Professor at Inspruck, has like Fig. ure, rises 12,000 feet over the surface given us an excellent description of the travel of the sea, heing the loftiest of the moun- t0 the Glockner. tains of Salzburg, where it borders upon Carinthia and Tyrol. Its highest top was hut j
Fig. 2. The Snow-mountain.
in modern times ascended; this undertook for the benefit of natural, philosophy the The Snow mountain, the summit of which bishop ofGuik, aprinceof Salm-Reifer scheid, and North-Side through the whole year is with several distinguished scholars. For the cover'd with snow, as its name denotes, is conveniency of later travellers the worthy situated 9 leagues from Vienna in Netherhishop order'd several houses to be built for Austria near the frontier of Styria. Tho' a shelter. The first and largest, that we see notsohigh, astheformer, however its height here copied, is call'd Salm's hoehe. From amounts to 6600 feet above the surface of the hence one cannot proceed but on foot over sea; thus it is f higher, than the famous rocky gulfs and Snow - fields, which often is Snow-top in Silesia. The way thither leads very dangerous. ' Up to the summit of the through varied interesting situations, and Glöckner, divided again into two points, one the summit may be ascended without danger. leckuns 6 leagues. On the highest top, which From hence one surveys a delightful landscaholds no more than 6 — 8 persons, there is pe as far as Vienna. In serene weather there at present an ironcrofs 12 feet high erected, appears the harbour of Triest, even at a far Heie;one enjoys in clear weather the most distance, as a fine Silver-ribband.
Ad00341 05 057a/engPlants. CX. Vol. VI. No. 55.
SOUTH-AMERICAN CEREI.
1 he Cerei, being met with in European hot-houses, originally come from the warmer countries of South - America and from the Islands situated between the tropics next to America. They are all together juicy pulpous plants, drawing their moisture and nourishment more from the air, than from the soil, and thriving therefore in the hottest climates upon the driest sand or stony ground. These plants commonly have no peculiar leaves, hut only consist of stocks and branches, which in the different species are of a different, but always thoroughly uniform Fig. ure, partly composed of mere leaf-like members, now of such as are cylindrical, now more or Ids angular longish ones, beset with tufts of pricks. Such, an uniformity of stocks and branches serves the more to set of the beautiful structure and colour of the flowers, which commonly but after sun - setting only once open, and a few hours past again are for ever closed. The fruits of this plant resemble to the Fig. s, are eatable and of an agreeable sourish flavour.
On the present table appears represented
The common Melon thistle. (Cactus Melocactus)
The members of the stock are of the bignè fs of a human head, and of a melon - like Fig. ure, furrovv'd all-around from above till below, so that many — commonly 14 high ribs or edges appear, armed on their back with tufts of pricks. When the plant is preparing to produce flowers or fruits, it pushes forth at the upper part a cylindrical high and big shaft hairy and prickly; and out of this issue allaround, but most frequently at the top many flowers, at first rose-coloured, at last reddening like" a cochineal. Each of these flowers is round-about seated upon a fruit- knot, that afterwards unfolds itself to a Fig. like deep cochinealred pulpous fruit, upon which the withered flower sitting preserves itself.
Ad00341 05 058a/engMiscell. Subj. CV. Vol. VI. No. 56.
THE BEETSHUANS.
he South - African nation of the Caffers, half savages, who not seldom are engaged in calFd the Beetshuans, (also Bushwens) bloody quarrels with their neighbours, whose habitations and manner of living we The young woman, here sitting, with became already acquainted with (by the whom the young man holds a conversation, number CX. of this vol.) are on the present has decently cover'd her belly with aprons table represented still more characteristical- of leather, forming a sort of little pettily according to the colour of their body and coat. Several women wear too short cloaks, their Fig. ure. We perceive upon it a young The woman here pictured smokes tobacco, man and a young woman. The man has the smoke of which she at her ease sips out adorn'd his head with feathers, wears trian- of a hollow pot filPd with water, in which guhtr pendants, and his nakednefs is cover'd a wooden tobacco-pipe-tube is with the head with a long cloak of skins of beasts, and above join'd. Near her lies her felling-ax, with a liule apron; on his arm hangs a the felling of wood being here a principal sort of liule basket or rather little bag, and occupation of women. Besides do we perin his hands he holds Hâssagajens or jave- ceive some kitchen-furniture, standing upon lins, the usual weapons of these warlike the earth.
Ad00341 05 059a/engMiscell. Subj. CVI. Vol. VI. No. 57.
THE COLOSSEUM OR THE AMPHITHEATRE OF THE EMPEROR FLAVIUS -VESPASIANUS.
To the most remarkable and magnificent the hest preserv'd sides, four storiei high, remains of ancient Roman Architecture be- each adorn'd with a colonnade. lonr0ç t o o t h e A m p h i t h e a t r e s p a ilt l y sJt il l e x - T, . I t i s, , a s t h, e p l a n". F iTgTli, s h, o w s, a n O~ v a, l. tant. Among those, that at prre s e n t a r e t o T I.un t h e m-i i d s t« o■f• i t •i s t hue o p e n fri g1h t•i n g - p 1lace, be seen at Rome more or lefs mutilated,', tvh e A. r e n a (,a x), w hue r e m e n m u s tI fri-g uh.t w -i.tuh the most beautiful and largest is that, of men or whh wUd beang for the aniusemerit which the table here adjoined exhibit, a and diversion of the many thousand gpec. representation. It was constructed by the tators> who found piace all - around in the Roman Emperor Flavius Vespasianus two massive building. Round about this Fig. htyears after the subversion of Jerusalem, and ingplace beiow runs a Gallery with steps has been preserv'd for the greatest part till ^ under which are tlle caveS(where the our times. For what now is deficient in it, wild beasU vvere kept> Four principal enhas not been mutilated and robb'd by time, u.;es (e) led int0 the building and to the but by men. Fig. hting-place; through four other ones (c) It is a prodigious building, of which one came to the upper stories and through we view under Fig.. I, on our Table one of as many to the inferior ones.
Ad00341 05 060a/engPlants CXI. Vol. VI. No. 58.
THE. GREAT NIGHT-FLOWERING CEREUS. (Cactus grandiflorus.)
The wide-around creeping members of the itself at last a superb flower, that at the «nd stock and branches of ibis plant remarkable ofJilny or at the beginning of July after sunon account of its noble flower reach a length setting but once fully opens aud before sunof three till six feet with a bignefs of two rising is again shut and withering. Our reinches at the most. They are cylindrical, presentation shows the Fig. ure and colour of yet become at each end somewhat thinner, this noble flower, exhaling sweet aromatick and commonly show six prominent ribs, ar- frag ran cy ; but in nature it sometimes promed with yellowish tufts of pricks. The in- ves to be still greater in vigorous plants, terior mafs is pulpous and juicy. From many The fruit-knot ripens within a year to a conof these tufts of pricks ifsue yearly in the siderable pear like juicy fruit of an agreeaspring on the sides of the branches single ble sourish flavour; it is all around beset with fruit-knots beset with scales and bushes of scaly little red bunches shifting into an oranhair. These improve at the upper part into ge-tawny colour. This plant is met with in a calix about six inches long outwards like- great hot-houses; but it is native in Southwise scaly and hair'd; and out of this forms America, Jamaica and St. Domingo.
Ad00341 05 061a/engMiscell. Subj. CVII. Vol. VI. No. 59.
REMARKABLENESS OF THE HINDOOS.
T-Mie Hindoos, inhabitants of the middle large window, illuminatedby Lamps on festival Asia are a most remarkable people by their days in the night. Before the Pagod one manners and customs, by the high antiquity beholds a great lake for bathing, since the of their religion, which has given rise to all Hindoos bathe themselves each day, looking the. other religious opinions of the different upon this as a religious action. On the other countries. The supreme being they represent side of the lake, we nerceive an open buildtormlefs and symbolically only by a globe, ing supported by columns, call'd Shultri, supposing it to bave created three superior being a harbour or a shelter for strangers', Mods, Brama, Wishnu and Sliiven. JVishnw where they may pafs the night without paying is the preserver, Shiven the destroyer of what ftfr it. Such Shultris are frequently met is preservai, and to them the Hindoos-build with in the East Indies.— The most con vetemples or Pagods, as we see imaged in this nient way of travelling in this country is in 0. No. 19 and on the present table, a Palanquin or a litter, which being overOver the principal doors of this Pagod rises spread with a cloth is carried by four hired a spire of several stories. Each story has a Hindoos.
it
Miscell. CVII. Tom. VI. No. 59.
COSE RIMARCHEVOLI DEGLI HINDUI.
vJli Hindui, abitanti dell' Asia interiore, quali ciascuno è adorno d'una gran finestra sono assai famosi pe' loro costumi e per l'an- illuminata di notte con delle lampade in giorni -tichità de'la di loro religióne, secondo la di festa. Avanti al pagode vedesi un gran quale tutti gli altri pareri e sentenze de' dif- vivajo da bagno, gli Hindui bagnandosi ferenti paesi, in materia di religione, a poco tutti i giorni e credendolo un' azione relia poco si conformarono. Il simbolo dell' giosa. Al di là della riva ci si rappresenta Essere supremo, che rappresentano senza un' abitazione aperta sostenuta da colonne, Fig. ura, consiste in un globo. Da esso trassero che chiamasi Schultri, la quale serve di ricol'oxiginei tre Dei superiori: Brama, Vischnu vero a' peregrini, dove si può pernottare e Schiven. — Vischnu é il conservatore, libero d'ogni spesa. Cosi fatti Schultri si Schiven il distruttore del conservato, a'quali ritrovano spesse volte all' Indie orientali.— gli Hindui erigono de' tempj o d' pagodi, Il modo il più commodo di viaggiare in questo donde il ritratto verlesi in No. 19 del tomo paese si fa col mezzo del palanchino o della sesto e nella tavola qui aggiunta. Al dissopra seggetta, la quale, ricoperta d'un panno, della porta maestra s'innalza una torre in viene portata da quattro Hindui mercenarj. forma di piramide di più compartimenti,
Ad00341 05 062a/engMiscell. Subj. CVIII. Vol. VI. No. 60.
SPORTS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.
The plate hereto belonging exhibits two dif- which they drink with or without milk, and ferent sorts of the most beloved advertisements Prussian ginger- bread, ef the Russian people, viz:
Fig. 1. The mountains of ice,
Fig. 2. Russian Swings,
which are wooden scaffolds, about 13 yards of two different sorts. The one (i) is like a high (i), one side of which has a wooden slo- carousal or running at the ring, except, that penefs, that is cover'd with pieces of ice, and instead of being horizontal, it is perpendiiprinkled with water, on which the lovers, cular. The lovers of the swing are seated being always numerous, or seated on little in chairs, fasten'd on an axle-tree, which sledges, or standing on skates, with such vio- are driven about by means of a wheel or lence slide down, that they continue gliding only with the hands. The other (2) is a on the icy way prepar'd below. Such artifi- swing for 8 sitting persons, that are put in cial mountains of ice are every year in the motion byr 2 standing ones. Such swings are carnival's week constructed at St. Petersbourg raised in the Easterwetk on publick places, upon or near the Newa, [we view here over Those, which we here view, stand upon the against the Atademy of sciences (3) with an place before the stony theatre at Si. Peters* other Palace (4)] and much frequented, whe- bourg, where also brandy tents (3) are pitre spectators are never wanting. Here are ched, and soldiers of the police posted, to people too, who sell refreshments, as a sort prevent disorders or to appease them by meof mead, composed of sugar and pepper, ans of the fire-engine, which here appeart.
Ad00341 05 063a/engAmphibious animals. XXV. Vol. VI.No. 61.
THE CROCODILE OF ST. DOMINGO.
Among the animals discover'«! in modern diles, viz. the Caiman and the Crocodile of St. times is also to be reckon'd the Crocodile of Domingo. The last entirely differs from the St. Domingo, of which we first were nearer Caiman, with regard to the bignefs and by jnform'd by the french General Ledere, who other qualities, more resembling to the great sent a couple of them to France for the natu- Nile-Crocodile, so that at first it was thought ralists there. Hitherto they imagin'd, that to be one and the same species with this. America possess'd but one species of Cfoco- Yet more accurate researches have sufficientdile, the Caiman, which we see the draught ly evinced the difference, of in the IV. Vol. No. 14. of our gallery. However that, which was discover'd at St. Do- Fig.. II. represents the siculi of a Nilemingo, and here is represented, exhibits a Crocodile, with gaping jaws, where the lar5econd, new and quite different species, so ge murderous teeth of this terrible animal that we at present know two American Croco- are more distinctly to be seen.
Ad00341 05 064a/engPlants. CXII. Vol. VI. No. 62.
CACTUS MAMILLARIS.
We already know several beautiful species This Cactus flourishes in the summer, of the Cactus, which are native in South- and bears the next spring ripe grains of seed. America. The present table represents us Its native country are the Islands of Souththe Cactus mamillaris, a very fine plant, America, where it grows in the crevices of depicted in its natural greatnefs. \\ shows rocks. Yet long ago it is also found in the on its surface a great many longish semi- botanic gardens of Europe, but where it must globes with yellowish blossoms. The red be kept through the whole year in the hotfruit form'd like a pear has within a yellowish house. It is encreased or by grains of. seed flesh. It is of an agreeable sweetish savour, or by the upper part, that is cut off, of the and is eaten by the Indians. plant.
Ad00341 05 065a/engMiscell. Subj. CIX. Vol. VI. No. 63.
A FRAGMENT OF A DUG OUT ELEPHANT'S TOOTH.
A few years ago a scientifical landlord in France, whose name is Lavalette, discover'd at the clearing of a fountain in his garden, but 5 feet deep, under the surface of the earth, an upper end of two feet, of an Elephant's tooth, all-over surrounded with tophus. A part of it we view here represented, the ivory was, besides the exterior crust, still perfectly useful. It is one of the most remarkable things of the earlier history of our globe, that not only in Germany, but almost in all parts of Europe and Asia, as far as Siberia, skeletons and teeth of Elephants, which already peopled our earth, before men existed, at a small depth under the surface of the earth, are dug out. It is now by the knowledge of comparative Anatomy evinced, that these dug out skeletons belong neither to the African nor Asiatic Elephant,, the two only yet living kinds of this animal. But these remains of bones come from the Elephant of the primitive world, of which till now no living tracé has been found. The more ample explanation of this interesting matter will be found in the commentary upon this Number.
Ad00341 05 066a/engMiscell. Subj. CX. Vol. VI. No. 64.
THE GROTTO ANTI-PAROS.
This remarkable cave is found on. AntiParos, a small and insignificant Island in the Greek Archipelago.. In ancient times this grotto was unknown, and in the later ones it was first visited in the year 1673 by Mr. de Nointel, french Ambassador at Constantinople, who with a considerable retinue pafs'd the Christmafsdays in that grotto.
Fig. 1. The entry to the cave.
The superior entry to the cave forms a vault of rock, where at the left side an opening leads down, to which the visiters arrive, by letting down themselves by means of a rope, they wind around the natural pillar of rock.. Lighted torches are highly necessary to dispel the obscurity.
Fig. 2. The interior view of the cave.
The visiters, when they are got down from above the first precipice, come to several slopes, which on account of the deep caverns that lie on the right, partly are not without danger. More frequently the travellers by means of ropes must be let down considerable rocky walls; yet the danger being past, the courageous is rewarded by a sight so much the more brilliant. For at last one comes to the hall of rock represented Fig.. II. where one clearly perceives, that the whole grotto was form'd by stalactites. The most splendid stalactites - points hang down from the vault of the cave, and rise from the ground. A large mafs of stalactites forms in the middle an elevation. Here it was, where Mr. de Nointel on Christmafsday 1673 order'd to say mafs, wherefore this spot since that time is call'd the altar.
Ad00341 05 067a/engMiscell. Subj. CXI. Vol. VI. No. 65.
MICROSCOPIC REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE THISTLE-PITH.
How great and admirable does not appear the pith by drying up withdraws itself still the wisdom of the Creator in the meanest plant more and more. The cellular pith is suritself, when we behold it magnifie'd by rounded, as with a ring, with the proper means of the microscope. The simple crofs stalk of plant, which shows, when cutted cut (A.) through a common welted thistle through, many round larger and lesser ope(Carduus acanthoides) shows magnifie'd (B.) nings for the circulation of the sap, Exter« the most artificial composition of its shape, nally we see the magnifie'd hairs of the exteThe interior pith consists of a texture of nice rior stalk of the thistle, like tassels hanging hexagonal cells, through which the sap of down, which likewise attract from without nourishment rises and distributes itself. In the moisture, and thus help to nourish the the midst a great opening pervades the whole plant, stalk, which increases with the age, when
Ad00341 05 068a/engMiscell. Subj. CXII. Vol. VI. No. 66
THE COLUMN OF TRAJAN AT ROME.
Jo the most beautiful remains of ancient Ro- over a part of Rome. The outside of the man architecture belongs the glorious manu- column is adorn'd with the most exquisite ment still existing at Rjme, which the Emperor sculptures, in bafs - relief, spirally running Hadrian, in the name of the Roman people, around the whole. They refer to the actions erected to the honour of his great antecessor, oiTrajan, chiefly to the vanquishing of the the Emperor Trajan, on the magnificent mar- Dacians, which is exprefs'd by more than ket-place or Forum, constructed by the last. 1500 entire and half Fig. ures. At first stood This column, raised by the famous archi- on this column the bronce-statue of Trajan tect, Jpollodorus, is without including the that in the subsequent time was destroy'd. pedestal (of 17 feet) 118 feet high, and com- Therefore the Pope Sixtus V. commanded in posed of 34 large marble - blocks. Inwardly the year 1539 to erect upon it the colossal it is hollow; on 185 marble-steps one gets statue of the Apostle Ptter, still extant, as to the uppermost plate of the chapiter, from we see the whole here represented, whence one enjoys an enchanting prospect
Ad00341 05 069a/engPlants. CXIII. Vol. VI. No. 67.
PETRIFIED FORMS OF LEAVES OUT OF THE PRIMITIVE TIME.
Between a thin-slaty sort of stone near the those in yon country. Consequently these castle Rauche -sauve, not far from the bo- leaves at present petrified and inclosed betrough Chaumerac in the Department de 1'Ar- ween beds of stone originate from plants, deche in France one finds at the digging which formerly a thousand years ago grew in and breaking asunder of the thin beds of that country, in the mean time that thos. stone a great many forms of leaves half beds of stone form'd themselves, but now are burnt to coals, half petrified, which hardly not met with among the flourishing plants, now and then, mostly not at all are found neither in that country, nor elsewhere in far exactly agreeing with leaves of plants, that distant lands of other zones, at present appear upon earth, still lefs with
Ad00341 05 070a/engMiscell. Subj. CXIV. Vol. VI. No. 68.
SCENE IN AFRICA.
Our young readers have already often heard Who first applies all the 21 bowls, has won. of the unhappy Negros in Africa, whom the This play is said to be more difficult, than prejudice of Europeans places on the lowest our game at draughts, and one sees in Africa step of culture, almost level to the beasts, young Negro-women from their early youth treating them as slaves in the most unhuman sitting alone, and by meditation exercising manner. However these despised black men themselves in this play. of Africa have also higher dispositions of In the background we view a proof of mind, as the present plate will show us. In the corporal addrefs, viz-the manner, in the foreground sits under a Bananatree a which the Negro-Slaves fetch down the juice joung Negro-woman, meditating upon the got in bottles by incisions in the palm trees, play of Uri so much belov'd by them. This or the palm-wine. The Negro-Slave slings a play consists of a cliest divided into many circle of bark around himself and the palm, compartments, where two female players, and shoving forward this circle over the each with 2r bowls, alternatively and accor- sprigs of the tree, he climbs up and down ding to certain rules fill the compartments, by clinging his feet to it.
Ad00341 05 071a/engMiscell. Subj. CXV. Vol. VI. No. 69.
VIEW OF A PART OF THE CITY OF BATAVIA.
To the most remarkable possession* of the habitants, consisting of Europeans, native Dutch in the Indies belongs the Island of Javanese, Malays, Chinese and Slaves. For Java, and the city of Batavia situate upon it, the conveniency of the commerce canals are the chief place of those extensive and wealthy conducted through the large fine streets, possessions. This city was built by the Dutch, along which rows of trees are affording after they had expel'd the Portuguese, in shade to the walkers. In the street here the years 1618 till 1631, indeed upon a mar- fig. ured stands the Dutch-Calvinist Cathedral, shy unhealthful ground, but on account of a beautiful octagonal building with a cupola, the adjoining harbour and bay exceeding well Batavia is the seat of the Dutch Generalsituated for commerce, It is constructed in Governor and council with regard to the the European manner, has 20 regular streets, possessions of the Dutch in the Indie», and at present 5270 houses with 115,960 in
Ad00341 05 072a/engPlants. CXIII. Vol. VI. No. 70.
SCARCE EXOTICK PLANTS.
The gigantick Fourcroya. (Fourcroya gigantea.)
This plant here appears cut of below the crown of leaves. The stock attains to the This plant remarkable on account of its height of 2 feet, and has the bignefs of » stately stalk of blossoms is properly native in feet, the thick stiff leaves are 5 feet long, the Islands of Curassao and St. Domingo, but From the midst of the stock shoots the pomfrom thence almost hundred years ago trans- pous stalk of flowers 20 till 30 feet high, planted in the European hot-houses, where being smooth and lightgreen. On it are fixed it has but twice flourish'd, once at Schoen- the blossoms formed like a bell and downbrun near Vienna, the second time 1793 at wards hanging, as we see some of them at Pans. Since in modern times in France it (A.) represented in their natural greatnefs. has been found to form a peculiar species of How splendid soever this gigantick stalk of plants, the name of the illustrious Chymist, blossoms is to the eye, yet the smell is nothe counsellor of state, Fourcroy has been thing lefs than pleasant, bestow'd upon it,
Ad00341 05 073a/engPlants. CXIV. Vol. VI. No. 71.
MEDICINAL-PLANTS.
The Aloes of Soccotora. (Aloe soccotrina.)
The Aloes here represented, remarkable on account of its physical virtues, as well as the common Aloes, (vide the Porte (olio of Children Vol. III. No. 24.) is met with in the isle of Soccotora, situated on the east coast of Africa, towards the straights, of Babelmandeb. The Stock rises a Foot and a half above the root, and at the top it bears thick Leaves which are pointed and indented. The Pedicle which measures about a foot and a half shoots out from amidst those leaves, bearing a clusterlike crown of red flowers, which partly raise themselves in an horizontal direction, partly hang downward. The pericarpium, arising from the flowers, includes the seed, which ripens only in the native country of this aloes. For that reason it is propagated in the hot-houses of Europe by means of germings. The carved leaves of this plant produce a murrey coloured juice, which, condensated into resin, formerly has been employed in medicine; but now little use is made of it.
Ad00341 05 074a/engWorms. XII. Vol. VI. No. 72.
POLYPES FORMED LIKE A CUP.
yY e already got acquainted with - the Polypes, -in. Vol, I. "tab. 62. of our gallo.ry. They are creatures which occupy the. lowest degree* of the animal reign-, being ranked among the Zoophytes, »r(Fiant-Animals, on account of their Fig. ure; that resembles a plant. By way of aggrandizement the annexed table exhibits the Polypes of ihe shape of a cup. Aboye the maaabpcl-yyi (Fig.. . 8,) many times aggrandized, appears art elevation, (;;) that is the gullet, into which; the Polype, by means of the pincers, (o. o.) carries the food, consisting of worms and little insects. The body sticks to a large stalk7 (Fig. - 8. P- 9) which the Polype.extends,, in order to take hold of other objects,, or* wraps up, like a serpent, (Fig.. 9.) being in act to swim. — The Polypes here described, if we behold them with unarmed eyes, appear like little points round about the heterogeneous body they keep close to;in crowds, (Fig.. 1. 4. 6.) Through the microscope we however distinguish their Fig. ured bodies, -looking like poppy-heads and forming various groups. In Fig.. 2. and 3. they are represented cleaving to â duck's-meat, (a. b.) rne large stalk- of an older Polype being a point o£ conjunction, (Fig.. 3.) In Fig.. 5. our corpuscles adhere to the dead body of a yellow Polype. (fZ. d. d.). In Fig.. '7. they, most elegantly, surround a little snail, where we likewise perceive the wriggled stalks (i. it) as well as the upright ones. (A, h.)
Ad00341 05 075a/engAmphib. XXVI. Vol. VI. No. 73.
STRANGE AMPHIBIOUS CREATURES.
The horned toad. (Rana cornuta.)
l'I itherto we have had but very imperfect drawings, concerning this strange animal, which had been delineated after faded patterns preserved in spirits of wine. (Pictule Gallery. Vol, III. No. 39.) By means of'the last voyage of discovery, undertaken by the Russians, Mr. Tilesius, counsellor of the court and celebrated german naturalist, has supplied us with the first exact picture of the horned toad, drawn to the life in the annexed view. In little numbers it is met with in several parts of SouthAmerica as likewise in Brasil and in the isle of S. Catherine. Though, the rough body and large mouth, with which it catches insects, have an hideous appearance, yet the bright- sparkling colours of the skin display themselves very handsomely. The yellowish- brown body is adorned with sharppointed warts and white-edged Fig. ures of the colour of a violet. The fore- and hindpart of the head as also the hind-feet are adorned with plain spots of the most beautiful green. Above the eyes raise themselves the orange- coloured eye -lids, resembling a cone, which, slightly looked upon, have been compared to little horns; whence the name of this toad proceeds. Besides it is remarkable on account of its greatnefs, in Fig.. A. being represented shortened by half, and Fig.. B, exposing its head in lull length. According to the account of Mr. Tilesius the weight of the horned toad amounts to 4 pounds. By the Brasilians it is called Aran- Tango, or open tun.
Ad00341 05 076a/engMisc. CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 74.
SCENES OUT OF GREECE.
Fig. 1. A shepherd of Morea.
The present table exhibits one of the shepherds of the greek peninsula of the Morea, who is blowing on a simple rural pipe, near his herd. He is a mountain-shepherd, in his simple garment of sheep's skin, wearing a red cap upon the head and sandals on the feet. In the back-ground we perceive the sheepfold and the high scaffolds, which serve the shepherds for a summer-abode. In the winter or generally in cool nights these shepherds, with their flocks, retire into mountaincaverns, which are the usual dwellingplace of their families. These shepherds lead a very simple and poor life; yet with all that they are indépendant.
Fig.2. The modern-greek Story-singer.
The annexed view represents a moderngreek story-singer; in his usual custom, near a fountain of the turkish order, in a grove. Accompanied by his instrument, resembling a mandolin of a long neck, he gives several songs to some inhabitants of Morea, who differ, among themselves by rank and consequently by fashion, in the midst of whom we likewise behold a shepherd. These storysingers, traversing the whole country, perform, at the same time, the functions of poets, musicians and story -tellers for the sake of public sport.
Ad00341 05 077a/engMisc. Subj. CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 75.
NATIONAL FEAST OF THE RUSSIANS.
There is a custom in Russia, according to which the impérial court bestows a feast upon the people of Petersburg, on solemn occasions, such as conclusions of peace, coronations andweddings. The annexed table exhibits such a feast, which took place in the year 1790, at the conclusion of the peace made with Sweden. Before the imperial Winter-palace they had constructed two pyramidical sc. ffolds, of 20 yards in height, (Pig. l.) whereof the steps, turning round about, were served up with meals and pastrywoik of every kind. Above each was placed a roasted ox, the one of which had gilded horns and the other silvered horns. The pyramids were adorned with rosecoloured tafiety in a manner that only the horns peeped out, which stood in competition for the prize. At the signal given by a cannon- shot the people rushed thither; they gained the tnffety by pieces; the meats were flung on all sides; a troop of courageous rowers got the golden horns and thereby a premium of 100 rubels. The pyramids being stripped, some fountains, at a little distance, began to spout out red and white, wine. (Fig.. 2.) The people rushed thither in crowds, gathering in hats the delicious drink and presenting it by turns to the neighbours. Some common Russians even climbed up the fountain itself, in order to catch the whole wine-spout, but a well - applied syringe cooled the too bold drinker, repelling him within his bounds.
Ad00341 05 078a/engMiscell. Subj. CXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 76.
THE MONTSERRAT IN SPAIN.
Àt the distance of 9 leagues from Barcel- and rich monastery of the Bénédictins, in Iona towards the Northwest, in the Spanish the church of which is to be found a miprovince of Catalonia, is situated the re- raculous image of the virgin - Mary, is simarkable Montserrat, (that is to say : tacked tuated, as the annexed view exhibits, on or sawn hill) whißh is called thus from its the large middle - plain of the mountain, being composed merely of rocks and cliffs in an hollow, behind which arise many joining clode to one another, in the midst Rocks. Between those, by means of of which there are little plains. This moun- footh-pathes, one arrives at thirteen hermitain is likewise renowned as a place of pe- tages dispersedly situated on higher rocks, regrination, upon which is situated a con- Each of them consists in some chambers, vent of Bénédictins and twelve single her- a little chapel and garden. The hermit» mitages, that partly are built in a very living here are not clergy-men but lay-breromantick manner betwixt the single rocks, thren, who, after having renounced the The whole number of the people, who se- world, lead here a rigorous solitary life' parately have fixed their abode on the Mont- far from the tumult of the world. They «errat, amounts to 250, comprising friars, only descend to the monastery of the Belaybrethren and attendants. The great nedictins on certain festival days.
Ad00341 05 079a/engMiscell. Subj. CXIX. Vol. VI. No. 77.
REMARKABLE WALLS OF CYCLOPES OF THE ANTIQUITY.
In several parts of Italy and Greece there mankind was but little acquainted with meare still to bé found many remains of an- chanical arts, and having required necessaricient stone-work, the singular structure of ly an enormous expence of strength, we at» which proves their being descended from tributed them to powerful giants of the prithe remotest antiquity, because, since im- mitive time, whence by the Ancients they memorial times, one does not build in such were already called malls of the Cyclopes. amanner. They are stone-walls, consisting The Cyclopes are the giants of the romantic of prodigious rocks, that are not hewed in- primeval world. The annexed view repreto squares, according to the present man- sents such a wall, comprising the proud ner, but artfully joined together and hea- remains of an ancient fortress, probably ped up, without cement or mortar, with those of Epidaurus - Limera, which exists as many polygons as they sprun" out of still in the background of the road of Mai. the quarry. These works having been con- vasia, in the peninsula of the Morea. A structed in the most ancient times, where handsome monument of human art!
Ad00341 05 080a/engMisc. Subj. CXX. Vol. VI. No. 73.
SCENES OF TAURIA, FORMERLY CALLED CRIMEA.
Fig. 1. Dance of the Dervis.
chpriest. The annexed table exhibits such a scene in the same JDervis are mahometa n mendicant friar», manner as it is represented in the principilo partly live in convents, partly shift pal mosquey at Bakts chi-Sara.) in Tauria. about in the Orient, particulary in Turkey and Persia, preaching their faith and pia-
Fig. 2. Buffoon in Crimea.
ying many superstitious tricks and juggles, The present table exposes to sight a in order to deceive the people. Accor- jew of Constantinopolis, who, accompanied ding to a singular rite they assemble by a rattling musick of gipsies, is playing in a moschey, (mahometan church) eve- his legerdemain-tricks for the sport of so*y tuesday and friday, in the evening, me gentlemen, who are his spectators, where, in presense of other devouts, they The dance being finished, he has formed keep divine service, and then lead a dan- his garments like a puppet, fastened upon ce, which only consists in a rapid turning, a staff, on the left arm, with which he One after the other falls into a kind of keeps a foolish discourse. The dumb pupswoon, out of which he is directly rou- pet only answers by blow«, to the utsed by few words whispered into his ear most delight of the spectators.
Ad00341 05 081a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXI. Vol. VI. No. 79.
THE PERUVIAN GIANT.
Mett of extraordinary greatness are called America, tlie annexed table representing a Giants, as the name of dwarf is given to peruvian giant, called Basilio Huaylas, those, who distinguish.. themselves by unu- who, in the year 1792, was brought from sual littleness. Both of them are excepted the city of lea to Lima, capital of.Peru, from usual greatness of man, as we can in order to appear in publick. At the age not suppose there to be whole nations of of 24 years he exceeded the height of 7 giants or dwarfs upon our terrestrial globe, feet. The members of the body were of though tribes of lesser men may be found a disproportionate bigness, particularly towards the North, as well as the great those of the upper part. Ordinarilv Huayprogeny of Patagonians in South-America, las made his appearance in the strange custom here represented. In comparison Men of uncommon greatness frequent- a man of common size stands at his side, ly expose themselves to sight for money, by what means his gigantic Fig. ure is renon account of the scarcity, as every one de red the more striking, knows. The same custom is also found in
Ad00341 05 082a/engMisc. Subj. CXXII. Vol. VI. No. 80.
EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF JOSEPH II, BEFORE THE IMPERIAL PALACE IN VIENNA.
The present Emperor of Austria, his Majesty Francis I. determined to get erected a magnificent monument to the memory of his great uncle, Joseph II, who exceedingly deserved it of his nation by introducing useful arts and sciences. The Emperor desired this monument to consist of Joseph's equestrian statue of bronze, supported by a pedestal of granite, in order to embellish Joseph's place, before the imperial palace in Vienna. Mr. Zauner, a celebrated statuary in Vienna, was charged with this commission. After 11 jears of work the whole was finished in the most perfect manner, as the present view exhibits, and consecrated on Joseph's place the 24. of Nov. 1807, in the presence of the imperial family. The Emperor Joseph is seated on horseback, in the roman manner announcing his protection to his subjects by the extended right hand. Besides the tables of inscription there are on the pedestal two Basreliefs of bronze, relative to Joseph's merits. The opposite side refers to the freedom and Improvements which Joseph granted to the Trade of Austria. The height of the whole monument amounts to 33 feet, 8 inches ; that of the horse to I3feet; the Fig. ure of the Emperor is inheight II feet. The group of the horse with the Fig. ure of bronze has 400 quintals of weight. This statue is a beautiful monument of german art, worthy of being transmitted to the remotest posterity.
Ad00341 05 083a/engPlants CXV. Vol. VI. No. 81.
RARE TREES.
The Wax-Palm-Tree of South-America. (CeroxyIon andicola.)
1 hi3 remarkable kind of Palm-tree, which arrives at the extraordinary height of 160 or iSo feet, has been discovered by Mr. Alexander Humboldt, the celebrated naturalist, during his travels through SouthAmerica, oa the mountain called Quindiu. The trunk, that sticks to the earth with many roots and filaments, rises uprightly; betwixt the rings, formed by the fallen leaves, there cleaves a yellow bark, three lines thick, as smooth as a reed, consisting in a mixture of resin and was. On the left we behold a piece of the trunk in its natural greatness. The natives, who consider this bark as pure wax, form thereof tapers and candles, after having mixt it with a third of tallow. The spherical fruits, o[ violet - colour have a sweetish taste and are crowded together like bunches of grapes; the interiour part encloses a hard almond. This Palm-tree never bears more than ten feathered leaves, rising to the height of 18 = 21 feet, so that the whole offers a surprizing and sublime sight.
Ad00341 05 084a/engGarments. XI. Vol VI. No. 82.
PERUVIAN INCAS.
The ancient Peruvians in South - America were a nation tolerably well civilized They had hereditary kings, who, as well as all the royal princes, were called Jncas, hein g regarded by the Peruvians as sons of Gods, off - springs of the sun, under the Fig. ure of which they adored the supreme deity. These Incas, whose families at present have almost been extirpated by the Spaniards, who conquered Perù, enjoyed a preeminence of reputation and honour, as we can judge by what has been before mentioned. Even now - a. aavs much reverence is paid to their memory, the present Peruvians still continuing to represent them symbolically, on solemn processions, though dressed in more precious and modernized garments than these princes used to wear at the time of their splendour. The annexed view exhibits such an allegorical representation of modern time?. We behold an Inca with his consort in their modern habit oF parade, which in. some particulars differs from the ancient one, as they are represented still now à days, on great solemnities, for the remembrance of ancient times, to the Peruvians, who do not belong to their descendants.
Ad00341 05 085a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXIII.. Vol. VI. No. 83.
TURKISH TOMBS.
To the modern Greeks and Turks death, according to the usual manner of antiquity-, does not appear under aspects of fear and terror, they rather consider it as a state of sweet repose, without aversion. For that reason ihey bury their corpses in open coffins, trimmed with precious stuffs ; they dreis the dead body in the best clothes of the deceased, covering him with flowers. Thus they commit the last remains to graves situated without the towns, on high • ways or upon hills surrounded by cypresses. These sepulchers, which frequently serve as publick walking - places, are of the most charming forms, consisting in open chests of white marble, (Fig.. II.) near which arise pillars decorated with symbols relative to the sex and rank of the deceased. The turban signifies a man; a kind of urn a woman; a rose denotes a girl. Within these chests, filled with light earth, they plant flowers, that are cultivated with religious care by the relations of the deceased. Richer Turks get built whole funeralhalls, (Fig.. i.) which consist either of open arches, bearing a cupola, or are locked up and enlightened from above. The annexed view likewise exhibits buildings of greater compass, provided with open vestibles, where the Mahometans perform their devotion.
Ad00341 05 086a/engWorms XIII. Vol. VI. No. 84.
THE ECHINOID ASTERIAS.
In Vol. III. No. 94- °f our Picture• Gallery we already became acquainted with the admirable Medusa's head sea star, belonging to the genus Asteria or star - fish. The annexed table exhibits an other extraordinary species of these animals, viz, the echinoid Asterias. It is a native of the Indian seas, which sometimes arrives at so considerable a size, as to measure more than twelve inches in diameter. From the body depressed and covered with a coriaceous crust arise twenty rays, that are spinous as well as the body. The mouth of this animal consists of the aperture, which we behold in the midst of the body. Most beautiful specimens of this curious animal were formerly: preserved in the Leverian Museum at London. —
Ad00341 05 087a/engMisc. CXXIV. Vol VI. No. 85.
ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL AT LONDON.
The cathedral church of St. Paul, which we see here represented from the side of the Thames, is one of the most beautiful buildings of modern architecture. It stands in the centre of the great metropolis of the british empire, being reared in the place of an ancient gothic cathedral, that was almost entirely destroyed by the terrible fire of 1666. The celebrated Architect, Sir Christopher Wren, formed his plan of it partly on the Model of St. Peter's Church at. Rome This immense edifice was reared in 35 years, the foundation being laid on the 2i£t- of June 1675 and the building completed in 1710, at the expence of 4,420,512 dollars of Saxony. This Cathedral is in the form of a erosi. The outside is adorned with three magnificent entrances and two ranges of pilastres. Above the principal entrance stand two steeples; the chief ornament, however, i» the stately dome, rising in the centre. The dome rests on 32 columns supporting a gallery surrounded by a balustrade, the ascent to which from tl»? bottom is by 534 stepsi 0»er the gallery rises the magnificent cupola with a second gallery, on the top of which stands a little turret or lanthorn terminating in a gilded ball and cross. — The inside of St. Paul's is so far from corresponding in beauty with its exterior that it is only decorated with conquered ship'« flags and two statues and monuments erected in honour of Johnson and Howard. The annexed view exhibits likewise a remarkable procession consisting of the Lord Mayor's going by water to Westminsterhall, with great pomp, in barges splendidly decorated. This procession takes place annually on the 9'h. of November, being the day on which the new chief magistrate enters upon the duties of hit office.
Ad00341 05 088a/engPlants CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 86.
FAIR EXOTIC SHRUBS.
The dwarf rosebay. (Rhododendron ponticum.)
This beautiful shrub is met with in the Orient as well as in several parts of SouthSpain, particularly in the environs of Gibraltar, and in the orange-houses of Germany. Cultivated with due care it forms a shrub like a tree of 5 a 6 feet of height. The oblong and pointed leaves are ever green; they have a shining surface; on the inferior part they arc. lighter green, traversed by strong veins and crooked towards the extremitv. They cleave together in great numbers towards the top of the branches. The stalk is extremely short. In the months of June and July on the points of the branches there appear red blossoms of five leaves, that stick together like clusters, which recommend this shrub as an embellishment of gardens. At first sight it resembles the Oleander, but on beholding it more attentively we easily find out the difference. The dwarf rosebay comprehends eleven kinds, which chiefly are found on high mountains, or Alps, whence their name derives. In the native country of this shrub some kinds are employed in medicine on account of their astringent virtue.
Ad00341 05 089a/engMisc. Subj. CXXV. Vol. VI. No. 87.
THE GIANTS-CAUSEWAY IN IRELAND.
The isle of Staffa and Final's care in Scotland are not superior in beauty to the magnificent Giants- causeway, situated on the northwestern coast of Ulster, in the county of Antrim in Ireland. It is naturally formed of innumerable pillars of basaltes which arise perpendicularly, having been regarded in former times by superstitious people as a work of spirits and giants. Those pillars of basaltes (which are reckoned 30,000) form a kind of promontory gradually declining towards the sea aud terminating in a causeway, which by means of the pillars proportionately broken off forms an even way. This causeway has about 600 feet in length and 120 to 14.0 in breadth. The single pillars have 12 to 15 inches in diameter, being quadrangular, sexangukr and octangular, but for the most part sexangular, as the present table shews, on one side elevated and on the other fluted, whereby the single parts of the pillars join together like the vertèbres of the back-bone, thus supporting themselves in an upright direction.
Ad00341 05 090a/engMisc. Subjects CXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 88.
THE BLAST OF WHEAT.
The blast of corn, which frequently impairs the produces of harvest, is a sickness of the corn-plants, which is not discernible untili the ears begin to bud. Wheat is most frequently attacked by this sickness of blast, that consists in the grains not being duely ripe, whence instead of containing a white and mealy substance, they are filled up with blackish grains consisting of dust and stinking in their fresh state, whereby at length the whole car is soiled, when the blighted wheat-grains buTst and the blasting fies out. P. I is a blasted wheat grain in its natural greatness. Fig.. 2. and 3. considerably magnified, b b b in both Fig. ures there are the tops steiilized by sickness, a a. Fig.. 2. the pistils deformed by sickness. 'Fig.. 3: shews the interior of a blasted wheat-grain. Fig.. 4. exhibits a number of magnified grains of the blasting. Every grain is composed of several other lumps accumulated together, which we discern through the microscope on moistening the blast. Fig.. 6. shews the form of single grains of the sound and immature wheat-flour, when it is wettish. The blasting of wheat is but a particular kind of mushrooms consisting of dust and belonging to the genus blast, comprehending many species. To the same genus is likewise ascribed the pretended rust of corn. In Fig.. 5. we behold the form of the grains of the rust of bailey greatly magnified.
Ad00341 05 091a/engMisc. Subjects CXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 89.
RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF SAGUNT IN SPAIN.
In the South of Spain, between Valencia and locked themselves up with their relations Barcellona, is situated the city of Murviedro, in the houses which were set on fire, thus where there are the ruins of ancient Sa- delivering themselves as free citizens to the giuit, whose remains we behold in Fig.. I. flames with their preciousEffects. The Romans an;l II. of this table. vindicated the Saguntines in the second war with the Carthaginians by expelling The city of Sagunt is famous for the them from amidst the ruins of the demoPerseverance beyond all example with which lished city, which they rebuilt more magthe inhabitants, the allies to the Romans, nificently than before, and yet Sagunt, a defended themselves against the Carthagi- second time restored to all its splendour, nians under the conduct of Hannibal after was again destroyed by the Barbarians dutne first war with the above mentioned na- ring their invasion in the fifth century, the tion. Tha Carthaginians after a siege of only evidences of its former grandeur being «ight months having at length taken the city the remains, particularly those of the theaby assault, and the rapacious soldiers being tre, part of which we behold in Fig. I. in permitted by Hannibal to plunder it tho- the fore-ground. Under the succeding doroughly he was astonished at finding not- minion of the Goths Sagunt was rebuilt hing but destruction and mint. The in- once more but with less beauty. The rehabitants of Sagunt had ra;her die than mains uf that time are probably those, of itfrvive the foil of their liberty; those, the citadel. (Fig.. H.) tli;t bad not fallen gloriously in fi'gthing
Ad00341 05 092a/engMisc. CXXVlll. Vol. VI. No. 90.
CELTICK MONUMENTS OF CARNAC.
In the western parts of France, near the castle of Cornac, in the department of Morbihan, along the sea-shore, in a mournful desert of downs, there are found the following remarkable monuments of antiquity, deriving from the Celts, who anciently inhabited that part of Gallia. In those sandy p loins, wholly destitute of rocks, the traveller meets with rough blocks of stone, which, being supporled only by their own weight without a basis, are supposed to have been erected by human efforts in a very bold manner. The number of these blocks of stone, which arise perpendicularly, still amounts to 4000, the use of which proves difficult to be explained, though, most propably, they refer to the religious customs of that ancient people. The groupes of stone which we see (Fig. - II.) seem to be still more nearly related to certain science;, containing perhaps observations on the starry sky.
Ad00341 05 093a/engMisc. Subjects. CXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 91.
VIEW OF THE GREAT SQUARE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO IN AMERICA.
In the place of the present city of Mexico, which lias been built hy the Spaniards after the conquest of that country of the new world, anciently was situated the city of Tenochtitlan, the residence of proper kings of the ancient inhabitants. This city having been taken by the Spaniards and wholly destroyed, after a persévérant siege in 1521, Cortez, the leader of the Spanish army, ordered a new city of Mexico to be founded after the european fashion, which contains about 140,000 inhabitants, not being inferior to any one of the most celebrated cities of Europe. We behold here represented the great square (la plaza i:iajvr) where in former times stood the gr&a temple of Mcxitili, or the God of war of the primitive (inhabitants of America afterwards thus called. Now-a-days this place is adorned with the magnificent equestrian statue of Charles IV., King of Spain, constructed of metal by the celebrated Spanish artist Don Manuel Dolsa, and reared in Mexico in 1203. The place round the statue is paved with freestones of porphyry, surrounded by a balustrade and locked up with four gates. Behind the principal place in the center of our figure we behold the stately cathedral church (2), part of which (3) is entirely built in the moresk style. On the left of the cathedral church we view the palace simply built, which is the seat of the Viceroy of new Spain.
Ad00341 05 094a/engMisc. Subj. CXXX. Vol. VI. No. 92.
THE FOUNTAIN CALLED TOP HANÈ AT CONSTANTINOPLE.
This remarkable and magnificent fountain, situated in Top-.Hanc, one of the suburbs of Constantinople, whence its name derives, has been lately copied for the first time by the germ an artist Melling, architect to the Sultana Hadidge, the distrustful Turks seldom permitting something to be copied from their publick buildings. This monument is notable because it gives a perspicuous idea of the st)le and art of decorating of the Mahometans. The Sultan Mikmud caused this fountain to be built in 1733 as a work of beneficence, in order to provide this part of Constantinople with good water as well as with a place for performing the religious washings that are in use among the Turks. The inferior part of the edifice is incrusted with white marble, the surface of which being most elegantly adorned with several gilded volutes, ornaments and sentences of the Alcoran, the holy book of the Turks. Notwithstanding there are to be found no Fig. ures of men or animals, which is prohibited according to the turkish faith. Above the inferior part of the building, that has 25 feet in square and a spring on each of these four sides, stands out a pentice of 16 feet which gives the most agreeable shade. A vaulted roof adorned with 16 turrets terminates the whole in an elegant manner. Near the fountain we see some Turks occupied by their holy washings and next to these a group of turkish women. In th« fore-ground drives a turkish coach all over furnished with lattica - windows, wherein th« women of the Turks take the air.
Ad00341 05 095a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXI. Vol. VI. No. 93.
REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS.
The petrified Sea-Palm or Pentacrinit. (Pentacrinites Helmintholithus portentosus. L.)
of antiquity, tacriliit. belonging systematically to the same genus called Encrinus. The animals of this order keep the midst between the coralloid animais and the Sea-stars, living always under _/ entacrlnits are petrified forms of animals the profoundest gulfs of the sea, partly in the belonging to the class of the Zoophytes or torrid zone, partly in colder regions, where Plant-animals, consisting of a manybranched by way of their flexible stalks they adhere and tufty substance that sticks to a membe- close to the ground. In many countries of red and branchless stalk of several feet in Europe the petrified sea - palms are to be length. For the present we know but two found enclosed and vanished by growing in or three species of Zoophytes which are near- the lime-stones.
Ad00341 05 096a/engMisc. Subjects. CXXXII. Vol. VI. No. 94.
REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS.
Petrified Sea-Lilies or Encrinits of Antiquity. (Encrinites HeImintholithus. Encrinus L.)
Encrinits or Sea-lilies are petrified kinds of plant-animals of former ages, looking in some manner like the sea-palm, still living in the profundities of the sea of the Antilles, and probably belonging to the same genus Encrinus. Fig.. i. exhibits a sea-lily, many-branched and closed, with the stalk of many articles, by way of which the living zoophyte kept close to the bottom of the sea. Fig.. 2. is an Encrinit of many arms, without a stalk, both of them being provided with round joints. Fig.. 3. shews the closed main-body, formed like a Fig., of an other kind of Encrinits, whose joints are pentagonal, as the basis exhibits, that stuck to the stalk. The other Fig. ures are partly single joints of sea-lilies, which are commonly called by several names, viz: St. Cuthbert's beads, trochytes, astroites etc., partly they-are pieces, formed like a pillar, of such stalks consisting of many articles that rise one above another (6. 7.) being usually called Entrochites, star stones. In many regions of Germany and of other foreign countries the petrified Encrinits are met with in several kinds of lime-stones.
Ad00341 05 097a/engPlants CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 95.
MEDICAMÉNTAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The common Elecampane. (Inula Helenium. L.)
±he common or genuine Elecampane is an useful plant, which grows wild in several parts of Europe and in some regions of Germany, being cultivated on fields for its utility as also in gardens for ornament. The long and thick roots, that have a strong and bitter taste, are partly dried, partly employed in medicine in several dissolutions. They likewise form thereof a salutary wine and beer of the same name. The root, mixed with pot-ashes and bill-berries, produces a blue colour. From the root ismes a stalk, of 3 in 4 feet in height, furnished with large and dented leaves, at the top of which, in the months of July and August, appear the yellow and scentless flowers formed like a star.
Fig. 2. The common Soapwort. (Saponaria officinalis. L.)
This salutary plant, 2 in 3 feet high, that grows uncultivated in Germany along the roads and in hedges, bears white blossoms inclining to red, during the summermonths. The leaves as well as the root have soapy and solutive principles that offer an approved remedy agiinst many diseases. For ornament it has been transplanted in te gardens, where by way of culture a variation of it has been produced with clusters of double flowers.
Ad00341 05 098a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 96.
THE MORAI, OR BURYING-PLACE, OF THE ISLE NUKAHIWAH IN THE SOUTH-SEA.
In the South-sea is to be found a group of isles, first discovered in 1595 and known under the name of isles of Marquesa or Mendoza. Amoügst the northern ones is also situated the isle of Nuhakiivak, with which we more nearly became acquainted by means of the last voyage round the world, undertaken by the Russians for discovery's sake, under the guidance of the Captain of Kmsenstcrn. The inhabitants of this island are well-shaped, healthy, and of a vigorous constitunon; their carnation resembles that of the Europeans. They adorn the whole body with pricked Fig. ures, which they rub into the flesh with a dark-blue earth, whence ihey never vanish. These islanders of the South - sea are not in the least of a sweet temper; on the contrary they are malicious and vindictive in such a manner that they devour their captivated enemies. Except a small scarf, they are stark-naked. Their habitations are only cottages composed of bamboo • reed. Alter many ceremonies theyr commit the dead to their burying - places, or Morais, whereof every family has a particular one. The Russians, who circumna« vigated the world, obtained the permission of visiting such a Moral, the image of which we view in the annexed table. This Moral was situated in a romantic region, on a hill; in a coffin was exposed a corpse. Outwardly stood some deformed idols carved in wood; close to these they beheld pillars, consisting of cocoa-leavet, and environed by stuffs of white cotton. The whole referred to religious customs.
Ad00341 05 100a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXr. Vol. FL No. 99.
RUSSIAN HORN-MUSIK.
This Musick, invented in Russia in 1750, by a native Bohemian, called Maresch, has such a dignity, grandour, sweetness and plenitude of sounds, as are not to be found in any Musick whatever, even not in the organs, to which, however, it bears the greatest resemblance. This Musick being the more extraordinary because every horn has but one tone, a brief description of it will prove much interesting both to connoisseurs of Musick and to those, who are strangers to it.
The annexed table gives an intuitive representation of it. The region exhibits a forest where one sees the imperial corps of russian hunters, divided in four files, and placed on an eminence, with their hunting-horns. In the first file stands the treble, in the second the counter-tenor, in the third the tenor, and in the h most the bass.
Every one holds in his hand a little musick-book, upon which he is to fix his eyes steadfastly, in order to give the tone in the very nick of time. He therefore is obliged to count exactly all the other sounds, till it comes to his turn to wind the horn. His whole art, which surely is not easy in allegros and trills, contists in making just stops. In the other hand he has the brazen or copper-horn. In the front, before the treble, or in the first file, stands the Master of the musical chapel, who has placed the partition before him, on a desk. He keeps in his hand a little staff, with which he not only beats the time, but also every fourth.
The basses, on account of their bigness, rest on little pedestals, constructed for that purpose.
The Horn-Musick is composed of about forty persons, every one of whom has one horn or two. Those horns, that give the lowest bass-tones, have 5 in 7 feet in length. This measure diminishes proportionally so that the least ones arrive only to the length of one foot.
There is nothing more touching than to hear a choral-song, or adagio, performed on this instrument; there is nothing more merry than to behold an allegro blown there-upon, when a Musician, with two horns is often changing them, in a swift time.
Though the instruction of such a Virtuoso requires an extraordinary patience yet the Russians, who generally have great talents for Musick, very soon become accustomed to observe the time.
Ad00341 05 101a/engInsects. LIII. Vol. VI. No. 98.
FESTOON ORANGE BUTTERFLY OF CHINA.
(Papilio Bernardus. Fabricii.)
On a copied nrancn °f a japan and chinese plant, called Japan Rose, we behold a great diurnal Butterfly, fairly designed, that is a native of China and Japan. The prime colour of its fore - wings is fiery - red, laciniated with a yellow cross - fascia, and with a lavge and black border. The hinrlwings, likewise fiery - red, are tailed, and elegantly spotted with black eyes and white central point». The upper Fig. ure exhibits this Butterfly in the state of reposa, with the bearing of its clapt wings, whose inferior side is finely adorned. This exotic Butterfly belongs to the eye-spotted ones, among which, however, there is none in Germany, that equals this chinese Butterfly in the greatness and beauty of the louring.
Ad00341 06 003a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXVI. Vol. VII. No. 1.
PERSIAN CURIOSITIES.
Persia,. anciently celebrated among the Countries of Asia, still belonss, on severat flccounts, to the rernarkable' empires of that part o£ the world. The annexed print exhibits.: ;-:.' i
Fig. 1. View of the city of Shiras.
Shiras, the capital city of the province of Farsistan, or 'of Persia properly thus called, is situated in an extensive and beäutifill valley; but novv-a-däjs its ancient spleridour is greatly göne to decay. It is surrounded with walls arid lias six gâtes ; the houses, cohstructed of bricks', hâve a bad appearance, but nevertheless Shiras lias a beautiful Basar or customhouse, as well as other public buildings. This city is likewise famous for its excellent wine, called \vine of Shiras, which is renown'd ail over Asia.
Fig. 2. Tomb of the persian Poet Hafiz.
Arts and sciences were flourishing ïn former centuries in the Éast as well as in Persia. Among the celebrated men of that country they also name the Poet Hafiz, who was born in Mosselly, near Shiras, and died there in 1340. We behold hère represented his tomb variously distingulshed. It is situated in the center of a large square burjing ground, resemblirtg a garden. At the entrance are two great lions, opposite, in a l'atticed enclpsure are the tombs of Hafiz, of two of his disciples, and of a Prince of the royal blood. Ail four are formed like coffîns of stone, on each side surrounded with sto» nés, six foot high, where upon are engraved several passages of the Alcoran. The persian Sovereign, Kerim - Khan, çaused this tomb to be embellished, an édifice with rriany rooms having been reared behind it. Close by there is the sepulchre of Saadi, an other celebrated persian Poet.
Ad00341 06 004a/engPlants CXIX. Vol. VII. No. 2.
THE FILAMENTOUS YUKKA. (Yucca filamentosa.)
JL he Yucca is exclusively found in Ameri- clous Yucca, is originally of Virginia and ca, and comprehends many species, whicli, Carolina, where it is to be found on the as for the structure, accord together in so sandy shores of the rivers. It has but a much that the trunk, often arriving to the short trunk ; from the Ieaves grows up the height of ten in twelve feet, produces, on- " stalk, often five to six foot high, to which ly at the top, a tuft of long Ieaves, for stick the white flowers, inclining to yellow, the most part dented like a saw, from whose and formed like tulips. The Ieaves of this center shoots out a long and branched stalk, species hâve the singularity of being more forming tha most beautiful crown. For round, and of bearing, on their surface, that reason this fair american plant is also long and single filaments, which, before met with in several hot-hoùses. the Europeans imported their linen-cloth, \ were employed by the Americans in fabriThe species hère copied, or the fila- cating a stuff approaching the same quality.
Ad00341 06 005a/engWorms XIV. Vol. VII. No. 3.
THE WINDING SERTULARlA OR VESICULAR CORALLINE. (Sertularia volubilis, Linn. S. uniflora, Pallas.)
About the trunk and tire branches of a red prickly coralline winds an other species of zpophytes, belonging to the genus Sertularia oxvesicular coralline, represented in its natural greatness in Fig. . 1. and magnified in Fig. . 2. of the annexed table. This ;winding seitularia has the appearance of a .plant, as well as all the plant-animais, inhabiting the Océan; but its substance is white, .horney, elastic, flexible and half transparent, rwhose united and subile filaments form an articulated , tortuous and filaceous stalk, .which serves as a shelter to particular polypes, adhering to it and dwelling in seperate cells (even hère indistingûishable) of thèse articulations, from whence they extend their armed fangs to catch their food. The little bells, with a dented border, on the long and articulated stalk$,of.the trunk of the sertularia, are open and transparent cases, looking like vesicles, which, in the hottest summerseason shoot out of the sertularia, and wherein form themselves oval burgeons, either cleaving to the principal trunk, or separated from if. From such burgeons issue new sertularia.s, which continue growing. The polypes of the sertularias feed upon the least and most tender microscopical worms, living in the sea-water.
Ad00341 06 006a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 4.
THE CATACOMBS OR SUBTERRANEAN SEPULCHRES OF ROME.
The Catacombs, or subterraneous sepulchres, at Rome and their environs are famous for their antiquity as also for their great number. They consist of innumerable passages and Chambers, turning and winding, like a labyrinth, in the solid pozzolano of a hardened and vulcanicearth. In the earliest times of Rome thèse passages took their rise from the pozzolano du g out for the construction of buildings. At the time of the roman Republick and of the Emperors thèse innumerable sandpits were employed in burying poor people and slaves, upon whose corpses they would not bêstaw the funeral expences- At the time of cliristianity the acts of burying in the Catacombs augmented; there were interred the Christians, who had fallen as Martyrs in the persécutions. Part of the Catacombs, extending to a great distance near Rome, are exhibited in Figr. with the tombs partly open partly locked up. The closed sepulchres, eut in the walls of the Catacombs, hâve the outward appearance of Fig. . 4. — Fig. . 2. 3. and 5. represent many of them, which were examined after having been opened. They found therein the remains of human bones more or less preserverî. By the initial letters of the word of Christ it appears they belonged to Christians. In the sepulchre (Fig. . 3) reposed a Martyr, as may be judged by the preserved palm twig and hatchet.
Ad00341 06 007a/engMisc. Subjects. CXXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 5.
ETRUSCAN CATACOMBS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF TARQUINIA.
In the présent Grand- dutchy of Toscany, near.the town of Corneto, where anciently was situated Tarquinia, one of the twelve capital-cities of Etruria, are to be found many catacombs, or subterranean sepulchralchambers. Tliey are carved in whitish limestones, being remarkable for their structure as well as for their variegated Ornaments. The descent to them is through square apertures. In one of thèse Etruscan catacombs (Fig. . 1.) the cieling is formed o£ four contiguous Squares, carved out of the rock with Recesses. The remains of the dead repo*ed either in nrns, or probably also on the banks round about the side- walls. The walls and friezes of thèse sepulchral - Chambers are covered with party-coloured symbolical pictures, alluding to the State of the soûls after deatb, according to the ideas of the Etrurians. On the frieze we therefore behold men devoured by wild beasts; * allusion to the punishments attending the cri.minai. . Other compartments of thèse catacombs (Fig. . 2.) rest on pillars carved out of the rock itself^ as well as the architectural recesses of the [cieling whence they gîve perpetuity to the whole. On the side- walls we likewise observe painted friezes of many Fig. ures, which offer abundant matter of discussion to the antiquary. Y>
Ad00341 06 008a/engQuadrupeds. LXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 6.
THE GIGANTICK BUFFALO. (Bos Arni.)
A.oeoîig the animtlls hitberto .Utile' krsown separated Afeet frora each other. In Fig. ure the belongs the gigamick-Buffalc, 6.x Ar ni, vçhic.h, Arnils said.to participate of the"ox,..of thehoraccording to theaccounts of the English- se and of the stag." Though. it;be courageous men, lives in the mountainous régions of and strong, yet it is tamed and employed inriNorth - Hindostan as well:;-as in tke woods ding in the northern parts of the East-Indies. of North-Bengal. ;;An.,english offjcer men- For a great whjle the gigantick Buffalo tions such a Buffalo, he had found there, 14 was knovvn only by seuils dug .out;here and foot high .fröm. the hoof to the top of.the there, to which stick the huge horns. Such horns. It is black - coloured; a red - haired seuils of Ami are met with in several catuft sticks betwixt its huge horns, which are binets of natural hiïtory.
Ad00341 06 009a/engGarments. XII. Vol. VII. No. 7.
PERSIAN GARMENTS.
The inhabitants of Persia are hère represented in their différent. garmenls. The Persians are lively, addicted to pleasures, and a little frivolous ; but for ail that more sociable and more compassionate strangers than their neighbours, the rude and distrustful' Turks. They are middlesized, rather lean than fat, but of a vigorous and healthy constitution. Though the Mahometan is the prédominant religion, yet they tolerate many other sects, as the Gebers, vvho adore the fire. From the simple dress of the Curdes, (Fig. . I.) a half savage, rapacious and mountaineer people of West-Persia, we make the transition to the garments of the Persians.
Fig. 2. A Persian of a middle condition, in the summer-habit.
The garments of the Persians are long, vvide, and party - coloured, after the oriental fashion., The rieh wear precious silkstuffs, richly bordered with gold, silverand gems. The Persian hère portrayed wearg a sîiirt of red silk, over it a wai.ucoat and a vvide surtout, .that' descends tili to the ancle, being girded with a shawl. The head is covered with a cap, formed like a turban.
Fig. 3-4. Persian Women.
The clothes of the persian women are more agreeable than those of the men. They do not eut the hair, but cover the head either with a shawl, in the shape of a Veil, or twist it like a turban. Over the smock, which is open tili to the middle of the body, they wear a gown descending to the knee, and adorned with loops of gold and silver. The wide breeches are closely quilted and lined from the top to the bottom.
Ad00341 06 010a/engWorms XV. Vol. VII. No. 8.
THE ALCYONIUM OR DEVIL'S HAND. (Alcyonium manus diaboli, Linn.)
The Alcyonium, formedlike a hand, which by the marineis and inhabitants of the seashore is vulgarly called devil's band, thief's hand, hand o£ Judas, sea-hand, is a particular species of plant - animais, or zoophytes, belonging to the genus Alcyonium. It is composed of inflexfble and almost horney filaments, surrounded, in their fresh state, by ajuicy substance, in which, towards the exterior part, in the fingers or dents, are little caves or cells, serving as a continuai abode to pariicular polypes (he-re not copied) of a cylindrical Fig. ure, and furnished with many fringed fangs, round âbout the aperture of the mouth. The out-side of this plant-animal varies, as to the form, length and ihickness of the dents, as shews Fig. . i. compared with Fig. . 2. Besides both Fig. ures exhibit the natural greatness together with the cavities, shaped like a pipe, at the top of the points, where the polypes dvvell. These Alcyoniums are to be found on the coasts of Holland, France and England, where by growing they cleave to the inferior parts of stones, muscles and snails.
Ad00341 06 011a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXXIX. Tom. VII. No. 9.
RUSSIAN IRREGULAR LIGHT HORSE.
The annexed table exbibits several Christian .people, living under the russian donation and forming a light horse for the miy service«.
Fig. 1 and 2. Donick Cosacks.
Fig. 2. An officer of the donick Cosackst who are a brauch of the russian nation and à rude, martial, pastoral people, inhabiting thé shores of the river Don, whence their name dérives.
Fig. 2. A common donick Cosack.
Fig. 3. A Kalmuck.
We behold hère copied a Kalmuck, (as his physiognomy at first sight shews) who, having passed to the Cosacks, at least see" mingly professes the Christian religion.
Fig. 4. An uralick Cosack.
The uralicke Cosacks dwell on the inferior river Ural, wheré they hâve a considérable fishery and breed of cattle. For the rest they pretty resemble their other countrymen.
Fig. 5. A Cosack of the black Sea.
The saporogick Cosacks, who formerl'y inhabited the shores of the Dnieper, from whence they vvere transferred to the Kuban, on the black sea, since the year 1775, not only serve as light horsemen, but also by Sea.
Fig. 6. An Albanian.
This Albanian or Arhaut belongs to the greek battalion established in the Crimea by the Russians. In war they serve both on horseback and on foot, by land and by sea.
Ad00341 06 012a/engMiscell. Subj. CXL. Vol. VII. No. 10.
IRREGULAR RUSSIAN LIGHT HORSE.
The présent table exhibits a séries of Asiatick peoples, as well pagans as mahometans, who are to be found, more or less frequently, amông the russian light horse.
Fig. 1. A Circassian Prince.
The Circassians who inhabit the province of Kuban, are descended frora the Tartars, arid form a mixt, well-shaped and martial people, subjected to particular little Princes, who, however, acknowledge the russian sovereignty. Such a Prince is hère copied in complète armour, with helmet, coatof mail, sabre, bow, arrows and pistols.
Fig. 2. A common Circassian.
The peasants, or common Circassians are ail together bondslaves to gentlemen. The whole country can raise an army of 1500 gentlemen, and about to,ooo warlike bondslaves.
Fig. 3. A Mursa or Tartar gentleman.
He is represented without arms, as an attendant of a Circassian Prince.
Fig. 4. A Tartar of Nogaj.
These vagabond and rapacious Tartars distinguish themselves by their physiognomy, which proves their breedmixed with the Mongols. They adorn their lances with fox - skins.
Fig. 5. A Trukmanick Tartar.
The Trukmatis inhabit seyeral countries, particularly the mos.t beautiful régions of Caupasus. Sucha one is hère represented.
Fig. 6. Bashkirs.
The Bashkirs are descendants of Bolgars, and consequently destitute of culture. They are a warlike people.
Fig. 7. A Kirgise.
The Kirgises are free, rapacious and rude Tartars, mixed with Mongols, and inhabiting the déserts, on the frontiers of Russia. They keep a considérable breed of cattle, particularly of horses, and are very savage.
Ad00341 06 013a/engMise. Subj. CXLI. Vol. VII. No. 11.
VIEWS OF THE COAST OF JAPAN WITH JAPANESE VESSELS.
Japan, of which we hâve got a clearer knowledge but tvvo centuries since, is a country composed of séveral great "and little islands, on the North-East-Coast of Asia, in the great Eastern Océan, being become long since the object öf European avidity on account of its abundance of gold and other producta. The Portuguese established themselves there in the middle of the sixteenth Century, but for having abused the kindness of the Japaneses they were expelled by them. Since that time the Dutch only, however under great restrictions, are permitted to trade in Japan; but tvvo attempts made prior by the English proved abortive. Nor did the last Russian enterprise of the same kind succeed. The Court of Russia deputed an Embassador to Japan in the year 1^03 together with the two ships expedited under the command of tbo Captain Krusenstern in order to circumnavigate the woild. But this Embassador was not admittéd to Audience, and the présents, hè brought with him,, were rejected. The tvvo following views of Japan are extracted from the masterly description of this voyage, published by Captain Krusenstern.
Fig. 1.
View of Megasaki, near the city of Nangasaki in Japon, where the Russian Embassador was shewn to his dvvelling-place; and the first visit of the Japanese interprétera, who in an open Sloop drovetowards the Russian ship, whereof we see hère only the stem.
Fig. 2.
The Russian Embassador went in two bo« ats or sloops, one of which is magnificently ado'med, 10 the mansion assigned to him in Megasaki. Hère we become acquainted not only with the garments of the Japaneses, but also with the structure of their vessels.
Ad00341 06 014a/engWorms. XVI. , Vol. VII. No. 12.
THE SERTULARIA FORMED LIRE A FIR. (Sertularia abietina.)
This charming Sertularia is to be found in sea-fir. The subtil branches are adorned on the Mediterranean and in the North-Sea, ad- both sides with little cônes or jaggs, as a hèrïng to oisters or to sea-shells, as we see magnified pièce of it (Fig. . II.) more dishere one of them represented. Its Fig. ure re- tinctly shevys. This Sertularia is of a grej semblés much the fir-nuts, wherefore it is horn-colour, and generally arrives at the also called Sertularia shaped lihe a fir or height of 5 inches.
Ad00341 06 015a/engBirds. LXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 13.
RARE BIRDS.
The fringe crested Cockatoo. (Psittacus fimbriatus.)
ïemote climates offers us annually new spe{ «es, to which belongs also, this rare fringe Xa-our Picture-Gallery we frequently have crested Cackatoo, copied by the Englishm.an had occasion of observing the numerous Mr. Grant in his- voyage to New .Southgenus of the pariöts and of adrrnring a great Wales. Thé light gray plumage of the body many of tbem, which distinguish themselves is an excellent centrast to the deep-red head, ganicularly by the beautyful coiours of their whose inferior part is garnished as if with frinplumage. A more exact knowledge of the ges,whence the nameof this Caciatooproeeeds.
Ad00341 06 016a/engMiscell. Subj. CXLII. Vol. VII. No. 14.
SCHOMADU, OR THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT PEGU.
Pegu, formerly the capitai of the ancient Kingdom of the same name, is situated in the ulterior India, in the magnificent Birmahnic Empire. The inhabitantB of this city, like the Test of the Birmahns, profess the religion of the Buddha; they are very religious and hâve a great num ber of temple«. The chief one is the golden temple, called Schomadu, and represented in the annexed print. It is an immense édifice, formed iike a pyramidand consiructed of bricks and mortar; the outsirîe is embellished with several Ornaments, and supported by a double terrace. The Basil oï the Temple is Octogon teiminating above in a spiral line. The top is adorned with a great, gilded Balustrade and the foot surxounded by two rows of little pyramids, whereof the first row comprises 57, and the second 53. On both sides of the temple are wooden buildings for the monks or Bahaans; there il likewise to be found an abode for thepilgrims. TowaTd« the North hang three bells, which are struck with the attires of a stag, as often as a devotee arrives. Of the interior construction of the temple, the european travellers, vvho hâve been there, say nothing.
Ad00341 06 017a/engInsects. LIV. Vol. VII. No. 15.
RARE INSECTS.
The great Water-Scorpion or aquatick bug of Surinam. (Nepa grandis. L.)
Lhe genus of the water-scorpions, whose name merely dérives from the two fore • feet formed lilce cisars and adhèring to the head, is not at ail venomous and comprehends several indigenous and exotick species. Their four wings are placed in a state of repose. With the mouth, formed like a beak and placed below the head, they suck out the little insects dextrously caught by the fore-feet, which fold up like a pocket-knife. By the help of the other feet, which are instead of oar» to them, they swim with dexteiity on the ponds and marshy waters, where they dwell. In fair Summer-Evenings they likewise fly from one place to the other. Hère we see copied the great est specie« of the water-scorpions, which are met with in Surinam, (Fig. . H) flying, (Fig. . 2.) reposing. The body is two Inches and a half Long, pretty large and somewhat elevated above and below. The fangs provided before with crooks and the beaked teeth placed under the head, appear most disiinetly.
Ad00341 06 018a/engMisc. Subj. CXLIII. Vol. VII. No. 16.
THE ORGAN OF SIGHT ILLUSTRATED BY THE HUMAN EYE.
This print exlnbits the whole structure of thè human eye, wbereof we see with us only the exterior part, as it were the window. Hère we behold very much magrnfied and in profile the exterior and anterior parts of this admirable structure, the more paiticular explication of which is contained in the commenta'ry. A.t présent we produce only ihe principal parts.
Fig. 1. The Eye-hoïes or orbits of the eye, wherein the eyes are placed, over which are the eye-brovvs (Fig. . il.) together with the eye- lids (Fig. . 5.) tbat serve as a defence tö the eye. The eye itself is an oblong globe, composed of several membranes, which închuîe mQiiy humours. Behind is placed the optick nerve (Fig. . 13.) like a stalk. The exterior circumference of the eye is formed by the harcl membrane (Fig. . ifr.). To it.ç fore-aperture is adapted the transparent liomy tunicle (?\g. 20.). In the middle of the interior membrane is a hole (Fig. . 25.), calledthe Eye-ball or pupil. The most important and inmost membrane of the eye is the retina. (Fig. . 27.), the proper organ of sight.
The humours contained in the Chambers of the eyes (Fig. . 32.33.) serve to.the first refraction of the incident rays, which, again refracted by the cristalline humour (Fig. . 30.) and by the vitreal one (Fig. . 29.) arrive at the retina (Fig. . 27.) upon which they cause the sensation of the object by way of vibration. The optick nerve transmits this sentiment to the brains, so that the soûl receives the idea of what we perceive.
Ad00341 06 019a/engMisc. Subj. CXLIV. Vol. VII. No. 17.
THE ORGAN OF HEARING, EXPLAINED BY MEANS OF THE HUMAN EAR.
The structure of the human ear is almost as ingeniously fraraed as that of the eye, as at first sight shews the annexed print, where vve behold in Fig. . r. the ear in its natural greatness, but in Fig. . 2. greatly magnified.
The ear is composed of the exterior ear, which forms the entrance of the organ of hearing. It is a cartilage, whereof we observe the exterior and interior border of the ear (Fig. . I. IL I. 2.). Near it we see the fore skiit of the ear and the hind one (Fig. . I. IL 4. et 5). The cavity between both is called the ear's cockle (Fig. . I. II. 6.). The earlap is the extremity of it. (Fig. . I. IL J.). In the interior there is the conduit of the ear (Fig. . 1. II. y.). Under the common skin of the head are concealed the parolid glands, which separate the wax. At the extremity of the conduit of the ear appears the lympanum (Fig. . I. II. 9.) which envers the barrel of the drum. On tins elastick skin are collected the bones of hearing, viz, the hammer (Fig. . I. IL ir.), the anvil (I. II. 14), the stirrup. In the interior is the labyrinth. There is likewise to be found the Cochlea of the ear, thus called (Fig. . I. II. 111. 22.). The three semicircular Channels (Fig. . I: II. III. IV. 19.) open with five mouthes. With tbe ear communicate two nerves, viz, the hard one, or the nerve of union of the face, and the soft one, or the acoustic nerve, properly said, with its branches (Fig. . IV. 29. 30)
These are the principal organs of the ear. The commentary of this Picture-Gallery gi. ves a more particular explication.
By way of the mentioned artificial structure of the ear we hear sounds, which probably comes to pass in the foüowing manner. The sound caught by the exterior ear and its élévations and cavities is transmitted to the conduit of the ear, whence it arrives
Ad00341 06 020a/engPlants. CXX. Vol. VII. No. 18.
RARE ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.
The imperial Napoleona. (Napoleonaea imperialis.)
This rare and beautiful shrub forms the first species of a new genus of plants, first discovered by the french Naturalist Palisot Beauvois, in the month of December iftoj, inAfrica, in.the Kingdom of Oware, not far from the city of the same Name. On account of the resemblance of its interior blossom with the star of the légion of honour it has been denominated after the name of the Emperor of France, Napoleona. The imperial Napoleona, hère represented, forms a shrub 7 to 8 foot high, with long and sharp pointed leaves, vvhich, supported by short stalks, adhère to the branches. The fair and blue flowers stick close to the branches, and are formed of a double crown included into one another. In the interior one are the five large stamina, shaped like a riband. From this singular form, compared with the cross of the above mentioned order, dérives the name of this new genus of plants.
Ad00341 06 021a/engWorms. XVII. Vol. VII. No. 19.
SEVERAL KINDS OF ZOOPHYTES OR PLANT-ANIMALS.
Fig. 1. The bristly Sea-pen. (Pennatula setacea.)
The Sea-feathers, which in all seas are met with swimming about in summer on the surface of the water, are composed of a cartilaginous stalk, covered with a fleshy skin and spreading upwards in fibres like a pen. They form the abode of the little polypous. The sea-pens pass the winter at the bottom of the sea. The species exhibited hère belongs to the scarcer ones and gives the clearest représentation of this genus of Zoophytes.
Fig. 2. The membranous Coralline. (Corallina membranacea.)
The membranous Coralline hère represented is composed, like the other species of this genus, of a branched stalk, adorned with horny articulations and covered with a calcarious crust. The surface is füll of apertures or pores, which we behold in ä magnified State in Fig. . b. ed., and which serve as an abode to the little polypus.
Ad00341 06 022a/engInsects. LV. Vol. VII. No. 20.
GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The dainty Butterfly. (Phalaena Noctua Libatrix. L.)
X he yellowish green caterpillar (A.) of this beautiful nocturnal: Butterfly is to be found pn willpws in the month of August. It transforma itself in a black chrysalis (B.) out of which cornes this Butterfly. Fig. . (C.) exhibits the maie, and Fig. . (D.) the female. Theupperwings aie orange - coloured, reddish and brown. Each wing is adorned with two white- crofs liqes as likewise with double white poinis; the hind-part is indented. The inferior wings are pale brown, inclining to red, and edged with a large border.
Fig. 2. The nuptial Butterfly. (Phalaena noctua pronuba. L.)
The yellow caterpillar (a.) of this nocturnal Butterfly is met with on the mouse ear scorpion grafs {Myosotis Scorpioides) in the month of April. From this dark red chrysalis (b.) cornes forth the Butterfly (c. d.) aftèr four weeks. The upper - wing* are of a light gray colonr tending to brown; in the middle there is a spot formed like a kidney. The orange- coloured lower- wings, with black crofs bands, give an agreeable appearance to this nocturna*! Butterfly.
Ad99998 04 003a/engBirds XLVII. Vol. IV. No. 1.
HERONS OF DIFFERENT SORTS.
Fig. 1. The Agami Heron. (Ardea Agami.)
The Agami Heron, on account of its many colour'd plumage, belongs to the most beautiful Sorts of its species, inhabits Cayenne, and is commonly two feet seven inches long. The back, the back-part of the neck, the wings and the tail are dark blue; the belly, the thighs cover'd with feathers and the fore-part of the neck of a reddish brown; from the back of the head there hang six or eight taper nodding feathers of a dark blue colour. Flying bluish feathers clothe the sides of the neck, and behind the wings long flying light blue feathers hang down as far as the end of the tail.
Fig. 2. The black Stork. (Ardea nigra.)
The black Stork, which like the common white Stork lives upon amphibious animals and fish, inhabits many parts of Europe, and builds in the recesses of the woods upon high trees. The colour of the head and neck is a sort of dazzling mixture of green, violet colour, and brown with little white spots; the wings, the back, and the tail are colour'd in the same manner, except that there are no white spots in them. The belly is of a dirty white, the legs red.
Fig. 3. The common Night Heron. (Ardea Nycticorax.)
The common night Heron is met with in every part of Germany, but also inhabits other European countries, as well as Asia and America, and lives upon fish, frogs and other amphibious animals. It attains the height of one foot ten inches, and its plumage consists of a mixture of white, brown, and blackish-green feathers. From the back of its head there hang three white, long, taper feathers, which are us'd, particularly in Turkey as an omament of the headdress, and bear a high price.
Fig. 4. The Cayenne Night Heron. (Ardea Cayennensis.)
lives in Cayenne, resembles the common night Héron in size and manner of living, but is of a taperer make, and of a darker colour.
Fig. 5. The Tiger-Bittern. (Ardea tigrina.)
The plumage of this beautiful Bittern almost resembles a tiger's skin in colour, which is of a dark yellowish red, variegated with black spots and stripes, and hence it derives the name of Tiger-Bittern. Its height is about two feet and an half, it lives in South-America, chiefly in Cayenne and Surinam, and builds its nest upon the ground amongst the flags.
Fig. 6. The zigzag Bittern. (Ardea undulata.)
This little Bittern is only one foot one inch in height, and lives, like the last mention'd, in Cayenne, in South-America. Its whole plumage is a mixture of yellow, red, and grey, variegated with narrow zigzag black Stripes. Its beak is blackish, and its legs yellow.
Ad99998 04 004a/engPlants LXXV. Vol. IV. No. 2.
REMARKABLE PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The fetid Stapelia, or Carrion-Flower. (Stapelia hirsuta.)
In this plant we are presented with a remarkable phaenomenon; nature has given it a perfectly animal smell, like that of putrified flesh, whence the name of Carrion-Flower has been given to it. Its native country is the Cape of Good Hope, but it may be rear'd in Europe within doors, or in a hot-house, by the means of slips. The stem consists of several pyramidal branches join'd angularly together, of about the size of the little finger and full of juice. From the end of these branches proceeds the flower stalk, which bears a large wheel-shap'd blossom. It is divided into five hairy pointed leaves, the ground-colour of which is yellow shaded with dark red. These blossoms exhale a smell so very like that of carrion, that the common flesh-fly is deceiv'd by them, flies to them and lays its eggs upon their leaves. But the maggots when hatch'd cannot live upon the juice of this flower, and die in a short time of hunger. The fruit in the shape of a pod, in which the hairy seeds lie, arises from the blossom.
Fig. 2. The asham'd Mimosa, or Sensitive-plant. (Mimosa pudica.)
Not less remarkable than the Carrion-flower is the modest Sensititive-plant here represented; it belongs to the numerous class of Mimosae, which consists of no less than seventy five sorts. It grows wild in the Brazils, but is now often rais'd from seed by the Gardeners in hot-houses. It is a shrub of the height of 2 feet with woody stalks. On the long stalks of the leaves, which, as well as the hairy chief stalks, are dark red, are plac'd the quadruply-divided leaves like feathers. The blossoms of a reddish colour grow on separate stalks, and are of a globular shape. The most remarkable quality of this plant is its wonderful irritability. The moment the plant is even slightly touch'd, but particularly so on the little spots at the bottom of each leaf, it draws back as if offended, and each leaf which is touch'd shrinks separately. If you continue to touch it, and that with less precaution, the whole stalk falls, and continues for several hours in this laxness, ‘till it at Iength recovers itself, and rises again.
Ad99998 04 005a/engAmphibia XII. Vol. IV. No. 3.
REMARKABLE SORTS OF LIZARDS.
Fig. 1. The monitory Lizard. (Lacerta Monitor.)
The monitory Lizard inhabits some parts of America, the East-Indies, and the Cape of good Hope. For those countries it is a very salutary animal, being the chief Enemy of the Crocodile, announcing the approach of this tremendous beat by a piercing whistle, and thereby warning, as it were, man and beast, whence it derives its name. Its length is from 5 to 6 feet. The ground-colour of its body is dark brown with dazzling white rings and stripes. The five cloven toes of each foot are arm'd with sharp, crooked claws. It lives on fish, birds eggs, smaller Lizards, and is towards man quite harmless. Its flesh, which is by no means illtasted, is eaten by the Hottentots.
Fig. 2. The Cockatrice. (Lacerta Basilicus.)
The Antients talk a great deal of a venemous, misshap'd, dangerous Animal which was hatch'd from a cocks-egg, and which they call'd a Basilisk. But such an animal never existed except in the heads of superstitious stupid people. This Cockatrice or Basilisk, (for thus it is also call'd,) with which we present our readers, must not therefore be confounded with this fabulous beast, with which it has nothing in common but the name. On the contrary it is not only an harmless, but even an useful animal, as it lives entirely on insects. Our Cockatrice lives in SouthAmerica, and is from 1 1/2 to 2 feet long. Its colour is light brown. Along its back is a kind of comb cover'd with scales, which it can raise at pleasure, and thus chrow itself from branch to branch. By means of its long toes it can climb and run along the trees with great dexterity.
Fig. 3. The flying Dragon. (Lacerta volans.)
This flying Lizard, a small harmless animal, which is not much larger than our common lizard, has no other resemblance with that dreadful monster, which pass'd in the fabulous âges under the name of Dragon, than the name. The flying Dragon here represented inhabits Asia, Africa, and America, and lives upon Flies, Ants, Butterflies and other Insects. Between the fore and hind feet are the skinny wings, divided into six rays, by the means of which it flies from one tree to another, even to the distance of 20 or 30 paces; these wings assist it also extremely in swimming, so that it can seek its food on the earth, in the water and in the air. Underneath its throat it has three long pointed pouches, which it can blow up, by which it is also greatly assisted in flying. The wings as well as the whole body are closely cover'd with scales.
Ad99998 04 006a/engFish XXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 4.
GERMAN RIVER-FISH.
The four sorts of Fish here represented belong all to the species of Carps, which are universally recommended by their delicious meat, and of which we have been made acquainted with many sorts in the earlier volumes of our Picture-Gallery.
Fig. 1. The Rud. (Cyprinus erythrophthalmus.)
The Rud is found in the rivers and lakes of northern Germany, particularly in Pomerania, and Brandenburg, and in such numbers that even the hogs were in many of those parts formerly fatten'd with them, as purchasers were not to be found for all that were caught. Their length is about one foot, their breadth 3 or 4 inches, they live upon worms and water-infects. Their tender white meat is well tasted and wholesome. They are chiefly distinguish'd from all other sorts of Carp by their cinnabar-colour'd fins and tail, and the saffran-colour'd ring of their eyes. The back of a blackish green, the rest of the body is cover'd with silver-colourd scales.
Fig. 2. The nosed Carp. (Cyprinus Nasus.)
The nosed Carp is something bigger than the Rud, its head and body taperer, and is caught in the Oder, Weichsel, and the Rhine, of the weight of from a pound and an half, to two pounds. It is distinguish'd from all others of its species by the black skin of the inside of its belly, and is for this reason often call'd black-belly. For this reason too it is in many places not eaten, altho' the meat is wholesome and welltasted. The tail and all the fins (except the back-fin) are red; the back-fin is bluish.
Fig. 3. The Vimbe. (Cyprinus Vimba.)
This sort of Carp is met with in Silesia, Livonia and Prussia, where it mounts the rivers out of the Baltic. Its length is one foot, its meat white and well-tasted, and may be either eaten fresh, or pickled; when pickled and pack'd in small barrels it may be sent to any distance. The whole body as well as the fins are bluish, its belly cover'd with silber-colour'd fins. The head is pointed like a wedge. It is caugth with hooks or dragnets.
Fig. 4. The Dobul. (Cyprinus Dobula.)
This taper Carp is never more than one foot long, and is found in the Rhine, Main, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and many other German rivers in great numbers, but is eaten chiefly by the common peuple, at its meat is woolly and full of bones. It lives, like almost all other Carps, on worms and river weeds. It is very tender, and dies in shallow lakes and ponds, if hot weather continues any Iength of time.
Ad99998 04 007a/engShells III. Vol. IV. No. 5.
SCARCE SHELLS.
Fig. 1. The Hammer-Oyster. (Ostrea Malleus.)
This Hammer or Cross-Muscle is of the Oyster kind, and is found in the India Ocean and in the South-Sea. Its double shells consist of three arms, which have been by some liken'd to a hammer, by others to a cross, whence it has acquir'd these different names. The length of the two side-arms, are commonly from 5 to 6 inches. In the deep cavity at the junction of the 3 arms lies the esculent oyster. This shell, which is of an ugly blackish, or greyish brown colour, was formerly much sought by collectors on account of its scarceness. They sometimes paid 1000 Dollars (150 L.) for it, but it never costs now at the highest more than 100 Dollars (15 L.)
The Admirals.
The Admirals, of which several sorts are here represented in Fig. 2. 3. 4. 5. belong to the trumpet shells, and are remarkable for their rough spotted ground. They all belong to the most precious shells and bear a very high price in the cabinets of natural curiosities.
Fig. 2. The Cedo-nulli Admiral. (Conus Ammiralis Cedo nulli.)
This Admiral is found in the South-Sea, and is the most beautiful and the dearest of all. As it is extremely scarce, it often costs from 300 to 400 Dollars. The gold colour'd shell spotted with white in an irregular manner is surrounded by a triple girdle consisting of several rows of small white prominences resembling strings of pearls.
Fig. 5. [sic!] The Orange Admiral. (Conus Amm. Arausiacus.)
Also a beautiful and scarce shell, which often costs 40 or 50 Dollars. An uncommon order and beauty reigns in its whole design. Across the broad orange colour'd rings run prominent brown and white strings of beads.
Fig. 4. The American Admiral. (Conus Amm. Americanus.)
Comes from America, is spotted with tilecolour'd red, yellowish red, and white, with several rows of white beads. It is less valuable than the other kinds.
Fig. 5. The high Admiral. (Conus Amm. summus.)
The high Admiral comes from the East-Indies, is brownish red and ornamented with yellowish minutely spotted girdles, and white spots. It sometimes cost 100 Dollars.
Fig. 6. The royal Staircase. (Turbo scalaris.)
The valuable shell, call'd the royal Staircase, is found on the coast of Coromandel, and costs often some hundred ducats. It consists of several white or reddish windings, which run detach'd upwards round a newel. White prominent ribs run across these. A hole goes through the whole length of the shell, through which one can see as far as the point of it. Its length is from one to two inches.
Fig. 7. The barr'd Wreath. (Turbo clathrus.)
resembles greatly in its whole fashion the royal Staircase, but differs from it essentially in that its windings and ribs do not run detach'd, but are united together. Its whole length is an inch, and its structure is that of a longer and taperer tower. It is often found in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and on the coasts of Holland.
Ad99998 04 008a/engBirds. XLVIII. Vol. IV. No. 6.
PARROTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS.
We have already seen in the 16th and 17th Numbers of the first Volume of our Picture-Gallery a variety of species of the beautiful Parrot-race. We are here made acquainted with some other sorts.
Fig. 1. The blue and yellow Maccaw. (Psittacus Ararauna.)
This large and beautiful Parrot inhabits most parts of South-America; it attains the height of two feet seven inches and an half. Its head, back, wings and tail are of a beautiful shining azure; the breast and belly are yellow. Its large back is black, as are its legs.
Fig. 2. The Bankian Cacatoo. (Psitt. magnificus.)
A bird of a very remarkable appearance which. the famous English Naturalist Sir Joseph Banks first brought from New-Holland into Europe. The ground-colour of its plumage is black. Bushy feathers surround its short beak which is of an olive yellow colour. These feathers as well as the upper part of the wings are spotted with yellow; broad crimson stripes run across its tail, which is shap'd like a fan.
Fig. 3. The great red crested Cacatoo, (Psitt. Moluccensis.)
inhabits the Molucca islands, is 17 inches long, entirely white, except the large crest at the back of its head, the lower part of which is red.
Fig. 4. The Amboina Parrot, (Psitt. Amboinensis.)
attains the size of 15 inches. Its head, neck and belly are deep red, the wings bluish green, the back and tail of a beautiful blue. It is met with in Amboina.
Fig. 5. The Alexandrine Parrakeet, (Psitt. Alexandri.)
lives in Africa and Asia, and is of the size of the last number. Alexander the great is said to have brought this bird with him from his Indian Expedition, and hence is deriv'd its name. Its plumage is chiefly light green, the throat black. A rose-colour'd ring surrounds its neck.
Fig. 6. The horned Parrot. (Psitt. cornutus.)
The beautiful horned Parrot inhabits New Caledonia, and is of the size of a Turtle Dove. On the crown of its head, which is crimson, are two long dark colour'd feathers with red points of the length of an inch and an half. They resemble horns, whence it derives its name. A yellow ring surrounds its neck. The rest of its plumage is green, of different shades.
Ad99998 04 009a/engPlants. LXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 7.
GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The celery-leaved Crowsfoot. (Ranunculus sceleratus.)
The celery-leaved Crowsfoot is a poisonous plant of about 2 feet high, and grows in wet ditches and marshy grounds. The juicy stalk divides itself into several branches, which form a kind of bush. The stalks of the leaves are short, close to the main stem; and branch out into three separate leaves, which are long pointed, and jagged at the sides. At the ends of the branches the small, yellow, five leav'd flower appears about May, and in the middle of this blossom an oval green fruit containing the seeds. The poisonous qualities of this plant are very great. Even the Effluvia arising from the plant when bruis'd occasions pain and stupefaction. The juice, when it touches the skin, occasions very virulent obstinate ulcers, which are difficult to cure. This juice taken inwardly occasions the most violent pain, and if taken in any quantity is even mortal. Water and Milk drunk copiously are the best antidotes. In some few cases it may be us'd in médecine, but always with the greatest precaution.
Fig. 2. The Mezerion. (Daphne Mezereum.)
The common Mezerion grows in many parts of Germany, in all shady woods except those of fir. It is a sbrup, which grows in its wild state only a few feet high; but in Gardens, where it is often transplanted on account of its agreable blossom, and useful bark, it atteins if attended to, the height of 12 and even 16 feet. Its peach-colour'd blossoms appear before the leaves in February and March, grow close to the branches without stalks, and have a very agreable odour. They bear oval red berries, which contain a stone, or seed, are ripe in July and then become blackish. These berries are poisonous. When eaten they occasion a violent looseness, which sometimes finalIy proves mortal. The Ianceolated leaves grow alternately on each side of, and close to the branches, and above the blossoms and fall off in Autumn. In Medecine the bark of the Mezerion is often us'd. It is laid externally upon the skin to excite blisters, being of a caustic nature; this is practis'd for inflammations of the eyes and for diseases arising from vicious humours. In Sweden the scrap'd bark is laid with success upon the wounds occasion'd by the bite of venemous snakes. The Painters prepare a red colour from the berries.
Ad99998 04 010a/engFish XXIX. Vol. IV. No. 8.
GERMAN RIVER-FISH.
We see here five sorts of Carp, which belong to the smallest of this kind, and are all to be met with in German Rivers.
Fig. 1. The Gudgeon. (Cyprinus Gobio.)
The Gudgeon inhabits rivers and small lakes, which are connected with one another. Its usual length is six inches, but is sometimes to be met with, a foot long. The upper part of the head of a brownish green projects beyond the under-jaw. The back is of a bluish black. The belly cover'd with reddish and silvercolour'd scales. The tail and back-fins are spotted with black.
Fig. 2. The Bleak. (Cypr. alburnus.)
The Bleak is from four to six inches long, and is to be found in most rivers and streams of Germany, where it multiplies prodigiously. Its white flesh is woolly and its taste not particularly good. The upper part of its body is olive-brown, the lower part silvercolour'd. The common artificial pearls are made of these silvercolour'd scales. The scales are taken off and rubb'd in clean water ‘till the colouring particles are dissolv'd in or rather mix'd with it. The water, when these particles are settled, is pour'd off, and they are mix'd with isinglass. This Essence of Pearls, as it is call'd, is laid on with a painting-brush on the inside of the glass pearls. The cavity is then fill'd up with pure white wax, a hole bor'd thro' it, and lin'd with Paper, and the artificial pearl is finish'd.
Fig. 3. The punctuated Carp. (Cypr. bipunctatus.)
This little carp is only three inches long, is fond of running water with a pebbly bottom, and lives like all other sorts of carp here represented on worms and water weeds. The Back is dark green, the belly silver-colour'd.
Fig. 4. The Pink or Minnow. (Cypr. Phoxinus.)
The Minnow is a taper little fish, not much bigger than the last mention'd, and its flesh is of a pleasant bitter taste. It is fond of clear Water, and is particularly common in Silesia and Westphalia, where it is call'd Grimpel. Its body is cover'd with slimy scales. Its blackish or dark blue back has several lighter spots. The greyish or bluish Fins have near the body a red spot.
Fig. 5. The bitter Carp. (Cypr. amarus.)
This is the smalleft of ail sorts of carp, and exceeds not two inches in length. It is despis'd by the fishermen on account of its diminutive size and its bitterness, and serves only as food for fish of prey. It is half as broad as it is long, its back of a yellowish brown, the tail and back fins greenish, and the belly fins reddish. It is fond of running water with a sandy bottom.
Ad99998 04 011a/engAmphibia XIII. Vol. IV. No. 9.
VARIETIES OF THE LIZARD.
Fig. 1. The Stink. (Lacerta Stincus.)
This sort of Lizard lives in most parts of Africa and Asia, and feeds on aromatic herbs. It is from 6 to 8 inches long, is entirely cover'd with scales, its colour light and dark yellowish-red mix'd with white. The colours grow paler when it dies. The head and tail are in a strait line with the rest of the body, so that one might take it at a little distance for a little fish. It lives as well in the water as on land. It was us'd in antient times as a corroborative for weak bodies, and it is put to the same use even at present in the East. It is taken dried as a powder, or boild when fresh and drank in the form of a decoction. On this account the common Egyptians industriously go after the Scinc, collect them and sell them at Cairo or Alexandria, whence they are further exported.
The common Lizard. (Lacerta agilis.)
Fig. 2. The Male. Fig. 3. The Female.
The common Lizard inhabits chiefly the southern parts of Europe, yet it is also found in many parts of Germany. The address and quickness of its motions render this elegant little animal, which is by no means venomous, particularly agreeable; it is very fond of warmth, and hence it is chiefly found in spring, when it wakes at the first appearance of végétation out of its winter-sleep, lying on turf banks and dry places in the fun. But the moment they perceive any one, they glide frighten'd into their holes. Their food consists of flies and other little insects, which they are very expert in catching. They are also prejudicial to the beehives. The common Lizard is 6 inches long. Its head is triangular and flat. Each foot it provided with five toes, with crooked nails. The back of the male (Fig. 2.) in of a greyish brown, ornamented with three rows of black and white spots. The back of the female (Fig. 3.) is reddish brown and the belly yellowish.
Fig. 4. The Stellion. (Lacerta Stellio.)
The Stellion lives in many parts of Africa, in Egypt and Palaestine and at the Cape. It is 4 inches long and is entirely cover'd with little spikes. It is of a marbled brown, white, and greenish colour. The most particular circumstance attending this little animal is, that its excréments are collected in the neighbourhood of the Egyptian Pyramids, they are falsely call'd crocodiles dung, and are an object of commerce, as they are us'd in Turkey as paint,
Ad99998 04 012a/engMiscellaneous Subjects XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 10.
MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE TONGUE.
The Tongue deserves all our attention, as well from the circumstance of its being the seat of a particular sense, the taste, as from its being a principal instrument of speech, since many letters cannot, without its assistance, be pronounc'd. It is composed of a variety of muscular fibres crossing each other, whence is deriv'd the ease with which it so quickly turns on all sides. Besides these, a number of tender ramifications of nerves, which terminate on the surface in a kind of highly irritable warts, run into the Tongue, and thro' their means we are sensible of taste. These are of three kinds:
1) rose-leav'd,
2) of the shape of flax-comb,
3) mushroom-shap'd.
We will now examine them singly both of their natural size, and magnified, as they appear in a boil'd calfs- tongue, as they are thus more remarkable.
Fig. 1. A small, boil'd Calfs-tongue of the natural size with its different skins and warts, or papillary
membranes.
We here see the different skins of the tongue lying one over the other, with the membranes, or extremities of the nerves. a and b shew the upper skin; at a are seen the roseleav'd extremities of the nerves, or papillary membranes, as they are call'd; at b the flaxcomb-shap'd; c exhibits the second skin lying under this first; d the third skin; e the fourth and finest skin; at f are seen the mushroom-shap'd extremities of the nerves.
In Fig. 2, 3 and 4 we see these three different shap'd extremities of the nerves separately.
Fig. 2. The rose-leav'd Extremities, or papillary membranes.
At A we see one of these extremities of the natural size, as they are seen in Fig. 1 upon the tongue. At B it appears considerably magnified. The name of rose-leav'd is deriv'd from their somewhat resembling a five-leav'd rose.
Fig. 3. The flaxcomb form'd Extremities, or papillary membranes.
At A is seen a small piece of the tongue cut thro', with the extremities of the nerves which appear upon it, in the shape of a flaxcomb. At B we see them still more plain, as they appear thro' the magnifying glass. Their lengthen'd channels b penetrate the flesh of the tongue, receive at c several small veins, which arise at d out of the lower flesh of the tongue.
Fig. 4. The mushroom shap'd Extremities, or papillary membranes.
Here appear at A in their natural size, and at B magnified, the mushroom shap'd papillary membranes, taken notice of at f Fig. 1. The little warts, or papillary membranes noted at a a a are plac'd like small buttons on the upper coat of the tongue. At b is the branch of the nerve, which is otherwise enclos'd in the flesh of the tongue, uncover'd, the ramifications of which proceed respectively to the single papillary membranes.
Ad99998 04 013a/engBirds XLIX. Vol. IV. No. 11.
MANAKINS OF DIFFERENT KINDS.
The Manakins, of which we see here six different sorts represented, are a numerous, beautiful species of wood birds. They are met with in South-America and the adjacent Islands, where they only inhabit the recesses of the woods, without ever appearing on the cultivated Land. They live on insects and wild fruits. In the morning they wander, in little flights of eight or ten together, from one part of the wood to the other. They resemble very much our titmice in their quickness and vivacity of jumping and seeking their food from branch to branch, but are generally of a larger size. Their singing, except that of the tuneful Manakin, is only an indistinct, inarticulate Chirping. The name of Manakin was given them by the Hollanders in Surinam.
Fig. 1. The tuneful Manakin. (Pipra musica.)
This Manakin is called tuneful for its sweet and pleasant singing, which many travellers prefer to that of our Nightingals. It lives in the woods of St. Domingo, and is commonly four inches long. Its beautiful plumage of black, dark blue, and orange colour'd feathers, is not less remarkable then its melodious Tune of Voice.
Fig. 2. The blue backed Manakin. (Pipra pareola.)
Is of a larger size than the tuneful. It inhabits the Island of Cuba, Brazil and Cayenne. The ground colour of its feathers is a shining black. On the back it has a kind of cover of light blue feathers. Its head is ornamented with a beautiful plume of crimson feathers which it can raise and lay down at pleasure.
Fig. 3. The black capped Manakin. (Pipra manacus.)
This little lively bird which is of the size of our sparrows, lives in the lofty woods of Guiana in South-America and feeds on insects, chiefly ants. Its feathers are white, grey, and black.
Fig. 4. The black crown'd Manakin. (Pipra atricapilla.)
The black crown'd or ash grey Manakin lives also in Guiana, but is of a larger size than the former species. The mixture of its feathers is grey and yellowish.
Fig. 5. The gold headed Manakin. (Pipra erythrocephala.)
Fig. 6. The red and black Manakin. (Pipra aureola.)
These two little charming Manakins inhabit also Guiana. They never exceed the length of three inches.
No. 4. is entirely black, except its gold colour'd head, whence the name is deriv'd.
N. 5. is still more beautiful for its burning orange yellow plumage. Its bill and feet are red, the wings have a few white stripes.
Ad99998 04 014a/engFish XXX. Vol. IV. No. 12.
FOUR KINDS OF PARTICULAR FISH.
Fig. 1. The poisoned Grooper. (Scorpaena Scrosa.)
The poisoned Grooper inhabits the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the North-Sea, or German Ocean. It is a dangerous Enemy to all other fish, preying continnally upon them; he also pursues and endeavours to catch the swimming water birds. Its length is from 4 to 6 feet. The many jags and prominences on and around its head give it a singular appearance. It has two brown horny excrescences on the scull above its eyes and two crooked bone-spikes grow out of its upper jaw. Its large mouth is surrounded with a regular row of pointed teeth and the under jaw is full of beard fibres. The belly is reddish, the back is red brown with brown spots. The fins are grey blue, and their quills yellowih, likewise brown spotted. In some parts of Italy it is eaten, and in Norway they prepare train oil out of its liver. It is caught with dragnets and hooks.
Fig. 2. The Sea-Fox. (Chimaera monstrosa.)
The Sea-Fox lives in the North-Sea, chiefly on the coaft of Norway. Its tail, winch at the end is as thin as the tail of a rat, is longer than its whole body, and hence its German name Seekatze is deriv'd. Its Iength is from 3 to 4 feet. It lives generally upon the Medusa or Sea blubber, and lobsters, but it goes also after herrings. On account of the smallness of its mouth it cann't consume any larger sort of fish. The belly is of a silver colour, its back is yellowish with brown spots. The seagreen eyes shine like cat's eyes, whence it is sometimes call'd Sea-Cat, From the clump of fibres on its head the Norwegian peasants call it also the King of fish. Its flesh is hard and not well tasted. The oil which is boiled out of its liver, is us'd in Norway for sore eyes, and also as a vulnerary balsam.
Fig. 3. The cuckold Fish. (Ostracion quadricornis.)
It belongs to the species, which for its hard coat of mail is call'd bone fish, and is remarkable for its two pair of horns, one of which grows above its eyes, the other under its belly. Its ground colour is reddish brown, with reddish grey spots in the form of nets. It inhabits generally the Seas of the East-and West-Indies.
Fig. 4. The antennated Grooper. (Scorpaena antennata.)
The antennated Grooper is also as remarkable as the above mentioned kinds. Full of prominences and cavities it belongs, as No. 1. to the species of Groopers. Between its eyes which ly veiy nigh one another, arise two gristly horns, that were compared with the antennae and whence this fish has got its name.
Ten Quills of the back fin are white with brown spots and stand forth like spikes. The colour of the body is of a high yellow with brown stripes. White Quills run from the violet colour'd breast fins to the tail. It inhabits the Amboina Island.
Ad99998 04 015a/engPlants LXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 13.
PEACHES AND ABRICOTS.
Fig 1. The Common Peach. (Amygdalus Persica.)
The Peach-Tree which gives us that beautiful and relishing fruit, is properly a native of Persia, where it grows wild. It was first brought to the South of Europe and from thence transplanted into Germany, where it grows in Gardens, when cultivated with proper care, and shelter'd from wind and cold. In the northern parts of Europe even in the North of Germany it cannot be brought forth in open air, and is only reared in hot houses. The peach thrives best in France, Spain, Italy and the Greek Islands, but it grows also in the South and North of Africa, and in America. The tree raised from the kernel attains a height from 16 to 20 feet; but the wild peach stems are commonly improved by ingrafting; by which means they bear the greater and better tasted fruit represented in (A) of Fig. 1.
The blossoms which are of a reddish colour (B) appear before the leaves in spring.
The leaves are long, slender, pointed like willow leaves and intented on both sides.
In the most parts of Germany the fruit is ripe in August. It is full of juice and its taste is an agreable wine acid. The stone (C) contains à kernel which has the size and taste of a bitter Almond, and proves mortal to sciuirrels and other little Quadrupeds. Besides the peach here represented the Gardeners rear a great number of other sorts which in fact are nothing else than varieties of the same species.
Fig. 2. The Abricot. (Prunus Armeniaca.)
The Abricot-Tree belongs to the class of Plum and Cherry Trees as may be seen by the shape and colour of its leaves. Its native country is Asia, especially Armenia. It came first to France and Italy, from whence it was brought to Germany. The Abricot is of a less tender nature then the peach, and therefore thrives very well in Gardens and Vineyards, when shelter'd from hard and lasting frosts.
The five leav'd flower appears early in spring before the leaves.
The sweet and juicy fruit represented (Fig. 2.) grows close to the stalk, and is ripe in July or August. The stone (C) contains also a kernel like an Almond.
The Abricot grows from kernels, but the quality of the fruit is highly amelioiated, when branches of an improved sort are ingrafted upon wild Abricot, or Plum Trees.
Cure and attention has also produced a great variety of Abricots.
Ad99998 04 016a/engAmphibia XIV. Tom. IV. No. 14.
TWO KINDS OF CROCODILES.
In the 22th number of the I Vol. of our pictnre [sic] Gallerie we have seen the common or the Nile Crocodile, we are here made acquainted with two other sorts.
Fig. 1. The American Crocodile. (Lacerta Alligator.)
The Cayman, Alligator, or American Crocodile is from 30 to 40 feet long, and consequently of a much smaller size than the Nile Crocodile. It's also sooner frighten'd and in geneial more timorous, than that tremendous animal. It is foimd in the Rivers of the Southern and inland parts of America. Though they chiefly feed on fish, yet they pursue, especially when some o£ them are together, little Boats or Canoes with single persons. The skin is like a coat of mail, and divided into shields. Its colour is darkbrown above, and reddish yellow below. The long tapering head is cover'd all over with scales. Aîong the hack and on the outside of the hind feet runs a row of wedgelike prominences. The hind feet which like the fore feet have rive toes, are also provided with a fwimming fkin. The American Crocodile lays about 50 eggs in a Year. Many birds prey upon these eggs whereby the number of this dangerous animal is greatly diminish'd.
Fig. 2. The Gavial or the Ganges-Crocodile. (Lacerta Gangetica.)
The Ganses-Crocodile or Gavial attains the size of the Cayman. It is distinguish'd from all other Crocodiles by its long, beak-like Jaws. Hence it forms a particular species, and is often call'd the beaked Crocodile. Its fore feet are divided into four, the hind into five toes, the outer of which are without naiîs. Both sides of its neck are full of wart like prominences; the tail is furnish'd with a double comb of pues. Its teeth are all of the same size and length and very numerons.
Ad99998 04 017a/engRoses I. Vol. IV. No. 15.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
The Rose is a great Ornament in Gardens, and the favourite flower of half the world. The single Rose is a native of Germany, and grows wild in coppices and woods even on dry hills and mountains; but the double Rose which apparently like other flowers first came from Asia, requires more care in the gardens, and some forts can onîy be reared in hot houfes. We have Roses of différent colours and fliadings: the white, the yellow, the red; the flesh and fire-colour'd, the dark red, and the purple; the striped and the spotted Rôle, befides great varieties in form and size. Having collected and obferved ail the différent forts and having been folicited by a party of friends, I ihall infert a füll collection of Roses in the Picture-Gallery by in« troducing in each number one fheet wi. th some of their varieties drawn from nature; which I hope, will not displeafe my young readers.
Fig. 1. The red Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia Germanica.)
We have at present three forts of Centifolia: the red, the white, and the yellow or golden. The red one is a most beautiful flower as well for its form and fine pale-red colour, as for its the red Centifolia. fweet and exquisite fmelh It is known in every garden. The stalks of the leaves are pretty long, and furnish'd with a quantity of thorns and fix or eight fmajl oval leaves. The height of the bush is commonly 3 or 4 feet. The fulness of the flower hinders it from bearing fruit. The narae of Centifolia, (hundred-leav'd) is derived from the great number of leaves that constitute the flower.
Fig. 2. The white Centifolia. (Rosa unica.)
The white Centifolia-Rose is still a very rare flower in Germany; it came, only a few years ago, from England where a single plant sometimes coft two and three Guineas. Its beautiful ffructure, its tender, fhining white, the great flower, and the agréable odour which somewhat differs from that of the red Centifolia, make it a most delightful flower. It bas two fpecitlc particularises; The out« fide leaves of the bud are erlged with brown, and, when füll blown, the upper edge of the leaves is deeply notched in the middle. The bush attains commonly the height of the red Centifolia.
Ad99998 04 018a/engBirds L. Vol. IV. No. 16.
DUCKS OF DIFFERENT KINDS.
Fig. 1. The red crested Duck. (Anas rufina.)
x he red crefied Duck lives fin gl y and is never seen in floescs. It inhabits the fhores of the Cafpian Sea and varions ïakes of Tartary. In Germany it oecurs, but very feldom, in Silesia, Poland, and on the sides of the Danube. Its lenglh is two feet. The head and upper part of the neck is of a vermilion colour, and ornamented with a creft of bushy feathers which it raifes and lays down at pleafure. The Bill is light red: breast, belly, and tail are black, the hack and wings grey brown. Under the wings a large white spot is pereeived. The habits and manners of this folitary bird are hut iajperfectly known.
Fig. 2. The long tailed Duck. (Anas glacialis.)
The long tailed Duck is generally met with in the mofi: northern parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, hut is also found in Germany, especiaîly in very cold and frofiy Winters. ït is of a smallex size than the red crefted, and its plumage conflits only in a mixture of white and black feathers. Under the Eyes a tawny brown iiripe extends tapering downwards on the neck. The two middle feathers of the tail are black, and four inclies longer than the reft. This bird makes its nest with its own down which is as much valued as Eider down.
Fig. 3. The Chinese Duck. (Anas galericulata.)
This heautiful bird is an inhabitant of China and Japan. For the élégance of its feathers it is frequently kept in cages and felis at Q or 10 Dollars the pair. The bill is pale reddish; on the sides of the head is a fine mixture of white, yellow, and orange colours. From the hack of the head there hangs a creft of light feathers. breast, back, and the tapering tail are brown. Tlie upper quills stand erect, and form two particular wings of a yellow red colour, edged with white, which give the bird an elegant beautiful appearance.
Fig. 4. The Summer-Duck. (Anas sponsa.)
The Summer-Duck resides in différent parts of America, especially in Mexico and some Islands of the Weft-Indies; but in fummer it wanders to the North of America, wheie it performs the funetion of incubation in hollow trees. The glittering green and reddish creft of its head; its red spotted breast and the fine exquißte fhades of the reff, of its plumage render it a mofi: beautiful hird. The flesh is very délicat; and the plumage is used as an Ornament of dress hy the ludians.
Fig. 5. The golden Eye-duck. (Anas clangula.)
Is common in the North of Europe, Af:a and America. In Autumn it oecurs also some times ia Germany. From its quacking it is called in german the quacking Duck; its food conflits of small fish, frogs, and mice. It is remarkable for its fleetness in diving.
Fig. 6. The buffle headed Duck. (Anas bucephala.)
This species is found in différent parts of North America. It builds its nest upon trees by the sides of rivers and ponds. Tl. ey are excellent divers, and are able to fwim under water fora conliderable length of time. The gênerai colour of their plumage is black and white. Head and neck are glofled with a sparkling goldgreen and violet.
Ad99998 04 019a/engFish XXXI. Vol. IV. No. 17.
GERMAN RIVER FISH.
Fig. 1. The Gwiniad. (Salmo Lavaretus.)
X he Gwiniad is an Inhabitant of the Eaft and North Seas as well as of the lakes in upper Auftria. It is about a foot long. It difters from ail other species of Salmon in the upper jaws which terminate by a foft fleshy point. The back is blue grey; th e belly hiver colour'd. Aline of 45clofely following spots feparates the colour of the upper from the lower parts. The scales are somewhat notched in the middle. The colour of the fins is yellowish, the flesh tender and welltafied; its food consists of feaherbs and waterweeds, worms and insects. /
Fig. 1. [sic!] The Salvelin. (Salmo Salvelinus.)
The Salvelin is a well tasted fort of Salmon. It is found in the lakes of the South Germany,. Auftrio, Bavaria and Salzburg, where it is caught with dragnets and hooks. It lives by preying on other small fish, as may be seen by its numérous fharply pointed teeth. The red brown back, and the hiver colour'd belly is ornamented with orange coloui'd spots. The breast and belly-fins are of a cinnabar colour, those of the back and ta il of a dark dusky blue. It weighs from two to fix pouuds.
Fig. 3. The Heuch. (Salmo Hucho.)
The Heuch is caught with dragnets and hooks in the Danube, and the lakes of Aufîria and Bavaria, but its flesh is not so well tasted as that of the former species. Its common length is from 3 to 4 feet. It is easily distinguish'd from ail its congeners by the black spots, with which ail its fins, except those of the breast, are marked. It preys on other small fish.
Fig. 4. The Grayling. (Salmo Thymallus.)
Attains a length from one to two feet. It inhabits chiefly the Eaft and North Seas, but mounts also the rivers that flow into them. It is remarkable for its large and pied dorfal fin. Its gênerai colour is blueish, the upper part of a deeper eaft than the lower. The belly and tail-fins are reddish brown. It lives on worms and fnails. Its tender well tasted flesh it esteemed excellent eating.
Ad99998 04 020a/engPlants LXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 18.
RASPBERRIES AND BRAMBLES.
Fig. 1. The common Raspberry. (Rubus idaeus.)
The common Raspberry grows upon bushes whose stems are 4 or 5 feet high. It occurs in almost all the woods of Germany except those of fir, but is chiefly found in mountainous and stony places. The pointed leaves which grow frorn 3 to 5 on one stalk, are on their inside of a dark, on the outside of a pale green colour.
The white five-leaved flower appears about May. The red berries grow upon a prominent germe, and ripen in July or August.
The Raspberry is extremely juicy, and has a relishing aromatical taste. The juice, mixed with Wine or Vinegar, forms a most refreshing beverage. In gardens, when raised from seed, or by the means of slips the berries grow much larger.
Fig. 2. The common Bramble. (Rubus fruticosus.)
The common Bramble-bush which with the Raspberry belongs to one class of plants, is also very common in the woods of Germany, especially on stony slopes and declivities where there are few trees. Its stems which are stronger than the former and richly furnish'd with thorns grow sometimes to the height of 7 or 8 feet; they generally bend their ends towards the ground, by which means several bushes together form a quick-set hedge which is not easily to be penetrated. The stalks are provided with five leaves. They are greater and stronger, and the leaves much more indented than those of the Raspberry. The five leaved blossom appears from May to June and the dark blue berries grow like those of No. 1. in a conic form round the prominent germe. They have also a very good and refreshing taste, but are somewhat more acid than the Raspberries.
Ad99998 04 021a/engAmphibies XV. Vol. IV. No. 19.
INNOXIOUS SERPENTS
It is a common but falfe assertion, that al] kinds of Serpents andVipers are venoinous and mortiferous. Tliere are in fact différent tribes, wbich are more or less provided with poifonous qualities, but there are also various species entireîy innoxious; some of them may even beeafily tamed, and without the leafi: danger kept within doors. Impoftors and jugglers employ the m very often in their tricks and juggles, and make inexpert peuple believe, they are posselTed of a supernatural power of taming these Animais. In the annexed picture we are made acquainted with three of these harmless species.
Fig. 1. The French Viper. (Coluber communis feu Franciae.)
The French Viper is frequent in the South of France. It is commonly about 3 feet long. The coat of the animal is cover'd with scales, darkgreen on the back, and of a pale yellow caft on the belly; its tail terminâtes in a long thin point. It lives on lizards, frogs, and other small animals wbich it catches with its teeth. Within doors is may be rendered quite obedient and familiär.
Fig. 2. The Serpent of Aesculapius. (Coluber Aesculapii.)
This Serpent is, like the former, of a gentle and harmless nature, and may as eafily be tamed. It is found in Ttaîy, especially in the Environs of Rome, in Spain and the Greek Islands. The species was known to the ancients; and for its inolFenfive nature it was made the fymbol of Aesculapius the beneficent God of phyfic. Its length is commonly 3 or 3§ feet. It feeds like the french Viper on small animals. The ruft brown back is cover'd with. oval scales; on the sides a blackish stripe is perceived; the belly is white.
Fig. 3. The striped Viper. (Coluber quadristriatus.)
This species is met with in the Southern parts of France and Spain, especially in humid and moift places. It measures generally 3 or 4 feet. Its prevailing co'our is of a grey yellow. Four parallel stripes of black run down from the head to the beginning of the tail. They are also very easily tamed; and in Spain where they generally are suppos'd to be venomous, many tricks ar# played with these innocent animals.
Ad99998 04 022a/engRoses II. Vol. IV. No. 20.
DIFFERENT KINDS 0F ROSES.
Fig. 1. The yellow Centifolia. (Rosa sulphurea.)
JL heyellow Centifolia is also a mofî beautiful species of Roses; but, however common the Bush is, a fine füll blown flower is very feldom to be met with. Almost ail the Buds burst (as may be seen in the annexed figure) down to the italk before they unfold; they then wither, and are eaten by Worms and insects. The reafon of this may be, that the yellow Rose-bush can neither bear the heat or the Sun, nor great moifture; it requires a dry and fhady ground. The form and colour of this species is elegant and a true ornament of a garden, but the fmell of it is rather disagreahle. The bush is from 6 to ß feet high. Its fieras are flender, and füll of prickîes and small leaves. It never bears fruit.
Fig. 2. The double purple Rose. (Rosa holoserica purpurea.)
This elegant Rose lias différent naines. It is sometimes called the royal purple Rose, the purple-velvet Rose, the black or Pluto-Rose. It is one of the rare species and requires particular care to keep it in füll growth and beauty; for it eafiîy dégénérâtes into a common light red Rose. The magnitude and fulness of the flower, the dark velvet-like purple, inclining to black; the dazzling lufire which fpavkîes from the furface of the leaves, and the bright goldlike fiamina in the middle give it a beautiful and si ri« king appearance. The leaves are pretty large and pale gTeen, the fîems and fialks greenish with few prickîes. The bush is often very thick, but only 2 or 3 feet high, and fuffers much from froft and cold. It bears a great quantity of fruit, which (as fball be shown in one of the next numbers)
is quite the faîne with that of the Hals double Rose. The fmell of this elegant flower is not strong, but very agréable.
Ad99998 04 023a/engBirds LI. Vol. IV. No. 21.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF WARBLERS.
J. hte WarbWrS form a numerous trille of Birds ami the "bclly ïs of a yellow red coîour. The CÖnflßin
Ad99998 04 024a/engFish XXXII. Vol. IV. No. 22.
SCALE FISH.
Fig. 1. The Torsk. (Gadus Callarias.)
The Torsk belongs to the Tribe of the Scale Fish and is a bout 3 feet long. It is a fish of prey as may be seen by the quantity of pointed teeth its mouth is armed with; it lives on other Fish, crabs, sea worms and insects. It frequents principally the Baltic sea where it is caught on the coasts and in the mouths of rivers with dragnets and large hooks. On account of its white, tender, and well tasted flesh it bears a bigh price and is considered as an exquisite dish of a rich and elegant table. Its brown and grey reddish back as well as the under parts are marked by numerous dull yellow spots.
Fig. 2. The Whiting. (Gadus Merlanqus.)
The Whiting is a well tasted species of the Scale fish, which occurs in the Baltic Sea and abounds in the German Ocean especially on the Coasts of England, Holland, and France, where it is caught in great quantities with the Ground-Line *). It measures from 2 1/2 to 2 feet. The principal colour of its back is of a pale silver grey, the back of a dull yellow.
Fig. 3. The Coal-Fish. (Gadus Carbonarius.)
The Goal-Fish derives its name from the elegant shining black colour which covers its head and neck when old and full grown. At the period of its Youth it is of an olive brown Colour. Its belly, anus, and tail-fins are black, back and breast-fins olive brown. It grows to a length from 1 1/2 to 2 feet and is frequent in the Baltic and North-Sea, especially on the coasts of England and Scotland.
Its Flesh is not well tasted and only eaten by the poor. It feeds on small Fish.
Fig 4. The Poor. (Gadus minutus.)
This species of the Torsk is only about 8 inches long; it is also an inhabitant of the Baltic Sea as well as of the Ocean.
It preys on Sea-worms and small crabs; its flesh is well tasted and frequently eaten;. the colour of its belly is a silvery grey, that of its back yellow brown.
  • ) The Ground-Line is a strong-cord of horsehair between 40 and 50 fathoms long to which at the distance of every two feet a quantity of hooks is fastened with different bait.
Ad99998 04 025a/engPlants LXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 23.
AMERICAN FRUIT.
Fig. 1. The white Guaya. (Psidium pyriferum.)
i. he white Guava or Guava-tree which bears a fruit limilar to a pair, is indigenous to the Islands of the Weft* Indies. ït attains common ly a height from iß to 20 feet, the item meafuring about a foot in diamètre. The leaves which grow oppofite to 011e another, are oval and füll of ribs witiiotit beiftg indented. The wbite blossom (B) appears in the third year and grows iingly on the fiaîks; the fruit (a) is about the size of a common pair; at si rit it is gren, but full grown it becomes yellow, mottled with red. It bas a good fmell and a strong but agreeable tafte. Beihies it is a very wbolefome and comf or table «our-ishment and is frequently eaten iß those. countries, fresb as well as boiled.
Fig. 2. The rough fruited custard Apple. (Annona muricata.)
This Apple-tree is aifo a product of various Islands of the Weft-fndies. Its oblong pointed leaves grow v/ithout any ordre on the fîalks; its flower-cup wbich consists of three leaves, is wbite on the outfide and of a reddisb colour on the bifide, and bas an agreeabie fmell. The fruit (B) is as big as a fift and bears the form of a beart. The outfide green peeî is as if it were divided into various scaly sbields which in their middle bave a little prickly protubérance. The pulp is füll of juice and not only of an excellent wine acid tafte, but it is also a very relisbing nourishment in those bot countries. For to eat it the outfide peel is taken of aad the pulp eaten with a fpoon.
Fig. 3. The Mamei Sapote. (Achras mammosa.)
This frnit is found on the isles of Cuba, Jarnaica and varieus other parts of South America. Its wbite blossom bas fix leaves. The fruit is three times as large as the annexed picture. It is of an oval sh. ipe and reddisb bro. wn colour. The red pulp wbich aloue is eaten, bas a fw. ee tish tafte, but is very aqueous and therefore not well tasted; it bas some kernels (B) which contain the feed. (c.) MameiSapote is the American dénomination.
Ad99998 04 026a/engMiscellanies XXXV. Vol. IV. No. 24.
THE SUBTERRANEAN HERCULANUN.
In the reign of the Roman Emperour Titus and the year 79 after the Birtli of Jesus Chrift ons of the most terrible éruptions of the Mount Vefuvius happened. Heavy clouds of burning ashesand pumice-ftones ejected from the Volcano, ebanaed at first, day in night and then falling down like a devafting rain covered and deltroyed the wbole adjacent country. Herculanum a large town and Colony of the Ancient Romans ßtuated on the Sea-Sbore between Naples and Pornpejum was also buried by this terrible Catafirophe. The ràin of ashes and pumice fiones covered its streets and houfes, wbilethe infortunate inhabitants had hardîy time enouoh to fave themselves and their beit eliects; fréquent shovveTS soon after changed these ashes into a bard and folid fubltance, and a torrent of glowing Lava which streamed from the bursting Volcano towards the Sea, covered Herculanumvvith a bind of Stone-Cruft from 60 to ßo feed thieb. Thus this opulent town disappeared from the furface of the earth and some Centuries after tllis terrible event nobody knew where this flourishing town had been Gtuated; at lait the little town Porticî was huilt on the plain which covered Herculanum and it was only by chance that its fubterranean ruins-were discovered in the lait Century. P»ince d'Elhoeuf from the houfe of Lorrain built in 17*20 a counfrv houle near Porticî when a neighbouring peafant dig, c;ing, at the famé time a weil, found various precious pièces of inaible. The Prince bearing of It, bo-ugbt that pièce of ground of the peafant, dug deeper and found a great quantity of antiquities and statues of the greatest value; but the kingof Naples soon prohibited ail further fearchin-g, and it was only 30 years after, that the government permitted to dig, again. After having pierced the Lava to a depth. of Qo feet they discovered the streets of Herculanum and found an immenfe quantity of ltatues, antic Vafes, facrificial instruments and excellent Fresco pictures (paintingi on humid Lime)
These treafures were taben out of the fubterr raneous town, as may be fee» Fig. 1. , r and put in the Royal Mu feu m-at PorticL As it was impoihble to uncover the wboîe Herculanum without pulling down Portici, paP* fages were dug througb the Lava by which me ans the ruins of tins famous town may be seen by Torch-ligbt. The first »nagnificent Tluilding dIscoverecîr was the Théâtre of which our picture Fig. 2. r offers the plan,. The inner part of this-édifice affords an excellent View of its Magnitude and superb décoration. It was large enougb to contain 10000 Men, and the fpectators arrived froma corridor, as the verti-cal opening (a) shows, througb seven doors (Z>)
)
to-their fit* of Toplius> The walls were ornamented with statue* of nrarble that ßood in niches, and hurle» o£ brouce placed on prominent pedefrals. The Proscenium or the frage was deeorated with pillars. of the Co-rinthiari or der and flatus* of tlieiVlufes,
Ad99998 04 027a/engMiscellanies XXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 25.
POMPEJUM DISCOVEPED.
Pompejum, a little Pioman town, was situated ncar Hercuîanum and 12 Italian miles from Naples. The explofion of the rnountVefuvius which in the Year 79 deftroyed Hercuîanum buried also Pompejum under a couch of lèverai feet of ashes and pumice stones. Some âges after, its situation was entirely unknown, and it was only in the lafl Century that some peafants by chance discovered it again. In the Year 1755 they began to dig, and, as the couch of ashes was but a few feet high, it was eafily removed from the gteateft part of the Town. The many vaîuable anliquides that were found, were lihe those of the Hercuîanum brought in the Royal Mufeum at Portici. The annexer! picture represents two principal views of the discovered Poaipejum.
Fig. 1. The gate of the Town and the entrance into one of the streets.
We perceive in the front the ruins of the Gate (aa) and through the gâte-way one of the streets of the ancient Pompejum. The houfes feem to be built against rocks (b) but it is only the stratum or couch of ashes which covered the town, and on the furface of which as may be seen (c) some modem houfes were built. The streets are only 12 feet broad; on the pavement of L. ava the oîd tracks are diftinctly feen. On the sides of the houfes runs an elevated footpath (d) for the Convenience of people going on foot. The houfes are finall and low, quadrangular, and commonly but one story high. The doors are large and give light to the forepart of the houfe, for towards the streets no Windows have as yet been discovered. The rooms were situated around an inner Yard, in the middle of which generally a fountain stood.
Fig. 2. The Soldier's Quarter of Pompejum.
In the Year 1772 the Soldier's Quarter was discovered which probably was called io, because it contained the Barracks and Parade of the Roman Garrifon. A row of Doric Columns of Stucco, 11 feet high furrounded an oblong fquare, (parallelogram) the covering ashes of which as may be seen (aa) are not yet entirely removed. Apparently it was the place where the troops were exercifed. Behind these columns there was a gallery, open towards the fquare and covered ou the top. The barracks or lodgings of the foldiers (bb) were contiguous to this gallery; in some of them roman armours were found; but one especially oflfered a pitiful aspect. It was the military prifon. Some of the Soldiers imprifoned at the time of the fatal cataftrophe, were forgotten in the gênerai confternation, and deprived of the power to escape were pitifully suffocated. Several fkeletous were found fitting in a row, the bones of their legs fiill loaded with heavy chains.
Ad99998 04 028a/engBirds LII. Vol. IV. No. 26.
WOODPECKERS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
In the 28th Number of the III Vol. of our Picture* GalSery we have seen some Woodpeckers natives of Germany» but there are also many and durèrent species of these birds which inhabit the other parts of Europe as well as the other quarters of the World. We are bore m a de acquainted with fix beautiful and variegated foreign species,
Fig. 1. The black breasted Woodpecker. (Picus multicolor.)
This species is an ir. habitant of Cayenne and Guiana where it is called by the Natives Tukumari. It is about 11 inches long; iscs head which is ornamented with a fine creft, and the neck are orange yellow; the breast is black; and the wings, back, and tail are of a dark brownred, spotted with black; the tips of the fanshaped tail are black and the feet lead coloured. It Îive3 like ail its congenere on the gênerai food of the Woodpeckers wbich conflits in worms and insects.
Fig. 2. The Goa-Woodpecker. (Picus Goensis.)
It is of a smaller size than the above mentioned and an inhabitant of Goa in Asia. The beautiful creft wbich hangs down from the bind part of it» head, is carmin-red. A fîripe of black runs from beneath the eye» down the back. The wings are fulvous and green. With its pointed bill it hollows the trees.
Fig. 3. The Bengal Woodpecker. (Picus Bengalensis.)
This beautiful Woodpecker lives in Bengal, It is frnaller than the précèdent species. The little red tuft of feathers on the bind part of its head, the white frripe un der the eyes, the green and yelîow back along with the spotted neck and wings give this bird a beautiful appearance.
Fig. 4. The yellow-headed Woodpecker. (Picus chlorocephalus.)
Is a Native of Guiana. Its breast and belly, back and tail are Olive» brown, marked by large white spots on the foreparts; neck and head are yellow, the top of the head is red.
Fig. 5. The Nubian Woodpecker. (Picus Nubicus.)
"We fee hère an A£rican Woodpecker and an inhabitant of Nubia. It meafuies above 7 inches. Ils body is brown, Ipotted and variega« ted with black-, white and yellow.
Fig. 6. The yellow Woodpecker. (Picus exalbidus.)
This species is called in Cayenne where it is very fréquent, the yellow Carpenter, because it buildà its néft in hollow trees cutting first through the bark horizontally and then piercing downwards a hole 1 or i
Ad99998 04 029a/engInsects XXII. Vol. IV. No. 27.
BUTTERFLIES.
I. Day-Butterflies.
T> J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.)
J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.)
Their body is füll of hair, their and mouth is furnisbed with pinchers and a fpiral fnout to fuck the juice of plants and flowers; but remarkable is the threefold transformation, to wbich these insects are subject before they become real butterfîies. From the eggs wbich the female lays, little wormlîke animals proceed wbich are called Caterpillars or Larvae. These Caterpillars live on certain plants and also sometimes on wood, tili arrived at their fui! growth, when they furround themselves with akind of borny web and change in the Chryfalis or Aurelia. In îhis Iituation they live without tiourishment in a dormant Rate, tili at laß, with some (pecies in a few weeks with others in two or fhtee years, the Butterfly issues, wbich, when full grown, pierces and strips the web, propagates its species, and soon after dies. The three principal ClaiTes of Butterflies are as follows: 1. The Day-Buttcrßies or Papillons, 2. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths. 3. The Fhalaena or Moths. We shall be made acquainted with them in this and the foliowing two Numbers. Dß, y-Butterflies. Of this Class 901 différent species are known. They only fly about during daytime, " when fîtting, they carry their wings erected and clofe to cach other; their threadlike antennae or feelers terminate m a conic form. In the annexed picture we iee three beautiful species in their natural size which are very fréquent in almost erery part of Germany.
Fig. 1. The Camberwell Beauty. (Papilio Antiopa.)
This butterfly ÇA)
measures about 3 inche3 in breadth, and is generally met with about the fruit-trees, on whofe fweet juice it lives. The purple-brown indented wings are edged with a b. right yellow border. The black thorny Caterpillars (ß)
, which 3Te marked by black spots, are commonly found on wilîows, birch and asp-trees and change in a black angular Chryfalis ÇC)
from which the Butterfly in the fpace of a fortnight issues.
Fig. 2. The Peacock Butterfly. (Papilio Jo.)
The Caterpillar (h)
of this butterfly is befet ail over with Imall fpines and as black as velveti They are found in great Quantifies on Nett'es. The angular, yellow green Chiyfalis(c)
is variegated with fulvoua spots and commonly fîicks with the inferior point to the walls. After 12 or 14 days the beautiful butterfly Ça)
cornes forth, marked with various spot3 in the form of the eyes of a peacock's tail.
Fig. 3. The red admirable Butterfly. (Papilio Atalanta.)
The différent colours of this butterfly ÇA)
are black, purple-red, and white. It appaars often in fpring, but is abundantly found in the Month of August fluttering about the blofToms of beans and other plants. The thorny Caterpillar CE)
is met with on nettles. The grey, angular Chryfalis (C)
from which the butterfly issues aûer a fortnight, is also found hanging on the walls.
Ad99998 04 030a/engInsects XXIII. Vol. IV. No. 28.
BUTTER FLIES.
II. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths.
1 he Sphinx or Hawk-Moths, of which at present 165 species ave known, are the fécond Class of Butteiflies. Tlieir wings are longer tlian those of the day butterflies and are deflexed wlien the infect is at reft. Their body is also stronger and their antennae are thick in the middle and somewhat tapering towards the point. It is onîy at day break, and during tvviligbt tliat they flutter about to fuck witli their fnout the honey juice of flowers continually humming and foaring in the air. During day time they reft quietîy and inactif on trees and walls. The caterpillars of this Class are large, beautifully pencilled, and provided with a kind of horn upon the ta il. Their transformation happens generally in the earth where the black or brown Chrvfalis l fallu darauti» remains the whole winter. In the following fpring the Butterfly appears. In. the annexed picture we are madeacquainted with two beautiful species of this Class along with their caterpillars and Chryfalis in their natural size.
Fig. 1. The Death-Head. (Sphinx Atropos.)
The Death-Head QA) is the largest species of this Class; it occurs in many parts of Germany, but is properly a native of Africa andAmelica; it is only known in Europe fince the introduction of potatoes; and the blue and yellowftriped caterpillars ÇB~) delight to fearch for their nourishment on the potatoe-herb where they generally are found in August and September, though they sometimes are also met with on Jasmin and Carrots. They change into the red brown Chryfalis (C) which paffes the winter under ground. This Butterfly was in former times a frightful animal to common people. The yellowish drawing on its breast was generally taken for a Death-head; its fluttering about in the middle of the night, and its noify humming, together with the plaintif tune which the rubbing of its hard breast-shields produces, were fufficient reafons to make people believe, that this innoxious infect was the harbinger of illness and misfortune and the fore*runner of plague, war, and famine. Indeed a ridiculous fable!
Fig. 2. The eyed Hawk-Moth. (Sphinx ocellata.)
The Caterpillar (b~) is yellow green, mar» ked by a quantity of white stripes dispofed in a transverse direction. It is frequently found on willows and lime-^trees, on alders, oaks and beeches from which it is eaßly shaken off. The Caterpillar changes under ground, into a black Chryfalis (c). The superior wings of this Butterfly Ça) are marbled with red and grey, and edged in a finuous form. The inferior wings are of a pink colour, marked with eyes of blue and black.
Ad99998 04 031a/engInsects XXIV. Vol. IV. No. 29.
BUTTERFLIES.
III. Phalaena.
1 lie third and mofr. numerous Class-is tliat of The Phalaena of which tili no\7 1529 species are known. When fitting, they let their wings hang downwards like the Sphinx. Their Antennae are somewhat like briftles and decreafing in size from the bafe to the apex. Except forne few species they only fly ahout in the night. Their fluttering is aukward and heavy but quiet and without humming. During day thne they fit stiîl on walls and trees as well as on the grass. The Gaterpiliars are covered with hair and go generally in the night in quest of nourishment. In their transformation the Caterpillars furround themselves with a filklike weh; for which purpofe nature has provided them with a tough juice Corning forth from an opening underneath their mouth; from this juice they Ipin the fine thread of which the Chryfalis coniilïs. They îy sometimes for 2 or 3 years in their web be» fore they change into Butter P ies. The annexed picture shows three différent species in their natural size.
Fig. 1. The great Tyger-Moth. (Phalaena Caja.)
The superior wings of this species (A)
are of a Coffeebrown colour, marked by feveral white ‘(tripes uniting at the bafe; ths inferior wings are of a scarlet colour variegated with black and bîue spots. They are met with the whole fuminer through. The bîack and hairy Caterpillar (B~)
lives on nettles, fallet and différent other pbants, and is jaioft frequently found in Juîy on turfy places. Its Chryfalis becomes'a felty web from its fpin»ing all the hair into it.
Fig. 2. The Goat-Moth. (Phalaena Cossus.)
The large, red Caterpillar (h)
of the GoatMoth is especiaîly remarkable. Tt inhabits the trunks of wilfows, oaks, and ahlers and lives on wood. It is very noxions, gnawing the trees with its sharp pinchers in various directions. It défends itself against its enemies with a red juice which it fpouîs with véhémence from its Mouth. It pierces, ail wooden chefts or boxes and can only be kept in glass or. earthen pots. In the third year it covers itself in the trees with a skin of hue chips and changes in the brown rmd yellow Chryfalis (V)
which at the tune of ripeness pierces the skin and appears in the new form of the Goat-Moth (a)
, which is of a grey and blackish colour. » The french phyfician Lionet who diffected some of these Caterpillars with on aftonishing diligence, discovered 4041 Muscles, befides an enormous quantity of blood-and other Veffels.
Fig. 3. The little Emperor-Moth. (Phalaena Pavonia minor.)
The Caterpillar (B)
of this Butterfly is in Germany frequently found on Rose-bushes, oaks, beeches, etc. It is green and beautifully pencilled with e qüantity of fulvous stars, which gives it an elegant appearance. ît (pins its Chryfalis QC)
into a black and yellow longitudinal web in the form of a pair. The Butterfly (Ä)
is of a reddish grey and yellow, edged with white; on each of its wings it has a black and white spot in the form ef an eye.
Ad99998 04 032a/engRose III. Vol. IV. No. 30.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The Little Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia minor.)
The Unie Centijolia is one of the most pretty and elegant fnecies of Roses. Portugal is faid to be its native country. Mr. Blandford at leaft brought it first from there to England, where it is still called : Blandford-Rose. It bas quite the round form and délicate colour of the large Centifolia, but instead of growing so isolated and fingly, it commonly forms a bunch of J or Q (Towers on one staîk. Its wood is green and bas only a few prichles. On account of its great fullness it beats very fei dorn fruit. The bush is 7 or ß feet bigh.
Fig. 2. The French Rose. (Rosa turbinata.)
This species is not only ufefuî, but also a great ornament of an elegant gard'en; for, planted with intelligence and eukivated with care o it bas the particular advantage to grow to the heigbt of iQ feet againfi: espaliers or pales, and coniequently furnishes the beft means to decorate walls and arbours. It bas différent names, and is called: sometfmes the Suggar-Rose, Vinegar RoseT the French Rose etc. The flowers which appear in Juin and July, are large, open, and of a bigh colour, but their fmell is not so agreeable as tîiat of the large Centifolia. It flourislies abundantly and has plentiful leaves of a pleafant green, with very few prickles. Its flower cups are somewhat fimilar to tunnels and generally divided in two parts, the upper of which is fmoothr the louer füll of minute prickles. It very fekîom bears any fruit t for the buds soon waste away and peaish.
Ad99998 04 033a/engBirds. LIII. Vol. IV. No. 31.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SHRIKES.
VV e have seen various Speeres of Shrike9 in Number 47 of die III. Vol, of our picture Galierie; we are hère made acquainted with fix other Speeres, foine of wbich are beautifully pencilled.
Fig. 1. The jocose Shrike. (Lanius jocosus.)
This slender and lively Bird is of the size of a common lark, and inhabits différent parts of China, Ben gai and the coaft of Coromandel. The colour of its back and wings is yellow brown; its breast and belly are of a dirty white; beneath the eyes and tail it is marked with Rose coloured spots, and on the hind part of its head some feathers of a brown colour form a loofe creft.
Fig. 2. The Rock-Shrike. (Lanius infaustus.)
Ax. the firfi hght this Species as well as the jocofe Shrike feem to belong to the kind of throftles, but their crooked bill is an evident proof of their being of the Shrike-race. This species is jto be found on the Mountains of Tyrol and Swizzerîand, in France and Iraly. On account of its turreful finging it is frequently kept in cages, its length is generally 7 J inches; the colours of its feathers are yellow-red, blew and brown. Why this bird in German and Latin is cal]ed the Unhappy, is unkn. own, but probably superst. ition has iuggefîed the Idea.
Fig. 3. The blak-headed Shrike. (Lanius melanocephalus.)
This beautiful Inhabitant of the southern Islands, which only foine of the late Travellers brought to Europe, is ahout 6 inches long. Its principal colour is olive green except the tail which has a large black band aeross, and yellow ends.
Fig. 4. The crested Shrike. (Lanius Canadensis.)
measures about 6 inches and lives in Canada, The long brown-red feathers of its head form a hanging creft. It3 breast is of a yellow leather-colour, the belly dirty white, the back tawny, and the wings black, crofTed by lèverai Üripes of white.
Fig. 5. The blue Shrike. (Lanius bicolor.)
A beautiful species which is only to be met with in the Island of Madagascar. It generally lives on insects. Its size is larger then that of the crefted Shrike meafuring about 6 § inches in length. The upper part of its body is azuré; breast and belly are of a fhining white; bill and feet of a blakish colour.
Fig. 6 The pied Shrike. (Lanius doliatus.)
measures also about 6 f inches. The whole Bird is neatîy pencilled with undulated white and black stripes. It is an Inhabitant of Cayenne.
Ad99998 04 034a/engPlants. LXXX. Vol. IV. No. 32.
MEDICINAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Senna. (Cassia Senna.)
J. he Senna-leaves which are îsnown and ufed every-where as a purging remedy, coine from the Senna, a busb of 3 or 4 feet high, which feldom laits above a Year. Tins busli grows frequently in Syria, Arabia and Egypt; especially in Egypt it is a very important article of commerce, and the beft Senna cornes from Alexandria to Europe. The Senna thrires also by Culture in différent parts of Italy and the South of France, but the leaves are with regard to their virtue much inferiour to those of Egypt, and the only préférence they bave, is, that they are to be bad frefber. The small oblong leaves grow clofe and oppofite to one another on the thin stalks. The ycllow five leaved flowers QA~) form along with their stems a kind of ears; and the oval feeds îye, feparated one from the other by particular husks in the green pods (jB). The leaves contain a thickisb, strong fmeïling volatile Oil wbich may be extracted by infufion and this oil alone produces the purging virtue in the leaves. In order to make the opération stronger, the Senna-leaves muff not be boiled; for in boiling the oil évaporâtes; only bot water muß be poured over them and the décoction ufed.
Fig. 2. The Quassy wood. (Quassia amara.)
The ÇuoJJy-wood is also well known, and certainly for its falubrious virtues of great consequence. It forms a busb of a middîe size and is to be found in différent parts of South America especially in Cayenne and Surinam, where it grows wild though not very fréquent on the sides of the rivers. The oblong pointed leaves grow by three or four pair on the ilalks, which have winglike prolongations on both Sides ÇA). The five leaved scarlet flowers fiand like bunches clofe to one another ÇB~). The root of this busb (c) which becomes sometimes as thick as an arm is ufed in Medicine. A Negro called Quaffi or Cuaih first discovered its médicinal viitues and from him the Bush is still in medicine called QuaJJîa. The root is very üght and loofe but pretty compact; it contains a bitter StufFwhich may be extracted even by cold water, and which in difFerent especially nervous difeafes is ufed with good effect. Far the genuine Quaffy, which is pretty dear, very often another kind is fubftituted which is much inferiour in its qualities.
Ad99998 04 035a/engInsectes. XXV. Vol. IV. No. 33.
DAY-BUTTERFLIES.
ncontré aussi e, ont marquées i> v--ri les ailes in;vi?e. Lacl, f. ie cendre (l)
v--ri les ailes in;vi?e. Lacl, f. ie cendre (l)
« es banian«, so uf»-Laty, d'argent s'afoèt té poiatae, Ct oût. mbé. ius.)
a u coup tu fors» fenouil, excepté de voiles et tout plus pâle, c'a A, noires en forme bout desrlenxaîchancrees et matde croiflantetde i chenille nue et du cérifier aigre, les poiriers. Lois a che aux arbres
11e même «t M
Ad99998 04 036a/engMiscellanies. XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 34.
OBELISKS OF THE EGYPTIANS.
opo'ii, * I*F?*, *«%**** »«Nia «*. $ 5S JUS. ‘«"»fw-Wità *fa confacrê il. a "viron -oofl îjs »t lepalais royalpar »t aroir «op à st *eu\ Uoc de «p/f
ledit Sixte V, tt e lun'lit Architecte, Jean du Lateran, du Cirque h Vol. IV. No. 34. uni, d'une f(n'e it de 78 pied* En ron 1« lit apporte m cirque nouvelle r renwfé par le = ixte V. auoeite OBELISKS OF THE EGYPTIANS. / -____________ JL he Obelisks are like the Pyramids and Cata« coiubs or touibs remarkable Monuments of the bold architecture of the ancient Egyptians. The Word Obelisk wbich is of greek origin, dénotes a bigh column, having ufually tour lides and reifen ing upwards by degtees. In ancient times WÎien Egypt was governed by itsown kings, inany of Obelisks exifted wbich thole iovereigns bad erected on the (ides oi temples, before their palades, or on large pubJick places, in order to transmit their naines to pofterity. They were fron; 50 to 1-50 feet bigh and generally of one pièce of a reddish Granit; a few were made of marbîe, the Quanies are yet to be seen in Upper-Egypt, w h ère thoufands of hands loofened and worked those immenle malTes of stone. Very few of these Obelisks were plain or polisbed; on the molt of thein Hieroglyphs or characters, representing différent toois, utenfi!s or animals were engraved 2 inches deep. These characters together, formed a language in images or wiitiug in picture which at that timewas underf'tood, but in our days has proved impoilible to be unraveiled, Not long before the beginning of the Chrifiian Aéra when the Romans fubjugated Egypt, some of the Emperours ordered feveral of thejigreatest snd fineft Obelisks asfplendid columns to be brqught to Rome. Three of the most magnïficient, and stil! exifting in Rome, are represented in the annexed picture.
Fig. 1. An Obelisk brought toRome by order of Augustus.
This Obelisk wbich without its pedeital is 73 feet bigh, is eut out of one pièce of marble and ornameuted writh a numlnr of Hieroglyphs. It has been îemoved thRome from Heliopolis the ancient capital of Egypt under the reîgn of Augustus; but when the northern Barbarians invaded Rome, this Obelisk was fubverted and broke in three pièces. ït remained in the rubbish tili the reign of the Roman Pope Sixtus V. , when in the Year i58ö it was erected again by the Architect Fontana, near la Porta dei Popolo.
Fig. 2. An Obelisk dedicated to the sun and removed to Rome by Constantius.
This Obelisk was erected in Heliopoli9 about 3000 Years ago by the king Ramefïes before bis palace. 20000 men are faid to bave worked at it. It is 100 feet high and hewn of one pièce of Granit. Conitaritine the Greafhad it conveyed down theNile as far as Alexandria, but bis early death hindered the further transport. Gonftantius his son bad it afterwards brougbt to Rome and erected in the courfe. This Obelisk was also deftroyed by the northern invaders and put up again by Sixtus V. before the Church of St. John of Lateran, under the furvey of the aforefaid architect.
Fig. 3. The Obelisk of the Circus of Nero.
This Obelisk is quite plain and of one pièce of reddish Granit; without its pedeftal it is 73 feet high. Nero had it brought to Rome in order to place it in the new built Circus. The northern invaders deitroyed it like the others, but in the reign of the above mentioned Pope it was also dug out of the rubbish in the Year i$Q6 and erected in the middie of the place before St. Peter' » Church.
Ad99998 04 037a/engBinds. LIV. Vol. IV. No. 35.
FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Panayan Hornbill. (Buceros Panayensis.)
The Hornbills form a proper tribe of birds which is confined to Africa and some parts of Asia. They are remarkable for the hornlike protuberance on the upper bill. The unproportioned bill is very light.
The here represented Hornbill which is of the size of a raven, was first discovered by Sonnerat in the Isle of Panaya. The colour of its plumage is of a greenish black; the bill is brown with transverse wrinkles of orpiment colour.
Fig. 2. The Arakari Toucan. (Rhamphastos Aracari.)
The Arakari belongs to the tribe of the Toucans or Peppereaters. As the Hornbills are only found in Asia or Africa, the Toucans are only met with in the southern parts of America; they are remarkable for the unproportioned, large membranaceous bill. The Arakari inbabits Surinam and Cayenue, and measures generally 16 inches in length; the bill is 4 inches, and 1/2 long. Its back and wings are dark green; across the yellow breast runs a red band. The blackish feet are provided with 4 toes two before and two behind. They live on different fruits.
Fig. 3. The Brasilian Motmot. (Rhamphastos Momota.)
This bird is about the size of a mag-pie; it lives solitary in the deepest recesses of South-America and feeds on insects. Its strong bill is on the edges indented like a saw. The lower parts are of a reddish leather colour, the back is dark green.
Fig. 4. The green Toucan. (Rhamph. viridis.)
is 14 inches long and generally found in Cayenne; on account of its variegated plumage it belongs to the class of beautiful birds. The large hollowbill is 3 inches et 1/2 long and yellow-striped with black. Head and neck are of a shining black, breast and belly yellow. The colour of the back and tail is green.
Fig. 5. The cinereous Wattle bird. (Glaucopis cinerea.)
Of this particular kind of birds the here represented species alone is as yet known. It in» habits New Zealand and is remarkable for the carunculated wattles near the bill. The principal colour of this bearded bird is a dark ash colour. It lives on berries and insects, which it gatherg running about on the ground.
Fig. 6. The lesser Ani. (Crotophagus Ani.)
Of this kind only three species are known, which constitute a particular tribe distinguishing itself by a strong crooked bill the upper part of which is sharply edged. The leffer Ani is black and about 13 inches long. Ils food consists of maggots, the caterpillars of insects and the feeds of différent plants. It inbabits the interiour parts of Africa. The immenfe nests of Grass wbîch they generally build in community upon the Acacia trees, resemble at a distance a thatched roof. In this common nest every female builds her proper cell where it hatches. Travellers counted very often 800 or 1000 of these cells in one nest.
Ad99998 04 038a/engBirds. LV. Vol. IV. No. 36.
REMARKABLE BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The magnificent Maenura. (Maenura superba.)
New-Holland this remarkable large Island of the South-Sea which in its extent almost equals Europe, is in regard to natural history a true land of wonders, as the duck billed Platypus (see No. 80. of the III. Vol. of this Picture Galleiy) and various other strange animals and birds, lately found in it, sufficiently prove. Some time ago the elegant wonderful bird hère represented, was discovered by someEnglishmen on a journey into the inner parts of the Island. It is the magnifie ent Macnurawhich apparently belongs to the tribe of thebirds of Paradise. lt is about the size of a common hen; the principal colour of its body is blackish changing into red-brown on the wings; the thighs are covered with long blackish feathers; and the head is ornamented with a loofe creft of hair-like feathers \ but what deferves the most admiration in tins elegant bird, is its tail, from the. middle of which two large feathers proceed bending towards one another and beautifulîy pencilled with orange-coloured arches of the ut» most élégance. Between these two large feathers two leffer ones arife which bending outwards are of a blueish grey colour; and numbers of tender hairlike feathers which resemble the fibres of leave», accomplish thi» wonderful ßructure. The nourishment and manner of living of this extraordinary bird is as yet entirely unknown.
Fig. 2. The Taylor-bird. (Motacilla sartoria.)
In the East-Indies the little birds and their young-ones are continually exposed to different dangers. Monkeys and serpents climb up the trees, and creep and wind themselves through the branches in order to overtake the mothers with their harmless broods. Wise nature therefore protects the little defenceless birds by various ingenious instincts; and they build generally their nest on the end of bending branches where the animals of prey can not follow them. But still artfuller is the little nest which the here represented Taylor-bird (A) also an inhabitant of the East-Indies, builds. It choses for the purpose a fallen leaf which it sows by the help of its bill with the tender fibres of plants round the green leaf on a tree (B) so, that the whole form is an open bay. In this, when properly lined or filled up with cotton and feathers, the female lays its four little white eggs; and thus defended against ail dangers, it quietly hatches its young.
Ad99998 04 039a/engPlants. LXXXI. Vol. IV. No. 37.
COMMERCIAL-PLANTS.
, lte"r du fr, eue, aime mie, ‘isscs ei "x aux «1 esterraiUli foujour, petiot Ps e" &»«. k arouS« ‘J, £at. "‘«tffrà. ‘H au Lt-ranitt ui Fait que ce& léiablederom. uerleffpcsceson Kn Eoypteon le fuc mielleux : à Ja prépara* : brun, tacheté rages rie marne vient que
Fig. 1. The Liquorice. (Glycirrhiza glabra.)
-J-he Liquorice grows wi'd in Spain, France, Italy and the southern parts of the Asiatick lluflia; by culture it also became indigenous in varions parts of Germany, elpecially in some tracta of Franconia and Suabia, where it is cultivated in great rpiantity. ^ In Pbyßck it is ufed a* a refolvent, especially m cougbs.
Fig. 2. The Carob-Tree, or St. John's bread. (Ceratonia siliqua.)
The common Carob-Tree equals in size the ash-tree. It is most -common in Spain, Sicily, Egypt and the Island Candia or Creta and schrive» beft in a stony foi)
The leaves (ß)
are evergreen, thick and fmooth, and grow by pairs on the fîalk». The littîe red flowers (Ä)
grow like cluIt thrives beft in a fandy, yet not poor foil; the root is about th-thickness of a thumb, the stalks wbich giow, 5 or 6 feet bigb, wither in autumn, but germinate again in fpring. The,. T -, vio l-e, t. -b i nxe, f l o w ne r s (a)
a p rp e\ a' r i n J a i l y-ibl?e t w e e n ". h. e. r s o Jr a r[a p e,. s,. o n, t b e b r a n cch e sr, w i t, h, o u t p Arosp)
err\ thxe p l u Tm y l e a v, e s, a n d a r e, r o l l o w,. e, d b y h 1t t;l e h i-u s k1s 1 1 " lt a, l K s,. 1 n e. h u s k l i k e f, r u it o r ö t. J o h n sth. r e :a d)
\ \. t >«) C, o. *)
«) C, o. *)
!. w, h i c n c o n t. a i n t h1e J e, n t i!-J. i k e. i. e. , e. d s. r i, i's. '" o, r a n u s, k, y c o1l ou, r a n «d g r o
wbich thrîves under ground, is little fla. t feeds are as hard as frone». properly the ufeful part of the plant. It contain» a twmt stuiF wbich is ufed in différent difeafes, TLe fruIt îs on account of it8 fweet *nd we11 The outline colour of the root is tawny; the in-*^d Pu1P an a8ieable (ooâ and ^'1«™
The Name St. Johns breacl dérives from an old faying, that John the Baptift lived on it in the defert. jretendait
Ad99998 04 040a/engInsects. XXVI. Vol. IV. No. 38.
TWO KINDS OF SPHINX OR HAWK-MOTHS.
K", 0i8
(juipaffe que veri le p^. « (0 «clôt Se, Solives jaunâtre, «s ailes inférieu« si s leurmiUaD«, i^f. Ptpmueiit utr« ail)
ifw ecf» trou^fei re.
Fig. 1. The great Oleander Sphinx. (Sphinx Nerii.)
A he grent Oleander -Sphinx which 16 hère fepresented in its natural size, is undoubtedîy one of the moit beautifulHawk-Moths, we are acquainted with. Its colour consists of dark green, reddisli, white and violet stripes and spots which are variegated like marble in a most elegant manner. The green yellow Caterpillar ÇA)
is also beautifully pencilled with white spots and firipes; its neck is ornamented with eyes of bine and white. It lives as far as we know, only on the leaves of the common Rose-bay or Oleander, a shrub of 6 or 8 feet high, which grows wild in the Eafi Indies, but in Germany only thrivea in hot houfes; on these shrubs sometimes in very hot fummers this caterpillar is found and efîeemed as a great curiofity; the Sphinx produced from it i» purchafed at a high price by the amateurs and reckoned to be a true ornament of their collection». The great Ghryfalis (E)
which is of a light brown and yellow colour lies without being covered with any web or texture under ground.
Fig. 2. The spotted-Elephant Sphinx. (Sphinx Euphorbiae.)
The Caterpillar (a)
is frequently met with in July and August on the gromwell-leaved fpurt*e (Euphorbia Efula)
on which alone it livés. Its principal colour is black; on the back runs a red firipe, and the sides are marked with white spots in regulär rows. ê The Caterpillar as well as the Ghryfalis and the Sphinx itself are drawn after life in the an» nexed picture. Soon after its birth the caterpillar fpins itself into a fine web under a loofe ground and changes into the Ghryfalis (b)
wich is of a grey-brown colour. The Ghryfalis remains the whole winter in its husk and it is only in the following fpring that the variegated Sphinx (V)
iilues. Its upper wings are of a yellow and dark olivafier colour edged with a white border, the lower wings are pink -coloured, changing into black towards the root. In the month of June the spottetJ Eléphant Sphinx is found during twiligbt about the honey fuckle and other shrubs in flower. Fluttering it fucks with its fnout the juice of th
Ad99998 04 041a/engMiscellanies XXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 39.
REMARKABLE GROTTOS.
Fig. 1. The Grotto of Pausilippo.
Fig. 2. The Dog's Grotto near Naples.
Cletrouveunr0ffif: "«. Elle rfi 1, e d'environ 9pj, U sVlev« continue!, -tte vapeur ell'i us cette vapeur étut a ne elle ne coune'j is d'i
Ad99998 04 042a/engMiscellanies XXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 40.
HORSE-RACES IN ENGLAND.
ercnce e* « mû, O e même. reen 3o lieux dif. es Pîa^« Cesses, Jj mou> quefçoe-tro-, st ia 1« loa toi« ‘e sa foaioeM (Ja renia« * quefçoe-tro-, st ia 1« loa toi« ‘e sa foaioeM (Ja renia« *
Fig. 1 fuch an English Race-Horfe is represented; the sue of his eyes and the large open noltrils prove hisArabiau origin, his slender legs show at the fuit iîght the racer. Thefv horfes are of différent colours, but their discriminating character is swiftneis, fpirit, holdness and ßrength, The molt famous are engraved and their virtues celebrated in puhlick papers. Their pedigrees are as regularly kept as those of the horfes in Arahia. They feil very often at an enormous price and there are instances of iooo pound Sterling. (more than 6000 Dollars.)
and more being paid for a racer. Their extreme swiftness is fuppofed to equal the wind. The famons Childers (ufually called ßying Childers)
which died about 40 Years ago, leaped in one second 82 ^ feet, and ran the xace-ground of Newmarket, famons for the great races which are held there in Apiil and October, in 6 minutes 40 féconds, though the ground measures ^ of a German mile or 4 English miles.
Fig. 2. The Horse-Race.
Horfe-Races are held in fummer in 30 différent places of the kingdom where the foft and fandy race-grounds are carefully kept in order. On the spot where the horfes fet out, is the Stewards box which is occupied by thtfe officers du» ring the wîiole race Hère the horfes are re^iltered and the betts which are iometimes very high, regularly laid down. The grounds are circuler or oval and the racers return to the spot where they fet out. The horfe which paffes the fàrst the ßarting polt, gains the si rit heat, or courfe, whereupon the faddles are taken off and the horfes cleaned, -an hour after they fet out for the fécond heat; if the horfe which gained the fi'ft heat, arrives again before the others at the starting poff, he wins, and the race is finished; if not, a third heat or run enfues. The riders are called Jockeys and are generally of a very light weight. Those that ride together, are weighed with the faddles and bridles of their horfes, which they buckle round their waift, and those which are too light, put so much of small shot in their pockets, tili their weight equals that of the others. The races last generally two or three days, and very often 40 or 50000 fpectators ineet on these occafions.
Ad99998 04 043a/engBirds. LVI. Vol. IV. No. 41.
TREE-CREEPERS AND HUMMING BIRDS
Fig. 1. The Wall-Creeper. (Certhia muraria.)
X jbe WâZl-creeper or spider-catcher belongs to the tribe of the tree-crepers and dérives its name from its creeping on the walls, as the common creeper does on the tree«, in quest of spiders and other insects whicli they both live upon. This beautifnl bird is of a folitary dispofition and found lonely in Italy, France and the middle parts of Germany. It builds its rieft in hollow trees or the rifts of walls, but especially in Church-yards and the hollow fkulls in the Charnel -houfes, whence it is also sometimes called in Germany the death's bird. It is about the lïze of a fparrow.
Fig. 2. The darkgreen Treecreeper. (Certhia obscura.)
This pretty bird is met with on the SandwichIslands in the Pacifick Océan or Southfea. Its beautiful dark-green feathers are in great request among the islanders who ufe them in their diess. It is highly remarkable for its falcated bilî and iîs tougue which is befet ail over with haïr like a brufh and serves to fetch the insects ont of the tree-rifts or to lu ck%the honey of the fîower-cups.
Fig. 3. The blue brasilian creeper. (Certhia cyanea.)
This species ihhabits generQÎty the southern parts of America and is on account of its glittering black and blue feathers one of the most beautiful birds of those parts of the world. It also feeds upon insects and the juice of flowers.
Fig. 4. The Cardinal. (Certhia Cardinalis.)
This fine-coloured creeper is found upon the islands of the South-fea and dérives its name from the brillant high red colour of its plumage, the beauty of which is Mil more augmente:! by the black feathers of its wings and tail. It does not, like the other creepers, live on insects, but entirely upon the juice of flowers.
Fig. 5. The elegant Humming-bird. (Trochilus ornatus.)
Fig. 6. The ruby-headed Hummingbird. (Trochilus moschitus.)
We know from N. 9. of the I, Vol. of our Picture-Gallery the Humming-birds as the smalleft and most beautiful kind of birds. They consist of 70 différent species, which are only found in the hot régions of America, in the East-Indies and Afrika. They live on the honey which they extract with their tender bills from the flower-cups. The hère represented species which are only three incites long, are especially remarkable for their beautiful plumage. That of Nr. 5. is called the elegant on account of the beautiful crefts that adorn its Cheeks and the top of its head. N. 6. is nained the ruhy-headed, because its head and neck glitter like a ruby. Both the species occur only in South-Amerika. étfâM.
Ad99998 04 044a/engPlants. LXXXII. Vol. IV. No. 42.
COMMERCIAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The wild Endive or Succory. (Cichorium intyhus.)
1 he Succory is a médicinal plant which grows wiid in Germany near the roads and high ways, uron the balks and mountains. ]t haï a narrow notched leaf and a starlike flower. It is a bieimial plant vvhofe leaves as well as roots have for a krng rime been eaten as vegetables, but. not long i'ince its root is beconre very remarkable i'rorn beifig ufed al* most génerally in the room of coffee. For this purpofe the Succory is now fi-equenily cultivated in gardons as well as in the iïeld where ils root becomes îhicker and mor>e pulpous. In Antumn it is taken out of the ground, cleaned, cul into frnaii pièces and after being roafted and ground like Coffee, it is kept for fale in leaden boxes. In this manrer the Succory is become at oreTent a considerable article of trade in Germany and is principally carried on by some great manufacturers in the lower Saxony.
e pulpous. In Antumn it is taken out of the ground, cleaned, cul into frnaii pièces and after being roafted and ground like Coffee, it is kept for fale in leaden boxes. In this manrer the Succory is become at oreTent a considerable article of trade in Germany and is principally carried on by some great manufacturers in the lower Saxony.
Fig. 2. The Pepper-Mint. (Mentha piperita.)
The Peppcr-mint grows wild in England; but in Germany, thongh ail other kinds of mint are met wiih evcry where, it is only cultivated in the gardens where it stands the hardeft wmter. It forms a low fhrub whoTe stalks grow about a foot high. On the point of the stalks the white blueish flower appears like a corn-ear. The green leaves are poiï'effed of a fragrant fine il and a burning arornatick tafte whence it dérives its médicinal Virtue of strengthening the stomack, which is so strong, that, when taken, au agréable warmth is felt immediately through the whole body.
Ad99998 04 045a/engWorms. V. Vol. IV. No. 43.
ZOOPHYTES.
‘n the'Ioweft degree of tlic Animal création staud the Polypuffes, -which are also called Zoophytes, because they form as it were, the link betweeu the animal and the vegetable Création. Many species of these water-animais live in strong téguments which they never quit. VVe are hère made acquainted with some of them.
Fig. 1. The magnificent Tubular Coralline. (Tubularia magnifica.)
The Tubulär-Coralline is a kind of gelatinous worm found in the fea as well as in rivers. It is provided with feathered arms and refis with its lower end in a horny tube. One of the largest and most beautiful species is the magnificent tubulär coralline which is represented in Fig. 1. It is met with in hollow rocks on différent isles of the YVeftIndies. The tubulär indented body terminâtes in a great quantity of red and white feelers or antennae which the worm, >\vlien ail around him is quiet, extends îike a starlike iîovver; but at the leaft danger it retracts its antennated tuft from above and draws back into its rock.
\vlien ail around him is quiet, extends îike a starlike iîovver; but at the leaft danger it retracts its antennated tuft from above and draws back into its rock.
Fig. 2. The Dead-Man's hand. (Alcyonium digitatum.)
The dead maris hand or dead maris toc is a foft fpongy or corklike body whofe furface is füll of little openings, through which the polypuffes that inhabit it, come forth. The hère represented species which is found on the coasts of England, dérives its name from the likeness it has with a man's finget or toe. They are found upon différent objects as for instance that of the picture is refting upon au Oyfter. Their reddish-grey furface is covered with little octagonal stars, as it appears very diftinctly in (b) which is drawn after an enlarged scale; from these star-like openings the polypuffes issue. They have eight arms (c) which on both sides are feathered or provided with fhort fibres.
Fig. 3. The Rugged Coralline. (Sertularia scruposa.)
These Corallines consist of horny or stom husks which are knotted like branches and also inhabited by polypuffes. They constitute a very numerous race. The species which is represented in its natural size in Fig. 3. might at the first look very eafily bë taken for a little tender plant, but when enlarged or looked at with a microscope the whittish, stony, and knotted Iiusk appears. It is very fragile and divided in its infide into différent (‘mail cells which serve for habitation to a kind of small pohpuffes that come ont throughthe openings of ihe flat sides.
Ad99998 04 046a/engMisc. Subj. XL. Vol. IV. No. 44.
REMARKABLE VOLCANICK OBJECTS OF THE LOWER ITALY.
Fig 1. The Solfatara.
1 lie Solfatara is a narrow valley near Naples about 500 paces broad and 800 long. It lies between craggy rocks, and probably ows its oi'igin to a funk Volcano. It is, as it may be laid, the great manufacture of Nature for Ammoniac and Suiphur wliich by the beat of the fubterraneous fites are hère continually produced in abu'ndaiice. The ground is every where warm, in some places quite hot. Hère and there thick fuîphrtreous vapours break forth from the clefts especially those of the opening N. 3. at the end of the valley are forced out with great noife; they generali)" rife to a great height in the air, and fhine at night. Upon the sides of these openings fhoots the Amoniac and Sulphur or Briirrstone which is gathered and manufactured in the building N. I. at the other end of the valley. The whole ground of the Solfatara is white and consists of différent minerais. It trembles and founds when walked upon; but lying on the sround one hears a noife like that of boiling vvater. On the north of the valley these fubterraneous waters fall in a low and dark ground into a stinking brook. On the Eaft a small pond is feen, where the water is conltantly bubbling like boiling water though the heat is far inferiour to that uf boiling vvater. Ail these phenomena are effected by the fubterraneons lires which continually struggle under ground, though they nevèr break out into fiâmes.
Fig. 2. Profpect of Stromboli.
Stromboli is one of the small isles of Lipari between Naples and Sicily. The whole island consists almost entirely of a high conick mountain which rifes from the fea and whofe fummit N. I. is burning like a Volcano and emitting fmoke and fiâmes beyond the reach of hiftory and tradition. THough this little island appears wafte and defolate at a diftance, yet approaching its coaft, one feon perceives some feattered liutts, orchards and vineyards, so that the inhabitants whofe number amounts to about 1500, may be faid to live above and betwixt frre and fiâmes. Familiär with the danger they feem to defy it, for sometimes the fiâmes break out on lèverai places between the houles and gardens at the foot of the mountain. (N. 2.). The mufeadine and malmfey-wine which grows upon this hot-bed of Nature, is quite excellent.
Ad99998 04 047a/engRoses. IV. Vol. IV. No. 45.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. et 2. The half double purple Rose. (Rosa holoserica purpurea flore semipleno.)
,. » V e have mentioned this beautiful species of Roses in the descriptioii of the double purple Rose in N. 20. of this Volume. Bein g of the famé kind, it has the famé leaves and wood, but its bufh îs st ronger and faller, and its flowers are more brillant than those of the double purple Rose; befides it has the following peculiar quality which no other kind of Rose is poffeffed of. In the evening the flowér fhuts itself Hals, and the gre. en leaves fhrink together, opening and displaying its füll luftre'with erected leaves at noon when the fun fhines; consequently it falls towards evening in th'ë flumber of vegetables which \ve perceive in various other plants. In the annexed picture it is represented in both its st&tes. In Fig. 1. w, e perceive it in -its füll luftae. of the -Noon and in Fig. 2. \ve fee the fîovver-leaves almolî fhut, the g-reen stalk-leaves flackly hanging down, and tke whole flower as if it were, in its flumber.
Ad99998 04 048a/engBirds. LVII. Vol. IV. No. 46.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF BUNTINGS.
I he nwnierous race of Buntin'gs contains about eight; di fêtent [pedes, some of which e?p(. Lö öther countries a-re beautiful. Thej all live upon feeds. uni insects. In Germant 9 Species onlj are known, of which the folio wing are the most reniai; ib e.
Fig. 1. TheYellow Hammer. (Emberiza citrinella).
, The yellow Hammer or Bunting isknown everv where, Kving m fummer in the gai aivl in wintér near the villages arid farms. It. is about the Bze of a fparrow and its yellow plumage renders it a pretty bird. In fpring it raifés its chearful voice before ail other birds.
Fig. 2. The Grey Bunting. (Emberiza milliaria)
The grey "Bunting is the largest rpecies. Its dark brown feathe-rs give it 119 pretty appearance. It live* lonely in the fîelds or on he roads and. is rather a !az\ bird, for it very often lïts still upon a frone or a clod for some hôurs together. It builds its nest in the grass under some bufh. In Autumn it paffës into warmer eôtintries, but also very often reinains in Germany and is frequently causht with the yellow Hammers. Its fief h is very tentier and well tasted.
Fig. 3. The Reed-sparrow. (Emberiza Schöniclus.)
Tï is muco, lèss in Eze than the preceeding species. Its plumage is of a disagreablë "brown -nd grev. It lives in Öocks in the reed banks of raarfhes and feeds upon Water-infects and reed-feeds. It dérives its naine from the resemblahce it bears to a fpafrdw. It lias a fliriii voice aud mates very often a créât noire iri reedy marfhes especially when many are bôîlected together. In winter it paiïes into Italy but cornes hack again to build its lieft in fpring. Its flesh is very well tasted.
Fig. 4. The Ortolan. (Emberiza hortulana).
The Ortolan is not so common in Germany as it is in the southern parts of Europe, in Italy, Grèce, and especially on the island of Cyprus, where it is found in great abundance living in the Millet-fields. It is rekable on account of the delicacy of its fleih which is generalis considered to he the heft 1 of ail the bird's fief h. In Italy andCyprus man] thoufands are caught and fent in chests and tubs into other Countries where they are fold at a high price. The Ortolan sometimes eats itself in one day so fat that it refemhles a lump of greafe.
Fig. 5. The Cirl Bunting. (Emberiza claeathorax).
This beautiful species is more fréquent in the warmer parts of Europe for iufiance in îi dy and France, than it is inGermany which it also leaves very early in Autunin. It lives on caterpillars and différent feeds. Its flesh is very well tafteu-.
Fig. 6. The Snow-Bunting. (Emberiza nivalis).
The Snoio-Bunting or Snow-B;'rd is an Inhabitant of the coîder parts of Europe and Asia, even as far as the Polar-regions, and only strays into Germany as a bird of passage in very cold winters, its frze and colour is equal to that of the yellow hammer, and also it live. on the faine nouriihment. On account of its well tasted flelh il is very much fought after, and frequently fold for the Ortolan.
Ad99998 04 049a/engPlants. LXXXIII. Vol. IV. No. 47.
DIFFERENT SORTS OF FRUIT-SHRUBS.
Fig. 1. The common Blea-berry. (Vaccinium myrtillus).
T-» he common Blea-berry or B1ack-Whort is a low fhrub which scareely grows one foot high'; it thrives beft under the heath in thinniih pine-and firwoods. lis blossom is reddish-white and its dark blue berries are polfefied of a pungent yet agreeable tafte. The berries are eaten raw as well as boiled; when dried, they are frequently uferl to die and strengihen the light french red wine. For this purpoie great quantities of these berries are annually exported into France, e. specialiy by Harnburgh and Bremen where they conltitutea considerable commercial article.
Fig. 2. The red Bilberry. (Vaccinium vitis idaea.)
The red B'iherryox Whorile-berry -Shrub grows in the woods of Germany, very often mixed, and on the famé spot with the Bleaberry-fhrnb to which it bears great relemblance, with the only différence of being more délicate and scareely attaining the height of a fpan. The berries and juice are of a light-red colour; the latte* is aromatick but taftes fû fharp that the berries canuot be eaten when raw; boiled and preferved in fuggar they afford an agreeable whole some and relishing dish which usually is eaten with roafted méat. In Ruffia and Sïberia a very strong but agreeable and comfortable beverage is prepared from the juice.
Fig. 3. The Cranberry. (Vaccinium exicoccos.)
The Cranberry, Moorberry, or Mossberry is only to be found in the northern countries as for instance in Lapland, Ruffia and Sibiria where it grows creeping under the mots in marfhy places and turfmoors. Its little blossoms (Fig. a.) as well as its berries (Fig. b.) are red, but the berries tafte so four and aftringent that they cannot be eaten when raw. In Sweden and Ruffia they eat thempreferved or? make a strong beverage of them.
Ad99998 04 050a/engFish XXXIII. Vol. IV. No. 48.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF HARNESS-FISH.
1 nature providcd différent kinds of Fish with a bony or scaled coat of mail to défend them against the attacks of their ennemies. Four of these armed water-inhabitants are represented in the annexed picture.
Fig. 1. The Harress-pike. (Esox osseus.)
This pike is found in the rivers and lakes of the Eaf'f-and Weh-Indies. It grows to a length of 3 or 4 feet and lives upon olher fish. Un aecount of its well tasted flesh it is frequently eaten. BeTides it is reinarkable for its figure. The two jaws are tapering like a bill and befet with teeth of uncomon fharpness; and the wholebody is covered with afirongcoat of féales which fecures it against its ennemies. The [cales are of three différent forts: on the top of the back they are of a heart-like form, on the sidesthey are fqnare, and on the lower parts rhombick; the first fpokes or rays of the fins are provided with very strong stings.
Fig. 2. The Guacari. (Loricaria plecostomus.)
This beantiful orange, -tawny fish is met with in the waters of South-America. The Upper part of the head is bony, the lower part broad, foft andwrinkled. The sides of the body are covered with four xows of hard feutiform (cales, every one of which is armed with a sting that terminâtes in a fharp point. Its large fins are ornamented with light and darkbrown spots. foot. Its whole length is about i
Ad99998 04 051a/engAntiquities. VIII. Vol. Im. No 49.
THE CIRCUS OF THE ANCIENT ROMANS.
treur> qui fan* nadikc souries d^rWsfe IpW, qui fe, ar les oniara « ‘;' voyons ici est de Jrttein portaient S autour du corps pour la plupart Romains de si les chars KÜ par derrière et «ire chevaux dans portaient le uàriça, Celui q\û premier la courte ie premier 1 iriale, »tînt. :, une oi'fr rîeCIiar. a an chat m l'était le. « bélier edeferyétaitaîtachar; ilTervaiten lar leger. >ur couronne. Ufit up--1 ilWu HP i he Anrients held their races not in the open fiel i as the English cio at prêtent, but within magaifif'ent publick buildings which furrouuded the large open couife, and which were only accomodated for the purpofe of publick grime?. Thel'e place? were generally called CircuJJes. of the annexed pictîire represents a Circus, feveral ûf which exifted in ancient Rome.
qui fan* nadikc souries d^rWsfe IpW, qui fe, ar les oniara « ‘;' voyons ici est de Jrttein portaient S autour du corps pour la plupart Romains de si les chars KÜ par derrière et «ire chevaux dans portaient le uàriça, Celui q\û premier la courte ie premier 1 iriale, »tînt. :, une oi'fr rîeCIiar. a an chat m l'était le. « bélier edeferyétaitaîtachar; ilTervaiten lar leger. >ur couronne. Ufit up--1 ilWu HP i he Anrients held their races not in the open fiel i as the English cio at prêtent, but within magaifif'ent publick buildings which furrouuded the large open couife, and which were only accomodated for the purpofe of publick grime?. Thel'e place? were generally called CircuJJes. of the annexed pictîire represents a Circus, feveral ûf which exifted in ancient Rome.
ur couronne. Ufit up--1 ilWu HP i he Anrients held their races not in the open fiel i as the English cio at prêtent, but within magaifif'ent publick buildings which furrouuded the large open couife, and which were only accomodated for the purpofe of publick grime?. Thel'e place? were generally called CircuJJes. of the annexed pictîire represents a Circus, feveral ûf which exifted in ancient Rome.
Fig. 1. A Circus of the Ancient Romans.
1. The Circus was an oblong-fquare building and on one of the narrow sides femicircular; its infide was furnished all around with fionebenches and feats for the fpectators, and encorupaffed a large open place deftined for the charriot-and horfe-race', for the gladiators and wreftlers-for the combats of wild beafts and other publick games. , On the outille were différent halls, avenues, and galleries, but also un the narrow part of the infide fa) were various hails J'hut up with gâtes, where the chariots, horfes and wild beafts were kept tili the games began. In the middle of the courle and in a longitudinal direction was a wall, 12 fèet broad and 6 feet high (c) whofe top was ornamanîecî. with little temples, altars, obelisks, pyramids, conick towers'and statues especially those of Neptune and C)bele; and which was called the fpina, (the fpine) on the two ends of îhis élévation or eßrade Aood thîee high cories of stone clofe to each other. (d) Round these cônes which were called metae and which served them also for starting pofts, the racers were obliged to turn seven times. At (B) was a white Line in the courle, called creta schalk) where the race began. At fe) was the great gâte or outrance in to the circus, above which the box of the Lmperour or Coniul was situated and from which the fignal for the beginning ol the race was given.
Fig. 2. A Quadriga.
The chariot-räcers were divided into various factions, which difiinguished themselves by the différent colours of their dress', the hère reprefeuted was of the green faction; they wore ieather-girclles round the wailt and arms and were generally Equestrians or other young noble Romans; they drove, standing in the low chariot which, was open behind, The chariot was na med B/ga, Triga or' Quadriga from the nurnber of the horfes which, were yoked clofe to each other. He that first lïnished the seventh turn round the fpina and arrived first at the Meta which was oppofite to the Em. erour's box, jumped upon the meta, and received as Victor a palm-twig, a wreath, crovvn or the like.
Fig. 3. The pole and Yoke of the Chariot.
Not onlv the chariot and wheels were decorated with elegant carvings, but also the pole was generally adorned with a rarn's head oi bronze. To the pole the double yo>e of iron was faf. ened which layed over the backs of the two pole horfes, and which beingbuckled below, served at the famé timeto Rapport the pole and to draw the light chariot.
e of iron was faf. ened which layed over the backs of the two pole horfes, and which beingbuckled below, served at the famé timeto Rapport the pole and to draw the light chariot.
Fig. 4. A crowned Victor.
At the chariot-races the victor not only jreceived a palm-twig, wreath orcrown, but also medals were stamped in his honour; and eu'ii the heads of his horfes were adorned with palm-twigs as the ancient Medal (Fig. 4.) shows.
Ad99998 04 052a/engPlants. LXXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 50.
REMARKABLE COMMERCIAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Caoutchou. (Hevea guianensis.)
J he Caoutchou is the ramarkable tree that provides us with the elaftick gum or Indiarubber as it is generally called, which in the year 1736 was first brought to Europe by the famous traveller de la Condamine, It grows in South-America and constitutes a particular genus of plants. Its trunk grows above 60 feet high and about three feef. in circumference, Its leaves are threelobed and grow on long stalks upon the end of the branches, and the little yeilowish flowers appear in cluftres belween the stalks. The fruit consists of a large and very hard feecl-café of three cells (Fig. b.) every one of which contains two or three grey grains of feed. (Fig. c.) When the bark of the trunk is fût, a railkwhite juice cornes for'. h, which after its fluid is evaporated in the air, con ‘enfes inîoa totigh refin and yields the elaftick garn that at first vie. v appears to be brown lealher, and which, be it ever so much protraclecl or extended, imrnediately contracts again. With this gum which at first is irery fort and in consequence eafily takes any form, the Americans cover little eaïthen flâtks, and after having dried the covering at the fire, they brealk the earthen mould within, and fhake the pièces out of the neck of the flafk; hence we generally receive the elaftick gum in the form of little flafks.
Fig. 2. The Egyptian Mimosa. (Mimosa nilotica.)
The Egyptictn Mimosa or Acacia is the tree that fupplies us with the well known Arabian Gum. ït grows wild in the arid parts of Arabia, Egvpt and Africa. The tree attains a conl'idérable height; its tender pennated leaves are formée! like those of the Acacia (Fig. a.); its flowers are y'ellow and round like a bail (Fig. b), and the long, brown, and indented hufk conîains the oval feeds or beans. The Arabian Gum issues hère and there from the bark and forms itself on the outfide cruft into pièces of the size of a Walnut, like the gum on our cherry-trees. Its colour is white, yellow, or broAvn; it diffolves very eafily in Water and cornes from the Levant to Europe. It is ufed in Medicine as well as in painting and filk-manufactures, and constitutes therefore a very ufeful corn mercial article.
Ad99998 04 053a/engBirds. LVIII. Vol. IV. No. 51.
REMARKABLE BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Royal Tody. (Todus regius.)
This beautiful bird is an inhabitant of SouthAmerica. It is remarkable for its uncommonly flat bill whence its German name is derived. This bird feecls feemingly upon insects, but its manner of living is little known. It is about 7 inches long.
Fig. 2. The Largebilled Tody. (Todus macrorhynchus.)
This kind is larger than the former and. measures 8 inches. It is also met with in South-America. Its plumage is of a fhining black and red, and the white feathers which hang over its wings, give it a beautiful appearance. beautiful european birds. It builds its rieft on the higli banks of large rivers and migrâtes in little flocks of 10 or 12 as far as the frontiers of northern Germany. Its flesh is very' well tasted.
Fig. 3. The common Bee-eater. (Merops apiaster.)
lives in Europe ând occurs even in Germany. It is about 12 inches long and on account of its lively colours one of the most
Fig. 4. The Nubian Bee-eater. (Merops Nubicus.)
This kind is still handfomer than the above mentioned but a little less in size. Its native countries are Egypt and Nubia.
Fig. 5. The Cayenne Bee-eater. (Merops Cayennensis.)
This bird is found in South America especially in Cayenne. Its principal colour is a dirty green, iti>‘ tail and quillfeathers are of a reddish yellow. The Bee-eaters belong on account of their plumage to the class of the finelt birds. Flg. 6. They inhabit the warm régions of ail parts of the world. They live commonly upon bées and. wafps whence they are called Bee-eaters.
‘ tail and quillfeathers are of a reddish yellow. The Bee-eaters belong on account of their plumage to the class of the finelt birds. Flg. 6. They inhabit the warm régions of ail parts of the world. They live commonly upon bées and. wafps whence they are called Bee-eaters.
Fig. 6. The Caddaejr or green Bee-eater. (Merops viridis.)
This beautiful bird lives in the East-Indies and is the Imalleft of the Beé-eaters. Its throat and belly are green marked with yellow spots, its back and tail are brown. The two middle feathers of the tail are longer than the reft but very narrow.
Ad99998 04 054a/engFish. XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 52.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MACKARELS.
i he Mackarels belong to the dais of the beft eating and most délicate fish. Their size is vevy différent, but they ail inhabit only the warm feas.
Fig. 1. The Royal Mackarel. (Scomber regalis.)
This beautiful fish is feveral feet Ions:. The colour on its back is of a dark purple but on the si de s and belly it fhines like fil ver, which with the black eyes and the bright yellow ring about them gives the fish a very handfome appearance. The fishermen reckon it for a good booty.
Fig. 2. The Breastscale. (Scomber Sarda.)
This kind is less in size but as well tasted as the former. Its back which is of a lighthlue Colour, is ornamented with a great number of dark brown Ipots which bear the form of the crefeent and give the fish a beautiful appearanc e.
Fig. 3. The Pilot. (Scomber ductor.)
Is of a larger size than the above mentioned kind. It has a thick bluntish head which like the whole body has a dark blue colour. Its fins are blue and yellow. On the sides two rows of yellow scales run in a regulär feries.
Fig. 4. Plumier ‘s Mackarel. (Scomber Plumierii.)
The famous Naturalift Plumier discovered first this kind of Mackarels in the Eaft-Indian Seas whence it dérives its name. It is of the whole tribe the smallelt in size but very prettily pencilled. Its back is dark afh-blue and three bands of the famé colour run acroJ's its body.
Ad99998 04 055a/engPlants LXXXV. Vol. IV. No. 53.
MEDICINAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Manna-Ash. (Fraxinus ornus.)
The Manna, a known gentle purgative, is the concreted juice of an afh-tree which is called the Manna-afli. It grows wild in the southern parts of Germany but its proper native countries are Naples, Calabria, and Sicilia. It is a low tree and very seldom exceeds the height of 16 or ï8 feet. Its leaves are white; its blossoms grow in bunches and have a very fweet Imell, In order to gather the Manna horizontal incisions are made in the barsc of the tree from which the juice oozes the whole summer through into hollow leaves which for that purpofe are tied on the branches and where it hardens and dries. In Calabria and Sicilia it constitutes a considerable commercial article to the King who lias the Monopoly and for whom alone it is. gathered. The fmèll as well as the tafte of the Manna is difagreeably fweet.
Fig. 2. The Sarsaparilla. (Smilax Sassaparilla.)
The Sarsaparilla is a weak and feeble bush which grows in the marshy countries of South-America either creeping on the grouncl or winding itself round the trees. Its stalks are befet with small prickles; its leaves are oval, pointed, and deeply indented; its blossoms are white (Fig. c.) it bears dark red brown berries which grow in bunches (Fig. b.) but are not to be eaten. Its root who le phyfical virtue is known, is a knot (Fig. a.) ab ont an inch thick which divides itself into long fibrous branches under the surface of the ground. It is the only ufe. « ful part of the whole plant; it is digged out, anddried, and constitutes a pretty dear article of commerce.
Ad99998 04 056a/engAntiquities. IX. Vol. IV. No. 54.
CROWNS OF THE ANCIENTS.
The Greeks and Romans used différent kinds ûfO. rowns 10 reward thoie who gained a victory or rendered aiïotHér important fervice to their country. Every kind of these crowns or publick marks of honour bad its peculiar form and its particular materials of which it was m ade.
Fig. 1. et 2. The Beam-Crown.
The Ream Crown was of gold. It was omamented with nprigbt fianding rays of gold which denoted the beams of the l'un or the deifying of any great man. The Generalg wbo returned in tiiumph from a noted victory or a gained conquest, were crowned with it at their entrance in Rome. Sometimes they wore it npon their beim et of Iteel which generally was decorated with a golden griffin.
Fig. 3. et 4. The Laurel-Crown.
This Crowrn was a wreath of Laurel which the victorious Generals in their triumph wore either on their head or round their belmet. The Laureate-Crown was the gênerai lïgn of victory, and the victors in the publick games, the wreftlers andraeers, as well as the poets and ârtifts who gained the prize, "were crowned writh it.
Fig. 5. The Citizen-Crown.
was a wreath of oak leaves and properly the bigheft military reward or mark of honour which a Roman citizen could receive for faving the life of a fellow citizen, or rendering a great i'ervice, when the common welfare was in danger.
Fig. 6. The Siege-Crown.
was given to a warrior who bf his personal valeur clelivered a befieged town from the ennemy. It consisted of Grass and Grass-llowers wdiieh generally were taken from the walls of the delivered town.
Fig. 7. The Wall-Crown.
This Crown was of gold, embellished with little pinnacles. It was beftowed upon the warrior who in an affault got iïrst upon the wall of the befieged towrn. To the famé purpofe served
Fig. 8. The Camp-Crown.
which was also of gold but omamented with palillados. It was given to the warrior who first broke through the intrenchments of an ennerny's camp.
Fig. 9. The Vessel Crown.
was of Gold. Its ornament consisted of roftrums with iron points. It was the reward of an Admiral that returned victorions from a sea-battle.
Ad99998 04 057a/engMiscellanies. XLI. Vol. IV. No. 55.
TELEGRAPHS.
The Telegraph is a machinery which is ufed at present especially in military bufiness and warlike undertakings, to* give a certain and fpeedy notice to a great diftance.
The art whicli is called Telegraphy, is ancient, but the contrivance o£ the present machine is nevv, and invented by the French, who particularly in the last war employed it with the greatest advantage. The fïrst Telegraph was erected at the Louvre in Paris; the fécond at Lisle in Flandres, and immediately proper correspondance was carried on.
Fig. 1. The Telegraph of the Louvre in Paris.
This figure represents the outfide view of the Telegraph. Through the ceiling of a small room whofe fide-walls consist ail around of Windows, paffes a strong pole, on the top of which the machine is erected and managed with cords, or strings. The Telegraph itself consists of a board or rather frame about 9 or 12 feet long and 14 inches broad. On the two ends of it two other boards of the fnme breadth b, ut only Hals as long are joined. The whole machine is linked together with hinges and provided with cords, by which the variousparts aremoved, and the différent angles and other figures produced which in Telegraphy are adopted for Letters or the lignification of words. Better shews
Fig. 2. The Telegraph of Lisle.
the interiour mechanism and contrivance along with the obfervatory. Upon the roof stands an Officer who with a good Télescope obferves the next Telegraph in motion. This officer dictâtes to a Secretary that fits under him ail his obfervations from word to word. When the report is finished the Secretary dictâtes to the Machinist who manages the Telegraph, every motion and figure which is neceffary, and in this manner a received report is inflau tly dêïiveyed to the next Telegraph.
Ad99998 04 058a/engBirds. LIX. Vol. IV. No. 56.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MARSH-BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Chesnut jacana, or spurwinged Water-hen. (Parra jacana.)
This bird inhabits the marshy grounds of di-America e;;pc. ciaily the fhores of ri. vers and Jakes. It-il about 10 or 12 feet long and of adarkbrown or ebeiJlBtCoîom'j en aocount of two little liuirns or fpurs which grow on ii;p [ffoïîd joint of its w'mgs, it is called fpurwinged. Iti extraordinarily long toes enable il to march over the fens and 18 feek for aequatick worms an si isfecti which it lives upon. Ils flesh il very well lasted.
Fig. 2. The Spotted jacana. (Parra variabilis.)
This kind il geuerally moi with in Brafil, Gl iana, an'! St. Domingo« It il variegated and heauîifully pencilled. Its size is less to that of the chernut jacana; water worms and insects are its food. –
Fig. 3. The Afrikan jacana. (Parra africana.)
Lives only in Africa; itis abont the size of the meniioned kiiïd. , and of a light cinnamon colour. Its extremely long toes, quite unsuitable to the elegant shape of its body, give it a peculiar appearance.
Fig. 4. The Land-rail. (Rallus crex.)
The Land-rail which sometimes is called the Land-hen or Daker-hen, is indigenous to Germany but also fournd over Europe, Asia, and North-America. It resembles the Quail in figure and colour but is much superiour in size. This bird has often been taken to be the leader of the quails on their migrations and therefore in some parts also called the King of quails, but this opinion is erroneous as it belongs immediately to the tribe of the rails. It is found on marshy meadows and corn-fields; and lives upon worms and grass-hoppers. It does not fly well, but runs the better and in summer it is heard from evening to night. Its flesh tastes well.
Fig. 5. The Philipine Rail. (Rallus Philippensis.)
Is found on the Philipine-Islands It is larger in size tilan the Land-rail and bcanii fully pencilled. It lives upon the famé food with other marfh-birds and its méat is reckoned extreniely good.
Fig. 6. The white Sheath-bird. (Vaginalis alba.)
The Slieath -bird equals the size of a pigeon. It is white and conftitûtes a particulir tribe among the marfh-birds. Iti lliick bil] is covered with a fheaih which up to the > is füll of litt le warts. Et abonnai on the coasts of New-Zealand and îhe islauds or the fouth-fea. Its food coilfiîf(8 of camion and fhellfishs; its flesh is not to be eaten.
Ad99998 04 059a/engPlants. LXXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 57.
POISONOUS PLANTS.
e quelques mi. onrprêe, ou 1 la vérité l'omtel'e n'en est pas se garder d'elle e chez nous, fréquemment iw Lontueuîes etprifl101. BW/«» îds pofttïi» 5 campasi!« at affo e ses feuilles v«a tue hommes'mains c'est aussi m»
Fig. 1. The Common Laurel or Cherry-bay. (Prunus laurocerasus.)
JL he common Laurel is a very large bufh of c or 6 feet high; its leaves are handfome, evergreen, and gloffy like those of the baytree; the flowers are white and ocloriferous; its dark blue cherry like fruit grows in clufters. It is frequently found on the fhores of the black-fea, but thrives alto in open air in the milder climate of thefouthernGermany. The fruit which, as may be obferved in (Fig. a.) contains a stone, is not eatable. The flowers and leaves have an agreeable tafte like that of a bitter almond, but are poifonous and a few drops of the oil or water diftilled from them, arefuffîcientto kill a man or an animal in a few minutes.
Fig. 2. The purple Fox-Glove or bell flower. (Digitalis purpurea.)
The pur pie fox-glove is an ornament ot our gardens but being a poifonous plant; \ve ought to be the more upon our guard against it as is indigenous to Germany and abundantly found in hilly countries and woods as well as on rocks. The stalk of the plant is very strong; it grows about 3' or 4 feet high, and bears a quantity of finebell-flowers. Its fmell occafions stupefaction and the feeds as well as the juice of the flowers and green leaves areafharp and mortiferous poifon to men and animals; but in the hand of a fkillful phyfician and ufed with proper précaution, they afford a strongly cperating medicine.
Ad99998 04 060a/engMiscellanies. XLI. Vol. IV. No. 58.
GLACIERS OF THE ALPS.
The lake of ice on the Mount Montanvert.
The Alps of Switzerland are the higheft élévation in the ancient world and contain the famous Mon:blanc which is the higheft point of the globe in Europe, Asia and Africa, and vvhofe élévation is only surpassed by the immen se Chimboraço in South-America.
These Alps offer to our view on account of their particular situation the greatest beauties and most curions subjects in natural hiftory; they contain mountains which rear their lofty heads, overspread with ice, above the fkies. - Between these Mountains lakes, immenfe rocks, bottomless abyffes, Valleys and fields of ice varv with fources which J fwell to great rivers, and rivulets which falling down from the higheft rocks are diffolved into duft and difappear in the air; whilft v, :i!ies covered with verdure, fertile paftures and other won dors of natura border the great chain of these mountains.
One of the most remarkable objects of the alps are the Glaciers.
Glaciers are called the immenfe Valleys of ice which rest between the points of rocks; or those fields of ice which lay on the higheft mountains.
One of the greatest and most remarkable glaciers is the lake of ice on the foot or Montanvert. It is a long valley quite filled up with ice; it may be overlooked from the height where the little hut is represented, and resembles a lake instantaneously frozen not i:x the midst of a violent storm but after the wind had ceafed and the waves loft their roughness. These waves ofice are interfectedby numerous large and deep transverse crevices, whofe infides look Mue and which are very dangerous to paffengers.
On each side of these pointed rocks lesser glaciers rest and in the hind part of the picture we perceive the great Jurassis, which is one of the loftieft mountains of the alps and çntirely covered with fnow.
The mountain itself on which in the fore part of the picture the society is represented is a very fertile alp which borders these tremendous ice-rocks.
Ad99998 04 061a/engMiscellanies. XLII. Vol. IV. No. 59.
GLACIERS OF THE ALPS.
The Valley of Chamouny.
The Valley of Chamouny is the most beautiful and most remarkable Valley not only in the Alps of Switzerland but perhaps in the whole World; for hère are to be found some of the mostfublime exhibitions of nature in her most awful and tremendous form interfected with so many romantick and picturesque scenes, that one is struck with amazement at first perceiving them. Having the form of a cradle and the bending of a bow it is almost seven hours long. It is incompaffed by Itupendous mountains and rugged rocks whofe heads touch heaven and whofe narrow valleys filled up with glaciers, exhibit the most delightful landscape that can be conceived. At some diftance Mont-Blanc, the higheft mount in ihe ancient world, whofe fummits and sides are covered to a considerable depth with eternal ice and snow, elevates its head above the clouds; as we fhall better fee in the next picture.
The superb glaciers which are perceived between the fummits and sides of the granitrocks, generally proceed from the Lake of ice described in the former picture. Under these maffes of ice numerous fources and rivulets rife which rival the brightness of criftal; even the river. Arveiron which waters the whole valley, il'fues like a filver-ftream from an ice grotto of a Glacier.
Very often a thunder-like noife is heard in the valley which is produced by the fragments of ice falling down from the tops of these Glaciers. The ice though in some parts about 100 feet deep, continually thaws at the bottom and hence the quantity of water proceeds which inceffantly pouring forth gives rife to many large rivers. The furface of the ice is not frnooth nor very fiippery, but rather rough and therefore easy to be passed.
Ad99998 04 062a/engMiscellanies. XLIII. Vol. IV. No. 60.
MOUNTAINS COVERED WITH SNOW.
View of Mont-Blanc.
In all the parts of the World the summits of high mountains are to a certain depth of the Atmofphere which ia called the Snoiv-Une, fo. x ever clolhed vvith a mantle of fnow; yet this etevnal fnow melting continually at the bottom by thé natural heat of the earth, forms many fources, Jo that these peaks and ridges of ice and fnow by the wife contrivance of nature feem to be ihe refervers of water, from which lovera] large rivers issue.
One of the largest and most diverging Inow-ridges are the alps of Switzerland and especially the Mont-Blanc, which is the higheft mountain in the ancient world, and whofe profpect is represented in the annexed picture. The little agreeable Valley from which we fee the mountain, liôs near the village Chede and the little limpid lake in the forepirt of the picture is called-the Lake of chede. Ail «iround and quite clofe to this immensc fnow peak, green and rieh paftures are perceived, and the climat« is io warm and mild in this little valley that fruit and even grapes grow and ripen in it.
Mont-Blanc or the white Mountain conHft. s of feve'ral pointed peaks, small vallevs and rocks which muft be croffed, before one arrives at it« bigheft point. The foot of Mont-Blanc extends to the valley of Chamouni which we have seen in the last picture and from which to the funimit of the mountain 18 hours are reckoned.
Till the year 1775 the fummit was deemed inaccefl'ible; the danger of fallin g into the immenfe chasms and abyffes or of perishing for want of strcngth and the fear to be deprived of breath in this formidable height, kept the boldeft from attempting the afeent; onlyin the year 1775 lèverai attempts were made by the fuggestion of the famous naturalist M. de Sauffure; but many failed tili at lait Dr. Paccard, phyfî. ciari of Chamouny fucceeded on the 8 of August 1786; after him M. de Sauffure and many others reached the fummit, from which the loftieft alps appear like hillocks.
Ad99998 04 063a/engAntiquities. X. Vol. IV. No. 61.
MUSICAL INSTIRUMETS OF THE ANCIENTS. Pipes, Sistrums and Cymbals.
The ancient Greeks and Romans had, as well as we, différent kinds of mufical Instruments which consisted partly of string-instruments, as Lyre?, Guitars, Pfalteries, partly of wind-instruments as Pipes, Flûtes, and Horns. The first served to accoinpany their tunes and longs at the divine iervice and facrifices; thc latter to which also Siftrums and Cymbals were added, were ufed in the feftival procefficns of Bacchus and Cybele, or with other warlike musick at the folemn publick entries of the triumphers. Tn the annexe! picture we are made acquainted with the différent pipes, fiftrums, and cvmbals.
Fig. 1. 2. 3. Sistrums, Tabors and Bells.
Fig. 1. A ring of iron-plate with feveral incitions, in which little round brass-plates were suspended and continually shaken.
Fig. 2. A brass-ring on which fix-or more bells of harmonical tones were fastened in fuch a manner thaï they coüld ca. sily turn round. They were commonly ufed by the~daneers who moved them regularly according to the tune of their dance.
Fig. 3. An iron-ring like Fig. 1. on its outfide füll of little brass-bells and covered on one fide with parchement. These were also ufed by the dancers who beat and fbook them according to the time of their musick.
Fig. 4. Cymbals.
They were made of brass and likewife ufed by the dancers who beat them one against the other.
Fig. 11. The Sistrum
was of an oval form or a dilated femi-circle with brass-wires accross, which played in their holes.
Fig. 12. The Triangle and
Fig. 13. The great Cymbal.
both these instruments were beaten with drumfticks"
Fig. 10. The Sambucca
was properly a Hals triangle strung with fii'ings iike a havp or pfaltery.
Fig. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Simple and compounded pipes.
Fig. 5. The simple pipe.
Fig. 6. The double pipe.
Fig. 7. The crooked pipe.
Fig. 8. The double flute on which sometimes a hörn was put to strenghten and deepen its tone.
Fig. 9. The Pan's-Pipe or Syrinx. This pipe consisted of seven reeds of différent length tieft in one row. The player pafled with his lips over th# upper opening» or holes, Many of these instruments are still used.
Ad99998 04 064a/engAntiquities XI. Vol. IV. No. 62.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE ANCIENTS. Lyres and Guitars or Lutes.
The present picture shews us the Lyres and Guitars or Lutes of the Ancient Greeks and Romans in différent îorms. The Lyre is perhap. s the most ancient Infirument known. The tune of its invention is beyond the reach of hiftory.
The shell of a turtle or the scull of an animal into which a pair of ox-or goat-horns or a couple of tree-branches were stuck, a pièce of wood fastened accross thèse horns and stringed with gut or wire-ftrings, were perhaps the firlt ingrédients of the Lyre, which afterwards by art has been so much embelliihed with gilding and other decorations.
Thus the différent forais of the Lyre represented in Fig. 1. 3. 4. 5. J. 8» and 10 took their rife.
In later times the Guitar, represented in Fig. 2, 6, and 9, proceeded from the Lyre and soon became a more finished instrument; it was provided with pegs and a belly and commonly stringed with seven harmonious strings. Its tone therefore was stronger and more melodious than that of the Lyre.
The Greeks and Romans ufed the Lyre with the odes art their facrifices, banquets and feafts, or whenever one of their poets and bards fung a hymn or fong in publick, and hence that part of poetry which contains airs, or single stanzas, is still callcld Lyrick Poetry.
Ad99998 04 065a/engPlants. LXXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 63.
EXOTICK PLANTS.
The tuberous Cyperns. (Cyperus esculentus.)
This plant is become remarkable in Gevmany fince its small tuberous root has been recommended and ufed in ihe room of coffee. It belongs to the grass gender and is also sometimes called: Cyperus-Grass. It is a native of the Orient especially of the Levant and Egyptt where is grows wild.
Fig. 1. shews this plant in its natural size, when Hals grown, and resembling to a common grass-fhrub. Its copious capillaceous roots are füll of little white knots which, when full grown, become those knobs (Fig. a et b) that commonly are called the luberous cypemsoxsometimes Earth-Almonds.
In Fig. 2. the plant appears in its full growth with the tuberons roots which are taken ont of ground like potatoes. The knobs are commonly covered with 5 rows of scales or rather hufks which lie one upon anolher like tiles, as may be seen in Fig. a. et b. where they are represented in their natural size.
They have an agréable taste very much like almonds and are eaten either raw or roafted. In Italy a very good beverage and différent dishes are prepared from them. When roafted like coffee they afford a beverage fimilar to coffee. Hence they not only have been recommended and made ufe of in the room of coffee but the plant is also frequently cultivated and begins to constitute an article of trade.
Ad99998 04 066a/engInsects. XXVII. Vol. IV. No. 64.
INSECTS OF CHINA.
Almost all the natural products of China, as flowers, birds, fish, insects have generally very bright and lively colours, as we have i'een in many o£ the foregoing pictures. The différent species of insects represented in the present picture give us another proof of it.
Fig. 1. The Spotted Locust. (Grillus morbillosus.)
This locust is ahout 2l inches long and oi very gay colours. Its-breaft is red; the wing-cafés are of a dark-green blue, and the underwings of a beautiful red, adorned with black spots. The body is black crofl'ed by red and yellow stripes. The legs are yellovv. It is represented flying.
Fig. 2. The Striped Buprestis. (Buprestis vittata.)
The Buprestis (the burn cow or burst cow)
has certainly amoug the insects the most beautiful colours as may appear from the present figure. It is variegated with yellow, blue, and orange-Stripes and the colours are extremely lively and glittering.
Fig. 3. The ocellated Buprestis. (Buprestis occellata.)
This kind exceeds the former in beauty, for its wing being cafés ornamented with blue, yellow and red eyes and shields. The Chinel'e ufe the wing-cafés of this as well as of the former kind for embroideries and other ornaments of dress and fumiture.
Fig. 4. The China-beetle. (Scarabaeus Chinensis.)
The China beetle resembles entirely the European except its glittering emerald-colour. Its legs are yellow.
Fig. 5. The Spotted Spider. (Aranea maculata.)
This spider is by far not so hideous as our common spider. It has a fil very grey breast under which its head (Fig. a.) is generally hidden. The body is oval and flender and its colour a beautiful yellow and red. Its extended legs are very osten 3 or 4 feet Iong.
Fig. 6. The China Peranthus. (Papilio Eques Peranthus.)
This beautiful butterfly belongs to the Day-butterflies or papillons of China and on acebunt of its pointée! underwings to the equestrian kind (Equités). It is even in China scarce and hence a true ornament of the collections of insects.
Ad99998 04 067a/engBirds. LXV. Vol. IV. No. 65.
SCARCE GERMAN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The long legged plover. (Charadrius himantopus.)
This rare bird belongs to the tribe of the marfh-birds, and especially to the kind of the plovers. Its size may be compared to that of the golden or green plover. Its long, extraordinarily thin and nimbleî; legs give it a peculiar appearance. The back is of a fhining black; the quill -feathers are brown, edged with white; head, neck and breast are white. It occurs on the sides of the Danube and other large rivers, but is also sometimes met with as a bird of passage. It runs and flies with uncommon fwiftness and fubfifts chiefly on Water-infects.
Fig. 2. The Avoset. (Recurvirostra avosetta.)
This bird is also called the sco per; It belongs on account of the form of its bill to the crooked bills of the marfh-birds; It equals in regard to its size and legs the long legged plover but its body is much thicker and its feet are provided with a fwim-membrane like the feet of a duck. Its colour consists of grey, white and black. It lives in Europe and Asia but is very fréquent, especially in fummer upon the fwedish Island Orland, on the coasts of the Baltic, and in Denmark. It is a bird of passage. that migrâtes with the beginning of winter to warmer régions. Its flesh is eatable.
Fig. 3. The Small Bittern or Bittour. (Ardea stellaris.)
The fmali Bittern is a folitary but beautiful marfh-bird, which lives in the most fequestered reed-banks, and never cornes forth in day-time. In regard to its size it is superiour to the thrufh; its fhape is that of the common Bittern. Its colour is of a tawny caft mixed with black. It lives on small fïfhes, waterfnails and frogs, and is also a bird of passage.
Fig. 4. The Rose-coloured Thrush. (Turdus rossus.)
This beautiful bird occurs in Europe as well as in Asia, but is by far not so fréquent in Germany as it is in Sweden, Lapland, and Switzerland. It is a bird of passage and cornes especially in July atid August in large flocks into Turkey and Syria, where it sinds a plentiful fubfifreuce from the locufts, whence in those countries it is still considered as a holy bird. It is also called the field-thrufh from its refiding frequently in the fields or on the dunghills where it feeds on insects. It generally grows to the size of a starling. The body is Rose-coloured but its head, throat, wings and tail are of a dark-blue glittering green. Its head is adorned with a beautiful fhining Greft. It is not easily to be tamed.
Ad99998 04 068a/engFlowers. Vol. IV. No. 66.
FLOWERS OF CHINA.
The Hydrangea. (Hydrangea hortensis.)
The native country of this exquisite and beautiful flower is China and Japan where it was difeovered as an ornamental plant by some Englishmen who first brought it to England; it was introduced some years ago into our gardens where it still lias the first rank among the flowers of fashion. It Avas first called Hortenfia but is now generally named by Botanists Hydrangea.
Its bush commonly attains the height of 12 or 16 inches and is provided with superb dark-green oval leaves cuspi dated on both their ends. Its large flower-bundles which very osten have 6 or g inches in diameter partake very much of the form of a double guelderRose and give it a most beautiful aspect.
These bundles which appear in May and June, are at first of a yellow green caft, but soon change into the fineft Rose colour, and become of a pale violet before they entirely fade. They last about two months. Their size, beauty and fplendour charm the eye, but they are deftitute of ail fragrancy. The Hydrangea, tho' not of a very tender nature, only thrives in Germany in hot houfes or at leaft in luch rooms, where no frost can penetrate.
Ad99998 04 069a/engAntiquities. XII. Vol. IV. No. 67.
MASKS OF THE ANCIENTS.
The Masks of the Ancients were chiefly destined for tlieir theatrical representations which were pevformed in day time in the large Amphitheaters that very osten contained twenty th ouf and fpectators. They took their orisein from the feafts of Bacchus in the time of grape gatherirjg, when the revelling vintagers disgaiîeâ themselves, and painting their faces with the lees of red wine, performed ail forts of plays and farces.
When the Theater in later times was regulated, the artful masks were invented whose vizors or face-masks represented certain designed features; and (1) the tragick masks for the Tragedy (2) the comical masks for the Comedy and (3) the Bacchuse mask for the satyre and the pastorals were introduced.
Tragick masks are represented in Fig. 1. 2. 3. and 8.
Comical masks in fig. 7. and 10. and
Bacchus's masks in fig. 4. 5 6. and 9.
The masks of the Ancients consisted not only of a Vizor or mafk for the face, like those of our times, but of a whole complète head whofe fore and hind parts opened; they were put on like helmets and gave the players the proper features for the character they performed. These masks had generally large open mouths which like a fpeaking trumpet strengthened the aclor's natural voice and made him be understood in every corner of the large structure, that was furniihed ail around with rows of feats or benches for the convenience of the auditors.
Something like these characteriftick masks lias been preferved to cur days on the Théâtre of the Italians where the principal characters as for instance : Harlecmin, the Doctor, Tartaglia and Brighello have their proper masks and dreffes in which the actors perform their parts according to their re~ fpective characters.
Ad99998 04 070a/engInsects. XXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 68.
A BUTTERFLY OF CHINA.
The brown Atlas.
This enormous butterfly which is a native of China, belongs to the class of the moths and is superiour in magnitude to ail the kncnvn butterflies; for it equals the size of a common bat. China is not alone its native country but it is likewife met with in the hot régions of the Eaft-and Weft-Indies where in gênerai the insects are of a superiour magnitude and beauty to those in our countries. Its colour is a beautiful cinamon brown variegated with yellow, black, white and blue and of a most elegant aspect. It is principally remarkable for a triangulär spot in each of the wings which being edged with a black line consists of a thin glass-like fkin so transparent that any object, like the orange branches in our picture, may be seen as if it were through a window. Its Caterpillar which is about four inches long and as thick as a raan's finger, lives on orangetrees and spins itself into a thick coccon the web of which is ufed by the Chinese as a kind of coarfe filk for different stuffs.
Ad99998 04 071a/engRoses. V. Vol. IV. No. 69.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The Basil-Domason Rose. (Rosa damascena basilica.)
J-his beautiful flower belongs to the kind of the Domafon Roses as not only its long and oval feed-bud, but also the whole form of it proves. The bufh which is füll of fhort thorns, commonly attains the height of 3 or 4 feet, and its leaves are very fmooth and dark green. The flower is pretty large and remarkable for its colour white, being Hals red and Hals white, in gênerai is so particularly divided in the middle of the flower, that very osten one Hals appears quite white and the other quite red, though commonly the. white leaves be meddled with red. The flower is a truc ornament of our gardons and its fmell extraordinarily pleafant.
Fig. 2. The single yellow Rose. (Rosa lutea simplex.)
The bufh of the Single yellow Rose is about 4 or 6 feet high. Its wood is of a light brown ç. olour and füll of thorns. It belongs to the species of the Ëglantine Rose on account of its pleafant fmelling leaves, which are narrow, feathered and indented. Its long and flender stalks have plenty of very'pretty lemon coloured flowers, but their fmell is neither strong nor agreeable. This species is not very délicate and hence the more qualified for an ornamental plant in a garden.
Ad99998 04 072a/engBirds. LXI. Vol. IV. No. 70.
GERMAN BIRDS OF PREY.
Fig. 1. The peregrine Falcon. (Falco peregrinus.)
This Falcon resides in the rocky mountains of the Northern parts of Europe, Asia and America, but also occurs frequently in Germany, especially in Thuririgia and the Ilercynian foreft. On acconnt of its strength, boldness and docility it is very osten tvained to chai'e hairs, rabbits, and partridges. It (lies to an euorrnous height, and not feldom ahnoft out of huinan fight, continually foarnig in a circle tili it perceives its prey upon which it darts down like an arrow. It chiejly commits the greatest dévastations among the wild fowl of the woods and the field. In October it migrâtes into warmer régions and returns in the month of March whence its naine is derived. Its length, measured from head to ta il, is 22 inches. dark brown variegated vvith black. Its colonr is light and
The Kestrel.
Fig. 2. The Male. Fig. 3. The Female. (Falco tinnunculus.)
The kestrel which is also called the stonegall, the stannel or Windhover, commonly inhabits church-fteenles or otlier fèquestered towers. It is somewhat smaller in size than the peregrine falcon and only 16 inches long. It belongs, especially the maie, to the prêttieft kinds of falcons. Its colour is a kind of blue grey which is variegated with yellow, brown and black, in a m oft elegant mamier; the seinale is of a pale yeîlow colour, mixed with darkbrown and black. It is very fréquent in Germany and preys on pigeons, ail kinds of small birds, field-mice, quails, pr^-tridges and young hairs. This falcon is the terror of the small finging birds and the lark tumbles from the air like doad when it perceives the keftrel. It is rnuch purfued, by the hunters for its being so nuxious to the chafe of small garne.
Fig. 4. The Kite. (Falco milvus.)
The size of the kite is nearly îhat of the peregrine falcon. Its colour coufifts of yellow, a ferruginous brown and black. Its tail is forked whence its german name is derived. This ravenous bird is very frequeul in Germany and lives commonly about -the villages where it very osten comrnts liavock among the poultry, continually preying on hens, geefe and ducks. It feeds also sometirnes on Carrion. It is of so coward and timorous a nature that fparrovv-hawks and even ravens force it very osten to let go its prey.
Fig. 5. The Goshawk. (Falco palumbarius.)
The Croshawk is met vvith in Europe and Asia. It is very bold and intrepkl and. preys generally on wild and tarne fowl. It is of an untractable nature and very feldom brought, to any degree of tameness. It builds its nest on lofty trees, and pigeons are its favourite food. When t'. vo Years old it changes its plumage and becomes of a nuthrown colour, whence.
Fig. 6. The poultey falcon (Falco gallinarius.)
which was thought to be another species, is but. a Goshawk two. years old, RosembÜMg the above mentioned in size and figure, and only differing from it in regard to its feathérs and colour.
Ad99998 04 073a/engBirds. LXII. Vol. IV. No. 71.
PIGEONS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Fig. 1. The Crimson-Pigeon. (Columba rosea.)
J-he beautiful crimfon-pigeon is certainly one of the fineft birds that ever was brought to Europe from the Indies. It is a domeftical fowl which in ils size equals our pigeons. Its plumage is of a fhining crimfon, changing in lèverai places into a beautiful Rose-colour. The crown of the head, the throat, the orbits of the eyes, and the tips of the upper wing-feathers are white; tail and quill-feathers are brown. The Eaft-Indians keep this beautiful pigeon frequently in their poultryyards.
Fig. 2. The golden-wing pigeon. (Columba chalcoptera.)
This pretty bird which is about the size ef a common wood-culver lives in a favage Itate in New-Holland. The prevailing colour of its feathers is a pale-silvery grey, but the wings are of an extraordinary bright eaft, and feem to be covered with gold yielding a par. ticular luftre of red, yellow andgreen; whence thenam is derived.
Fig. 3. The Azure-crown pigeon. (Columba coronata.)
The crown-pigeon which inhabits the Molucca-and other Ealt-Indiari islands, is a very giant among thejpigeons, approaching very near the size of a turkey. The colour of its feathers is an azuré grey varied with purpie fhades. Its head is embellished with a crown of the famé colour, which gives the bird a beautiful appearance. It builds its nest 011 trees and \s but feldom brought to any degree oftamenes. In Germany it occurs sometimes in the collections of animals (Ménageries)
, It lives like other pigeons on grains especiaily upon ri ce.
Ad99998 04 074a/engInsects. XXIX. Vol. IV. No. 72.
BUTTERFLIES OF SURINAM.
Fig. 1. et 2. The brown Page.
The two butterflies of Surinam, which are represented in the annexed picture, are in size and beauty by far superiour to those of Europe. That of N. 1. , generally called the brown Page, is certainly a most beautifully pencilled butterfly; its back (Fig. 1.) is of an elegant ferruginous brown, varied with lighthrownbands; its lovver wings are edged with a yellow border. A large yellow spot in the form of an eye adorns the upperwings and two like spots, edged with white borders decorate the undef ones. Its lower parts (Fig. 2.)
exceed the back in beauty, being variegated with white, yellow, red and brown and interlaced with transverse stripes or veins of black. The lower wings are beautifully eyespotted.
Fig. 2. et 3. The blue Adonis.
The blue Adonis is still handfomer than the preceding species and is certainly one of the fineft butterflies of Surinam. Its upper side (Fig. 3.) is of a fky-blue caft. The extremities of the four wings are black and the upperwings marked by white spots; but the lower paits are so variegated and mottled with a peculiar pcarl-grey, with red, yellow, brown and black that it hardly be poffib le to fee an infect of a more elegant aspect.
Both these butterflies are natives of Surinam; they live upon the juice vhkh they, by means of their fpiral fnout fuck of plants and flowers.
Ad99998 04 075a/engFish. XXXV. Vol. IV. No. 73.
GERMAN RIVER FISH.
Fig. 1. The River-trout. (Salmo Schiffermülleri.)
The silver trout is ore of the most remarkable German river-fish. It inhabits not only the large rivers and lakes of Germany and Switzerland, but also occurs in the Baltic, and is consequently not only a river but also a fea-fish. It grows to a large size meafuring three feet in length and vveighing from fix to ten pouhds. Belonging to the class of trouts its flesh is very tender and well tasted. It is a fish of prey and lives upon frogs and small fish.
Fig. 2. The blue trout. (Salmo Wartmanni.)
The blue trout is found in the lakes of South-Germany especially in that of Confiance where it affords great profit to the fishermen. Its nanie is derived from its colour which becomes of a green-blue caft wheiï the fish attains the seventh year of âge. Belonging to the Class of trouts its flesh is of an excellent tafie. It measures about a foot and a Hals. From May to October an enormous quantity is caught in the lake of Confiance, where it is either eaten frefh or marinated in barrels iike the lampreys and exported into other countxies.
Fig. 3. The Umble. (Salmo umbla.)
The Umble is allô of the Trout-Kind. It never surpasses the length of [J foot and is reckoned an excellent eating. It principally abounds in the lake of Geneva; The immenfe quantities caught in this lake are for the greatest part exported to France. Its flesh becomes of a reddish colour, whenboiled, like that of the Salmon-trout to which it is nearly allied.
Fig. 4. The great Maraena. (Salmo Maraena.)
The great Maraena which attains a length of 3 or 4 feet muft also be ranged in the class of the trouts. It is not only common to the lakes of the Northern parts of Germany especially of Pomerania, but also to those of Switzerland and Italy. It only feeds on worms and insects and generally lives at the bottom of the water. The flesh is reckoned extremely good.
Fig. 5. The little Maraena. (Salmo Maraenula.)
The length of this little delicious fish is only about fix or seven inches, its weight never exceeding two or three ounces. It is met with in différent lakes of Germany especially inPruffia, Poland and Silesia where it is very common, fn Winter it is frequentljr caught under the ice.
Ad99998 04 076a/engRoses. VI. Vol. IV. No. 74.
ROSES.
The ever-blowing Rose. (Rosa semperflorens.)
The native country of this fweet kind of Roses is China, from whence it was brought to Englandbat fewyears ago. Being therefore not yet accuftomed to our much rougher climate it cannot support the winter in open air, and onlv thrives in pots, vvhen carefully kept in rooms or hot houfes. The bufh never exceeds the height of two or three feet. Stalks and leaves are very tender, and the branches füll with little red thorns. The threelobed leaves very osten are not pennated. The dark coloured species is almost quite fingle, but the pale or light coloured is a fine double flovver. The flower-leaves of the first fort are crifp and of a dark rubin-colour, but those of the pale kind are fmooth and of a pale pink-colour. Both species are of a différent but very fweet and aromatick fmell. This fine flower continues blowing, winter and fummer, whence its name is derived. It also bears fruit sometimes.
Ad99998 04 077a/engAntiquities. XIII. Vol. IV. No. 75.
NAUMACHIA OF THE ANCIENTS.
Naumachia of the ancient Romans was a great magnificent building in the form ofau Amphithéâtre and very much like a Circus. The large open place encompaffed by the building, was si lied with water at plea^ure, and formed a little lake upon which naval combats orfeafightswere exbibited. The boats ufed in these combats had either one row of Gars, as in (Fig. 2,), or two as, in (Fig. 3.); sometimes they were allô provided with three rows. Criminals condemned to death, sometimes also prifoners of war were the warriors that fought for life and death in these boats, only to amufe the people who were fitting round and to whomthis terrible spectacle was sometimes given by the Emperours. The Naumachia represented in the annexed picture layon theSide of theTyber with an inletfrom that river. One may iudge of the grandeur of these buildings by that which was built in thereign of Augustus. Tt was 1800 feet long and 200 broad, and 30 boats with three rows of oars befides many other little boats had room enough for combat. As the Ancients had no fire-arms, the Cornbatants fought with fpears, pikes, and fwords, and killed one another in a molt cruel m an ner. The victors in these terrible games were not onlv fet at libertv, but also rewarded. 0 J 7
Ad99998 04 078a/engFish. XXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 76.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SCALE FISH.
Several forts'of Scale Fish have already been deferibed in our Picture-Gallery, we are hère made acquainted with some other species.
Fig. 1. The Pollack. (Gadus polachius.)
The Pollack or Whiting Pollack is found in the Baltic and the German Ocean, principally affociating in great troops on the coasts of England. It is ahout i-
Ad99998 04 079a/engInsects. XXX. Vol. IV. No. 77.
BUTTERFLIES OF SURINAM.
Fig. 1. et 2. The Eurilochus. (Papilio Eurilochus.)
No part of the world is so rich in large and fine butterflies than the European Colony of Surinam on theEaftern coaft of fouth-America. The warm and damp Climate feems to forward the increafe of these beautiful insects which amaze us so osten with their size and the beauty of their superb col ours. We fee hère the Eurilochus one of the largest Day-Eutterflies of Surinam represented ou its two sides. It measures in breadth from wing to vving more than seven inebes and about 3* inches in length. The large upperwings are brown lined with an orange border and variesated with yellowishbands and eyes. The underwings are of a fhining blacsc and also edged with an orange border which highly increafes the beauty of the butterfly. Towards the body the underwings are yellow, the yollow colour being difpofed with the utznoft accuracy in an arcuate fegment. The outfide of the wings is marbled with yelîow and brown and particularly adorned with an eye of a dark violet colour which is lined with a yellow border having a white crefeent in its middle. Though the colours of ihis butterfly be not so very brillant, yet their pleafant mixture gives the insects a peculiar charm and heauty.
Ad99998 04 080a/engBirds. LXIII. Vol. IV. No. 78.
ASIATIC BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Thibet-Peacock. (Pavo tibetanus.)
J his Peacock is met with in feveral parts of Asia but especially in Thibet. It is aboutthe size of a Pinado or Guinea-hen except the tail which is much longer. The prevailing colour of its plumage is a silvery grey with white stripes and spots. The upperwings and tail are marked by brown spots in the form of eyes, which towards light change into a bright violet and gold green colour. The upper part of the head is brown, the feet are of a yellow-grey and provided with a double fpur.
Fig. 2. The Argus or Luen. (Phasianus Argus.)
The Argus is of equal magnitude with our common peacock but the brillant tail of the latter feems to be transplanted on the wings of the Argus. The extraordinary long and large brown wing-feathers are beautifully adorned with eyes of darker colours. Head and neck are of a fhining Azuré blûe. The two middle feathers of the tail, which are much longer than the reft, are mottled with whiteStarlike spots. This beautiful ëyespotted pheafant is properly an inhabitant of China and of so délicate a nature, that it hardïy lives a few months in confinement.
Fig. 3. The Pheasant of Indostan. (Phasianus curvirostris.)
The Pheafant of Indoftan is extremely scarce and has but lately been introduced into Europe. Lady Impey was the iïrst that brou g ht some alive to England which however soon died. It approaches the size of our common pheafant. Its plumage is very agreeably variegated with azuré, red, green and yellow. The single isolated feathers upon its head give it a peculiar appearance. These feathers consist of long bare quills befet at the top with little tufts of feathers which at the diftance have the appearance of corn-ears. The habits and manner of living of this fowl are as vet but little known.
Ad99998 04 081a/engMiscell. Subj. XLIII. Vol. IV. No. 79.
AERONAUTICA.
Nothing ever occafioned so much admiration, uothing e. er excifed more the délire of imitation than the fîight of bircls. In the carlieft âges, as tradition informs us, attenants were made to rife in the air by the help of art fui wings which they tied on their arms and Je£s, and to four about at pleafure in a less heavy élément; yet ail these attempts i'ailed for want of the fuitable proportion of the wings. The question was to invent a Machine whufe weight joined with the weight of a man would be less than the weight of the atmofpere that fnrrounded them, and which in coniequence of its greater Hghtness would mount in the air. The fïrst fuccessful attempts of this kind were made in France by the Brothers Montgolfier in the Year 1-782 They made a large hollow machine of Taffeta in the form of a globe, and attenuated the air by bUrning paper and straw. By these means the globe really asceuded in the air and the long wished for invention fucceeded wiieu at last expected. Montgoifier ealârged bis globe of taffeta (Fig. 1.) he encompasscd it with a gallery, in whofe middle the l'ire hearth(c) was place 1, and the 2t of November in the year 1783 Pilaire de Rozier made the first expédition in the air. This kind of Air-Balloon, raifed by heated Air, received from its inventor the Name of Montgolfière. The fécond fort which was called the Aeroftate was contrived in the famé Year by Mr. Charles pRoseffor of Natural philofopby atParis. Ile filled aGlobe of Taffeta and of 26 feet in diameter with combuftibfe air which was prepared in little barrels (b) from iron-filings and oil of vitriol and through the large pipe conducted into the Balloon. A kind of a little boat was fastened to the globe with filk cords and the contriver afeende-d with the greatest fuccess in the air. The defeent or getting down is effected by opening a valve through which the heavier air of the atmofphere is admitted by degrees. In the Montgolfière the famé is effected by diminishing the fire. In café of some fatal accident happening to the Balloon, the Aeronaute may fave bimFels by a kind of Umbrello (ßg. 3.) which was invented by Blanchard a famous Aeronaute. It consists of a thick strong stuff extended over some hpops; the Aeronaute fits in a kind of string-bafket fastened with cords to the upper part. The air collecting und er the umbrello hinders its precipitate falling, and produces only a gentle defeent.
Ad99998 04 082a/engMiscell. Subj. XLVI. Vol. IV. No. 80.
NORTHERN CURIOSITIES.
Fig. 1. Fowling in the Orkney and other Northern islands.
An the Orkney and other rocky islands of the Arctic Pole nature has but fparingly provicied for the fuhfiftance of the inhabitants. Their principal food consists in fish, fea-fowl and their eggs. Nothing f urpaff es the boldness of fowling in this island. The bir. Imen cîimb under thoufand dangers on long pôles from cliff to cliff, or descend on ropes to enormons depths. They are also amazingly expert and dexterous in piercing into the crevices and précipices and in feizing, especially in the hatching time, the black backed gull, the âiver and the fooUfh Guillemot along with their young-ones, and eggs. If the rocks are too distant from one another, as it is the café in the island Noss represented in the annexed picture (Fig. 1.) they throvv with the utmost dexterity a rope on the oppofite rock and faftening'i a fort of wooden feat to it, they descend by the help of some cords and puileys to which fide they pleafe. Many indeed perish in this dargerons chace but cuftom and neceffity encourage the remaining to defv every danger.
Fig. 2. The Geyser and Heckla in Iceland.
In the large north on Island of Tcehnd the anima! and vegetable création offer no particular curiufities but the more striking ave the productions of the minerai création. The whole island feenis to be undermined witli fubterranean volcances which breaking out in many places form warm and hot fprings and feas, break through the eternal fnow ami fields of ice and produce every where the most striking phaenomèna; but nothing is more worth of attention than the warm fpring of the Geyser (Fig. 2.) on the southern part of the island, not far from the Volcano which is seen in the back ground. At certain timcs a dull rufhing-like that of a diftant torrent is heard under the bafon of the Geyser which is soon followed by a noife very like the firing of a canon, whereupon a thick and mighty column of hot boiling water fpouts to the height of 100 feet and more fending forth at the lame time pièces of rocks which are thrown round to a great diftance. When the fun fhines on the Geyser the rifing vapours produce a kind of rainbow which highly increacesthe beauty of this majestick spectacle.
Ad99998 04 083a/engBirds. LXIV. Vol. IV. No. 81.
REMARKABLE BIRDS.
e « sc h?a: r*F tf« cfo g * US* De f« tiowe itjié. diurne, nous es ‘e belle variété li le Iure anglaii c8 ‘ de ce Canard ei est couverte d'nne e vert et blanche. ileur jaune I cotes de la tète. rentre blanc,. laie trouvent h ir fingi plumetret sont pin« se de petites » i a apporte cette; elle eu Jî $ ! pu parvenir *
Fig. 1. The Chinese Kingsfisher. (Alcedo atricapilla.)
-I his beautiful bird is an inhabitant of China and dbout 10 inchcs long. Its back and wings are of a fhiuing violet colour; the breast and forepart of the neck are white; the belly of a dirty yellow caft.
Fig. 2. The ground-parrot. (Psittacus terrestris.)
This fine bird belongs to the new discoveries which the English have made butlately in New-Holland. It never exceeds the size of a turtle-do ve. The chief colour of its plumage is green, the bacjc and wings being markerl b) feveral transverse 9tripes of black. The ontfide fea'hers of the tail which is clubfhaped and tapering to a point, are of a reddish colour and also croffed by feveral transverse stripes of black; the legs are by far more flender than those of other parrotsî thé discriminating character of this fine bird coufifts in its living on the ground, for it never resides on trees, but, contrary to the euftom of other parrots, it runs, like a quail, continually on the ground, catching insects and Caterpillars on which it generally lives. From this habit its narae is derived.
Fig. 3. The crested Chinese duck. (Variety.) (Anas galericulata. Var.)
This beautiful duck belongs even in its native countries China and Japan to the rare kinds of birds; it is pretty dear, and generally kept as an ornament in the gardens oi the Chinese Mandarins (a Chinese Nobleman or first Magiftrate). We are hère made acquainted with a beautiful variety of the Chinese duck, represented in one of the most fplendid english éditions. A gênerai defeription of the-kind has been made in N. l6 of this Volume. The plumage of the present species or rather variety is beautifully peneilled; a superb creft of violet, green and white feathers rifes on the top of the head and the sides are adomed with fui vous tufts intermixed with white. The colour of the breast is violet, that of the belly white. Tvvo plumes of feathers anfing between the wings give the bird a peculiar aspect, they are formed by the inward yellow-red back-feathers which stand erect in the form of little fails. Many of the crefted Chinese ducks have been brought to England, but ail the attempts to make them hatch have proved unfuccess fui; probably a consequence of tlieir extraordinary delicacy.
Ad99998 04 084a/engInsects. XXXI. Vol. IV. No. 82.
REMARKABLE INSECTS.
Fig. 1. 2. et 3. The large Emperor-Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx Pavonia major.)
The large Emperor-moth (Fig. 3.) of wliich the little one feems to be a variety, is the largel't moth of Germany meafuring with expanded wings about fix inches in breadth. The upper and lo-wer wings have large marks in the form of an eye, which aie of a cinnamon colour and black, adorned with a blue stripe through the raiddle. From these marks which were compared to the eyespotted feathers of the peacock, the name of the moth is derived. The wings are also diverfified with a variety of colours and embellished wit and arched borders. with différent zigzag ferowls The maie differs from the female in the colour which in the former is of a darker caft. The caterpillar (Fig. 1.) of the large Emperor moth is found in June and July. on cherry-and plum-trees, on willows, floeand horn-beam trees, on birchtrees and oaks. It is of a fweet liahtgreen colour and about four inches long. The body is annulated, and füll of femicircular azuré élévations by which the caterpillar feems to be adorned with stars. At the enà of July it is in its füll growth and furrounds itself with a double web, the outfide of which is a membranaceous cover enclofing a fine filky texture. Being entirely furrounded it changes into a thick brovvn chryfalls (Fig. 2.) which remains -under ground tili next fpring, wheu the beautiful moth issues.
Ad99998 04 085a/engQuadrupeds. LXV. Vol. IV. No. 83.
THREE KINDS OF MONKEYS.
Fig. 1. The Moluck. (Simia Moloch.)
The shagginess of the grey hair with which the whole body is covered; the long arms reaching down to the feet; and the bald lighthrown face give this ape a very particular aind itrange appearance. It generally inhabits the Molucca island's and Sumatra and is about three feet high. Affociating in great troops it lives in the forefts chiefly upon bark leaves and fruit. It is of a very gentle and quiet nature and very eafily to be familiarized.
Fig. 2. The Entellus of Bengal. (Simia Entellus.)
The Entellus is a new Icind of apes which the french naturalist Dufresne has made us acquainted with' some Years ago. Ile received one stuffed, from Bengal its Native country; it grows to aheightof3
Ad99998 04 086a/engFish. XXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 84.
WHALES AND DOLPHINS.
Fig. 1. The round lipped Whale. (Balaena Musculus.)
XJefides the common Whale there are différent other kinds of Whales. We foc hère one reprefejated that is bj far Leffer in size : the common one. The round lipped or roun/1 nofed Whalé never exceeds the leugth o! 31 feet. The colotir of ils back is black, the louer parts are white. It is remarkablc on account of its enormous mouth in which, vyhen open, two or three men rnay stand ight. It is generally found in the Atlantic Océan and taken in the open lea; It is so füll of bluhber that very osten one of them aiïords about 50 barrels of train-oil. In stormy weather it is some times driven on the Coasts of Norway and then eafily caught in the bays. Its principal food conflits in berrings which it pursues on their migrations.
Fig. 2. The Nesarnak. (Delphinus Nesarnak.)
The Nefarnak belongs to the trihe of the Dolphins. Tt inhabits the northern parts of the Atlantic Océan; but sclrîom approaching the coaft, it is not frequently caught. It is ab oui ton feet long. Its chief colour is of a blackiih-grey variegated with fevéral transverse bands of a darker Colou It is a fish of prey and its jaws are richly befet with cylindrical teeth. Its flesh and bluhber, tho" not verv well taßed, affords the poor inhabitants of the north a very dainty food.
Fig. 3. The bidental Dolphin. (Delphinus Diodon.)
This Dolphin is also an inhabitant of the Atlantic Océan where it lives upon small fish. fis 1 engt h is about 40 feet; its colour dark brown incliniug to black, lighter or paler tov/ards the belly. The under-jaw of its beaklike mouth is provided with two large prominent tusks. In the year 1733 one of a very large size was caught in the river Thames in the vicinity of* London.
Ad99998 04 087a/engPlants. LXXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 85.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FUCUS.
Fucus which is also sometimes called fea-wrack, stands on the loweft degree of the vegetable création. It belongs to the family of flags, and coutains a great quantity of species which differ from one another in size and fhape. There are simple, ramous, and bufhy species; some are but 4 inch-es high, others attain the height of 20 feet. Some are cartilaginous, others coriaceous and tough; others are of a mucilaginous or membranaceous kind. The Fucus are generally met with on the various fea-coasts, but occur also in fresh waters, especially in the mouths of rivers. The coaft-inhabitants dry the Fucus and ufe it as dung. Some species also serve for food to fheep and cattle.
Fig. 1. The winged Fucus. (Fucus alatus.)
The winged fucus is a very neat plant of a darlc red colour which abounds in the Mediterranean fea as well as in the Baltic, and the German océan. It never exceeds the height of
Ad99998 04 088a/engBirds. LXV. Vol. IV. No. 86.
FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Condur. (Vultur Gryphus.)
J he Condur was long considered as a fabulous bîrdj and faid to be a monfter poffeffed of fach a degree of strength as to carry off an Eléphant; yet nothing pufitive could be afferted of this remarkable bird, tili some of our later travellers made us more acquainted with its natural hiftory. The Condur is met with in Peru, Chili »nd other provinces of South America. It chier!) chofes its lefidence on lofty hills, yet "vifits sometimes the lower régions. It measures vvhen füll grovvn, from wing to wing 15 or 16 feet. The head is like that of other vultures deftitute of feathers. Its plumage is black' with a fhining tinge of blue; It is provided with very large claws, and bold and strong enough to caft clown stags and other like animals. In want of other food it lives upon fish and other maritime animals which it goes in quest of on the fea coasts. The Peruvians are very much afraid of the Condur, as it also sometimes preys upon Childern of 5 and 6 years old. Our picture is a copy of one that's to be seen at the Royal Ctibinet in London.
Fig. 2. The Guinea-Vulture. (Vultur Angolensis.)
The Guinea-Vultur may on account of its feathered neck and its white plumage he affociated with the rare and pretty kinds of vultures. Its length, measured from the beack to the point of the tail, is abont three feet. Its eyes are adorned with bald rings of a bright red colour. On the wings and back the white plumage varies with brown feathers. It is much livelier than other vultures.
Fig. 3. The Hubara or the Collar-Bustard. (Otis Hubara.)
The Hubara is a small kind of buftard which lives in the fands of Arabia on herb s and insects. Its colour is white; variegated by différent brown and black stripes and bands, which run across the wings and the tail. The white and black tuft of feathers round the neck exhibit a particular appearance.
Ad99998 04 089a/engQuadrupeds. LXVI. Vol. IV. No. 87.
FIVE DIFFERENT KINDS OF MONKEYS
Fig. 1. The Ascagne. (Simia Ascanius.)
J fae Ascagne is a very gentle, fîattering and lively monkey. It is an inhabilant. of Guinea and without its tail a]>out 13 inchés long. It is remarkable for the blue naked fpaces about thc eyes which giveit aparlicular countenance. Each ear is adorned with a tuft of white hair in the form of a Rose.
out 13 inchés long. It is remarkable for the blue naked fpaces about thc eyes which giveit aparlicular countenance. Each ear is adorned with a tuft of white hair in the form of a Rose.
Fig. 2. The Atys. (Simia Atys.)
This little rnonkey lives in the Eaft Indies. It is about 18 inches long and of a whitish oolour. Its fingers and toes as vvell as its face and ears are deftitute of hair, which gives the animal a very tender and délicate appearance.
Fig. 3. The Yarqué. (Simia leucocephala.)
The Yarqué or white headed Sagouin is no more than 13 inches long. It is covered ail over vvith a coat of long blackhair, except the head which lias very fhort hair of a yellowish côtou'r. Iss tail is very long and furnished with bushy hair like that of a fox. The y «que lives folitary or ass'embling in little herds in the forefts of South America. It is of a very timid and lazy dispofition and hence continu ally*purfued by other monkeys which not feidom fnatch away its food. It generali) " lives upon fruit but is very fond of bées and destroys the beehives vvher ever it ïinàs any.
Fig. 4. The brown Tamarin. (Simia Midas.)
The brown Tamarin inhabits Guiana where affembling in large troops it fréquents only the lofty woods. This ncat little animal is about the size of our fquirrel and of a very fprightly dispofition. It is eafily brought to a great degree of familiarity but is of so délicate a nature that it feidom iupports the eliniate of Europe. There are many varie ties of this species, as for instance
Fig. 5-The black Tamarin
which differs from the above mentioned only in the uudulated, brown and black pencilled fpaces on the fidos of its body and the black colonr of its hair.
Ad99998 04 090a/engAmphibies. XVI. Vol. IV. No. 88.
SEVERAL KINDS OF SEALS.
Fig. 1. The great Seal. (Phoca barbata.)
-i. he feals as \ve know, constitute a numerous trib'e of various species. We bave iecn the common féal or Sea-calf; hère we are made ac [uainted with the great féal which \s also called the Strap-. Jeal for its fkin being eut into straps and ufed hy the Greenlanders in fifbing. The great féal measures about 12 feet. in length; it lias fhort fmooth hair of a blueish gi'ey on the back, and whitish on the lower parts. Its flat fnout is strongly bearded with white transparent briitles. It lives on thecoasts of Greenland and the northern parts of Scotlànd where it is caught in great quantity, as the inhabitants generally make ufe of its flesh, as well as of its blubber and inteftines.
Fig. 2. The yellowish Seal. (Phoca flavescens.)
is the smalleft of the known species. It lives on the famé coasts with the great féal. Its whole structure resembles that of the common féal or. fea-calf except the hair round the fnout, of which it is alrnoft entirely deftitute.
Fig. 3. The rough Seal. (Phoca hispida.)
This species, which in Groenland is called Nâit'Soak, lives on the coasts of Green land and Labrador, where it is generally caught with harpoons and arrows. It is very ferviceable to these coaft-inhabitants; its inteftines, flesh, and blubber constitute their food, and the train-oil fupplies their lamps. It is frora 6 to 8 feet long, and has the hair intermixed with a kind of very fmooth wool.
Fig. 4. The little Seal. (Phoca pusilla.)
The little Seal is met with in the Mediterranean fea. It generally inhabits the weltern coasts of America near the island of Juan Fernandez. , It never exceeds the length of tvvo feet, and is covered with long biack hair of remarkable smoothness.
Ad99998 04 091a/engWorms. VI. Vol. IV. No. 89.
INTESTINE WORMS.
Fig. 1. The Tape-Worm. (Taenia solium.)
V V e fee hère represented an inhabitant of the human body which very osten causes long and painful difeafes. It is the Tape-worm or the jointed worm (fig* î.) vvhicli iives in the inteftines of men. It is feldom or vvith great difficulty driven out of its residence, as medi. cmes generally only fever the weakly jointed members without faurting the head which remains undisturbed in the body. This worm has like its cougeners the form of a ri band, The little head in the form of a button, is placed on the small end, and from that end the oblong members of the body begin to grow broader. Every one of these junctures has a foid by which it is joined to the next. From the head runs a canal through the body and continues down to the round end of the tail, provided with many small lateral canals bv which the circulation of the humours is * performed. Fig. a. represents the enlarged head in front. In its middle relis the. fpiral fûout, whi-;h, when obferved from the fide (&), fornis a conic élévation or protubérance furrounded with two indented rings. Round the fnout four small élévations are situated, provided in the middle with infundibuliform concavities by which the chyle is conducted in the small lateral canals. The Tape-worm is on account of the form of its body sometimes also called the Gourd-worm.
Fig. 2. The Polycephalus. (Polycephalus hominis.)
The true arrangement of the Polyce phalus is in the clals of the lîydatides; Il occurs, though very feldom, in the brains of men. The bladders are of a yellowish colour and of a fmooth but thick and coriaceous fubftance. There are some of the size of a wall-nut, others sometimes as big as a fift. These bladders (Fig. 2.) generally contain 5, 10, 20 and even fifty of these worm;, They bore vvith their fmooth piviforra body so far into the bladder that notlîing but the indented crown or ring is to be feen. In Fig. d. we fee two fuç. h worms which however only with their forepart stick to the bladder. Fig. e. dispîays the piriform figure along with the indented crown of a Polycephalus when taken from the bladder.
Ad99998 04 092a/engPlants. XC. Vol. IV. No. 90.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FUCUS.
Fig. 1. The Thread-Fucus. (Fucus Filum.)
-*~ he name o£ the thread Fucus or Jea-Iacrs is clerived from tlio figure and form of its branches, which grow twifted into one another and feem to proceed from one stalsc. * These branches form the leaves of the plant. They are of a homy fubflctnce, and, without being transparent, of a very fragile nature. This Fucus attains a height of 7 feet and is generally found in the wa. ters of China.
Fig. 2. The Sea-girdle. (Fucus digitatus.)
We fee hère quite the contrary of the former fpccies which fecmed to be formed of a tender twift of threads. The fea-girdle consists of large tliîcsc leaves and strong stalks, being of a cartilaghiöus kind in ail its parts. It belotigs to the largest forts of Fucus; for the roundish Italie, upon the end of which the leaves do grow, is from 6 to 7 feet high, and lias commonly an inch in rliameter. It is hollow, of a dirty green colour, and proceeding from a knobby root, which never lays under ground, but by the means of its fibres sticks clofe to other objects, At first a single leaf in the form of a finger fprouts from the stalk, which, multiplying very faft, soon encreafes to a befom-like bufh. This Fucus is frequently found in Holland, England, Norway and Iceland, where it either grows on the coasts or is found thrown afhore by the fea. The leaves when dried are reckoned to be a good nourriture for fheep and goats. 1*
Ad99998 04 093a/engQuadrupeds. LXVII. Vol. IV No. 91.
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MACAUCOS.
Fig. 1. The Dwarf Macauco. (Lemur pusillus.)
X his pretty little animal is a native of Madagascar where it inhabits the palmtrees îivin^ on fruit. Its length is from the tip of the nofe to the beginning of the tail only "5 inches. It has the upper part of the body covered with grey-brovvn hair, the underparts are white. It eats with its forefeet holding up its tail. It has a loud piercing voice. It is of a ferocious difpofition and almost untameable.
Fig. 2. The Tarsier Macauco. (Lemur macrotarsus.)
The Tarsier fèems in its manners much more allied to the oppoffum than to the Lemur. The hère represented speciey is also called Daubenton in honour of the famous french naturalist of that name, It is a native' of Amboina and without its tail 6 inches long. It has very fine woolly hair of a red brown colour, naked ears and a pointed elongated fnout. Its fore and hind feet are provided with fingers and ufed as fuch by the animal.
Fig. 3. The Galago. (Galago Senegalensis.)
The Galago, so called by the inhabïtants of Senegal its, native, country, is a peaceful and quiet animal which lives on fruit and insects, and produces its youngones in hollow trees. Its eyes are furrounded by a cercle of dark brown colour. The ears are naked, the nails flat, except the interior toe of the hind feet next the thumb, which has a fharp claw.
Fig. 4. The Tarsier Fisher. (Lemur s. Tarsius Fischeri.)
This Tarsier is named after the famous Russian naturalist Fischer. In its size it is equal to the; Galago. Its uncommonly large ears, the long toes, ail armed with fharp claws, give to this animal a hideous aspect. Madagascar is its native country.
Ad99998 04 094a/engFish. XXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 92.
TWO SORTS OF REMARKABLE WHALES.
Fig. 1. The Cylindric Pot-Whale. (Physalus cylindricus.)
J. bis Whale which is of an enormous size, is an inhabitant of the frozen fea anrî differs in its external form from ail other whales. The anterior part of the animal lias a perfect cylindrical form vvhence its nanie is derived. The vvide mouth lies very low. The under javvs arethin, flat, and narrower than the npper, so that the mouth, when clofed, is hardly perceived; but when open, it is of fuch a prodigious amplitude that an Ox might fiand upright in it. Its tongue is fhort and only moveable from fide to fide. It preys on lèverai kinds of large fish, the bones of which are frequently found in its stumach. The tail is very fhort, which pi. obabiy is the càufe of its flowness in fwitnming. Its fkin and fief h are very hard, vvhence it is very difficult to itricke and wound this whale with the harpoon.
Fig. 2. The Physeter Trumpo. (Catodon Trumpo.)
The Trumpo is also a species of whale of a very particular form. It is generally met with on the coasts, of New England and the Bermudas or Summer islands, but occurs also on the coasts of Greenland. The head constitutes about the Hals of the whole animal, being from 30 to 35 feet long. The upper-jaw is rauch wider than the under one. The fpout or blow-hole is placed on the anterior part of the head. Its strong teeth are situated in a regulär feries in the under javv, and, when the mouth is fhut, they fit into proper holes or cavities, which t in the upper jaw are adapted for their réception. The Trumpo is very fat, and the train-oil boiled ont of its blubber is much clearer and less acrid than that of the corn-, mon whale. The Trumpo fwims with more celerity and vigour than the former species.
Ad99998 04 095a/engAmphibies. XVII. Vol. IV. No. 93.
SEALS AND WALRUSSES.
Fig. 1. The round tailed Manati. (Trichecus australis.)
J-his Wallrus inhabits the ri vers of Africa especially the mouth of the river Senegal. Tt grows to the length of 14 or 15 feet. The head is Munt and rounded, and above the eyes which are not bigger than those of a hog, are tvvo orifices in the place of ears. The feet are uncouth and provided with flat and rounded nails. The tail is broad but quite rounded on the edges, whence the name is derived. The fiefh of this Wallrus is faid to tafte like veaJ. It is, however, chiefly "scil- led by the Negroes for the fake of the blubber or fat.
Fig. 2. The pied Seal. (Phoca variegata.)
The pied féal has the fnout taper and lengthened; the forefeet are furnished with long clavvs; the hind feet are very broad and provided with 5 very diftinct toes. The upper part of the body is blackish with a white, beily. This kind of féal generally fréquents the coasts of the Adriatic fea. It is very ferocious when first taken, but very soon familiarifed.
Fig. 3. The Neck-lace Seal. (Var.)
is but a variety of the former species, from which it differs in having a white ribbon-like band round the neck; its chief colour is black.
Fig. 4. The harp Seal. (Phoca Groenlandica.)
This féal is a native of the feas of Greeniand, Newfoundland and Iceland and paffes even as low as Kamtschatka. It grows to the length of 8 or 9 feet. On account of the thick fkin and the great produce of oil it is much valued by the feal-hunters. The little head which is of a black colour intcrmixed with white, terminâtes in a somewhat pointed fnout. The body is of a filver-grey colour, and variously patched or spotted with black.
Ad99998 04 096a/engAmphibies. XVIII. Vol. IV. No. 94.
BEAUTIFUL SNAKES.
Flg. 1. The Argus-Snake. (Coluber Argus.)
J-his highly elegant species is a native of Africa; It grows only to a moderate size, but has stréBjgth and boldness enough to attack larger animals, and to cnish them to deat;h by tw-ifting around their bodies. The upper* furface of this Inake is of a dufky chefnutcolour and beautifully marked by numerous ocellated white and red spots. It is faid to build a nest of clay where it lives in fociety with others of its kind. 1
Fig. 2. The Crimson-Snake. (Coluber coccineus.)
The Crimjon-Snake winch is an inhabitant of Mexico and Florida;-bears a still more elegant aspect than the former. It measures 2 feet in length and ab ont i
Ad99998 04 097a/engRose. VII. Vol. IV. No. 95.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The Punice-rose. (Rosa punicea.)
J-he Punice-Rose gives a greatembellishment to our gardens; for its brillant red enlivens the place where it is planted. The bufli grows to the height of 6 or 8 feet; the leaves are of a dark green colour and for the greatest partiïvelobed. The foliage is odoriferous, the wood brown with yellow spotted thorns. The flower is simple, pretty large, and consists in 5 leaves which having the form of hearts are on their infide of a brillant red, while their outfide is of a fulphur colour. Ils fmcll is difagreeable and very much like that of a punice, whence the name is derived.
Fig. 2. The white Virgin-Rose. (Rosa truncata virginalis.)
This beautiful flower belongs to the genus of white Roses, of which it is a diftingnished variety. The bufh is weak and hardly 4. feet high, the wood green, the leaves five lobed with few thorns. The buds have the form of a bail eut Hals through its middle. The Rose when unfoldcd, is large very füll, and of a brillant white. The discriminating character of this Rose is its whole structure inclining backwards, and a Rose coloured spot in its middle or rather towards one of the sides, which lofes itself by degrees in, the white colour giving the flower a most délicate aspect.
Ad99998 04 098a/engQuadrupeds. LXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 96.
REMARKABLE QUADRUPEDS.
Fig. 1. The Suckling Femal Elephant.
n the first Volume of our Picture-Gallery we have been made acnuainted with the natural hiftory of the Eléphant, which is undoubtedly the largest of all terreftrial animals; We now fee in the annexed picture the female Eléphant fuckling its young. Tt was fabulously afierted, that Eléphants, when confined, never multiply their species; but récent obfervations have refuted this falle affertion. John Corfe an Englishman who for Tome years had the direction of the chace of Eléphants at Tiperah in the East-Indies, was eye-witness of différent copulations of Eléphants. The y careffed one another before many fpectators and uttered fomctimes very'loud and piérding cries. The time of their pregnancy is uncertain. The Eléphant produces only one young at the time, which it fuckles by the tvvo teats situated at a small diftance behind the forefeet. The young never fucks by the trunk, as it was generally believed, but by the mouth, laying its trunk backwards. During the rutin g time even the tameft Eléphants are wild and almost untractable, so far as to forget the attachment they generally bear to theirCorneck or leader; and two of these cornecks have of late been dangerously wounded by a male Eléphant in the park of Paris.
Fig. 2. The Sukotyro.
This particular animal is hitherto very imperfectly known. NiewJcof a dutch traveller was the first vvho introduced and described it. According to his account the Sukotyro is an inhabitant of the isle of Java. Its size is that of a füll grovvn ox; the fnout ‘ is like that of a hog. Between the upright placed eyes and the long pendant ears stand the two horns which resemble very much the tufks of an éléphant. This animal feeds upon herbage and is but feldom taken. Sukotyro is it called by the Chinese.
Ad99998 04 099a/engFish. XXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 97.
DOLPHINS.
Fig. 1. The bellied Dolphin. (Delphinus ventricosus.)
The name of this Dolphin is derived from its thick belly. It is commonly from 12 to 15 feet long, and, like other Dolpbins, found almost in all European Sens. Its colour is blakish above and whitish beneath. It fwims very fwiftly, and preys on varions kinds of filh.
Fig. 2. The Beluga or white Dolphin. (Delphinus Leucas.)
This inhabitant of the Northern feas is, when full grown, of an elegant milk white colour. In its si rit youth its colour is of a light grey caft. It measures from 15 to 18 feet in length. It is a gregarious species, and osten preys in large f ho als lipon herrings and other small fish, forming a beautifu] spectacle from the particular colour. They also sometimes folluw the fisherboats as far as the mouths of river». The head is in proportion rather small than large and somewhat acuminated. The mouth is furnished with a few small teeth.
Fig. 3. The toothless Dolphin. (Delphinus edentulus.)
The toothless Dolphin exceeds the two former species in length. The pointed beaklike mouth gives the animal an uncommon aspect. Its fmooth fkin is blackish, marked by lèverai white spots. It inhabits different seas; its manners are those of other Dolphins.
Ad99998 04 100a/engAmphibies. XIX. Vol. IV. No. 98.
LIZARDS.
Fig. 1. The Cordyle Lizard. (Lacerta Cordylus.)
JL he Cordyle Lizard is met with in lèverai parts of Asia and Africa, where it grows to a length of 9 or 10 inches. The body is covered by hard blueish scales. The tail is verticillated by pointed carinated scales provided with thorns at their extrernities. The toes are armed with long nails,
Fig. 2. The azure Lizard. (Lacerta azurea.)
The azuré Lizard is nearly allied to the Cordyle. It differs, however, in having the scales of the body smaller, and the tail which is much longer covered by much larger scales. On the upper part of the body bei. vveen the fhoulders it is marked by tvvo black arched ffripes or fafriae, Brafil is the native country of this species.
Fig. 3. The orbicular Lizard. (Lacerta orbicularis.)
Thii fpecrei feems to connect the Toad and Lizard tribes. having the large uncouth body of a toad. It is an inhabitant of the mountainous parts of Mexico and New-Spain, and entirely innoxious.
Fig. 4. The red-Throat Lizard. (Lacerta bullaris.)
This neat little animal is common in Jamaica. It is ufually fix inches long and of a grass-green colour, frequenting hedges and bufhes. Oh its throat it has a kind of a bladder of a bright red colour which it fvvells into a globular form when approached or irritated.
Fig. 5. The Strumous Lizard. (Lacerta strumosa.)
The Strumous Lizard is found in lèverai parts of Sonth-America. It is very tame and running about the houfe». These Lizards. sometimes fight togrther with the greaieTt animofity fwllhig at lhat tirne their red pouch or bog which thoy have on their throats. The tail is green with various gre> and black transverse bands.
Ad99998 04 101a/engAmphibies. XX. Vol. IV. No. 99.
SLOW-WORMS.
X he Slow-Worm is on account of the fmàll eyes which in iome of the animals are hardly perceived, also called Blind-Worm. They constitute a proper genus among the fnakes, which is called the Jcale-jnakes being deftitute f the scuta or scaly plates and having the ivhole body covered with small scales. The Slow-worm moves backwards as well as forwards which gave rife to the fable of their having two heads.
Fig. 1. The common Slow-worm. (Anguis fragilis.)
The common Slow-worm arrives at the length af 2 or 3 feet and is found in almost all parts of the ancient world living un der ground. The fkin is covered with scales of a rufous brown caft mixed with a kind of steel colour. The mouth is very large and opens behind the eyes. It is füll of small teeth, which are not able to woundaman's finger and being also deftitute of the venomous fangs, the flow-worm is quite innoxious. It lives on insects, grubs and chafers. When purfued or irritated the animal has a way of stiffening itself, in which state, if struck, a small blow of a stick is fufficient to feparate the body in twoor three-pièces, whence this species is also sometimes called the Glajs-flow-worm. In winter the flow-worm retires under ground where it lies in a state oi torpidity tili the approach of fpring. It is ovo-viviparous and sometimes produces 10 or 12 young at the time which first are hatched in the womb. In the hot fummer-months it cafts its fkin.
Fig. 2. The short-bellied Slow-Worm. (Anguis ventralis.)
The name of this flow-worm is derived from its disproportionate long tail and the extremely fhort belly. It is a native of Carolina and Virginia and of a green and yellow colour. It is as innoxious as the former.
Fig. 3. The flat tailed Slow-Worm. (Anguis platura.)
The length of this Slow-worm is from 2 to 4 inches. Its colour is black above and of a clirty green caft beneath, the flat tail terminating in an obtufe way.
Fig. 4. The variegated Slow-Worm. (Anguis variegata.)
The colour of this Slow-worm which is found in New-HoHand, is brown, variegated with yellow; its length 2 or 3 feet.
Ad99998 04 102a/engRoses. VIII. Vol. IV. No. 100.
TWO KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The flesh-coloured Centifolia. (Rosa regina rubicans.)
JLhe flesh-coloured Centifolia is one of thé fineft species among the white rôles. For its cîofed globular form it is also called the pearlroje. It is of a moderate size and of a fweet pale flef'h-colour. Its fmell is agreeable. The feeble bufh never exceeds the heislit of three feet; the wood is green, and but little thorny, the foliage five-lobed. The leaves are almost round, on the Upper fide dark green, on the under one of a light green caft. It is never hurt by the cold and propagates by flips.
Fig. 2. The large Moss-Rose. (Rosa muscosa major.)
The native country of this handfome Pvofe is probably Perfia. The young fhoots and buds feem to be covered with a kind of reddish-green moss, which arifes from their being covered ail over with extraordinary long filaments. It very feldom grows to a bufh but the single stalks attain very osten the height of 6 feet. The flower is of a moderate size, füll, of a pale colour and agreeable fmell. Being of a very tenrler nature it faon withers and thrives beft in hot houfes.
Ad99998 05 003a/engQuadrupeds LXIX. Vol. V. No. 1.
SUCKLING QUADRUPEDS.
Fig. 1. The African Rhinoceros. (Rhinoceros Africanus.)
Fig. 2. The Sumatra-Rhinoceros. (Rhinoceros bicornis Sumatricus.)
Ad99998 05 004a/engBirds LXVI. Vol. V. No. 2.
GERMAN WARBLERS.
Fig. 1. The Silktail. (Ampelis garrulus.)
Fig. 2. The Starling. (Sturnus vulgaris.)
The Bullfinch. (Loxia pyrrhula.)
Fig. 3. The Male.
Fig. 4. The Female.
Fig. 5. The Grosbeak. (Loxia coccothraustes.)
Fig. 6. The Redstart. (Motacilla phoenicurus.)
Ad99998 05 005a/engFish XL. Vol. V. No. 3.
REMARKABLE FISHES.
Fig. 1. The Gemmeous Dragonet. (Callionymus Lyra.)
Fig. 2. The Sordid Dragouet. (Callionymus Dracunculus.)
Fig. 3. The rostrated Ophidium. (Ophidium aculcatum.)
Fig. 4. The aculeated Odontognathus. (Odontognathus mucronatus.)
Ad99998 05 006a/engMiscellanies XLVII. Vol. V. No. 4.
ANTIQUITIES OF EGYPT.
Fig. 1. The Statues of Memnon.
Fig. 2. The Egyptian Sphinx.
Ad99998 05 007a/engRoses IX. Vol. V. No. 5.
ROSES.
The Twinrose. (Rosa gemella.)
Ad99998 05 008a/engQuadrupeds LXX. Vol. V. No. 6.
LORICATED AND ACULEATED ANIMALS.
Fig. 1. The Short-tailed Manis. (Manis pentadactyla.)
Fig. 2. The eightbanded Armadillo. (Dasypus octocinctus L.)
Fig. 3. The eighteenbanded Armadillo. (Dasypus octodecim cinctus.)
Fig. 4. The Malacca-Hedge-hog. (Erinaceus Malaccensis.)
Fig. 5. The bundled Porcupine. (Hystrix fasciculata.)
Ad99998 05 009a/engBirds LXVII. Vol V. No. 7.
BEAUTIFUL FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Royal Cuckow. (Cuculus regius.)
Fig. 2. The Pompadour-Chatterer. (Ampelis Pompadora.)
Fig. 3. The purple beasted Chatterer. (Ampelis Cotinga.)
Fig. 4. The Parrot-Bill. (Locia Carlsonii rubra.)
Fig. 5. The Iceland-Grosbeak. (Loxia Islandica.)
Fig. 6. The Dominican Grosbeak. (Loxia Dominicana.)
Ad99998 05 010a/engPlants XCL. Vol. V. No. 8.
AROMATICK PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Cassia-Tree. (Laurus Cassia.)
Fig. 2. The Galangal. (Alpinia Galanga.)
Ad99998 05 011a/engAmphibies XXI. Vol. V. No. 9.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SLOW-WORMS.
Fig. 1. The black-banded Slow-Worm. (Anguis ater.)
Fig. 2. The Azure Slow-Worm. (Anguis caerulea.)
Fig. 3. The variegatet Amphisboena. (Amphisbaena fuliginosa.)
Fig. 4. The white Amphisboena. (Amphisbaena alba.)
Ad99998 05 012a/engMiscellanies XLVIII. Vol. V. NO. 10.
BULL-FEASTS IN SPAIN.
Ad99998 05 013a/engQuadrupeds LXXI. Vol. V. No. 11.
The OPOSSUM.
Fig. 1. The Virginian Opossum. (Didelphis virginiana.)
Fig. 2. The grey Opossum. (Didelphis Lemurina.)
Fig. 3. The Viverrine Opossum. (Didelphis viverrina.)
Fig. 4. The long tailed Opossum (Didelphis macroura.)
Fig. 5. The Kanguroo Rat. (Kangurus minor.)
Ad99998 05 014a/engMiscellanies XLIX. Vol. V. No. 12.
EGYPTIAN DRESS.
Fig. 1. A Bey with his attendant.
Fig. 2. A Lady of Cairo with her attendant.
Fig. 3. The Mamalukes.
Fig. 4. The Fellahs.
Fig. 5. A Family of Beduins.
Ad99998 05 015a/engMiscellanies L. Vol. V. No. 13.
CURIOSITIES OF EGYPT.
Fig. 1. The Summit of the great Pyramid of Ghizé and the adjacent country.
Fig. 2. The inner passage from one floor to the other.
Ad99998 05 016a/engPlants. XCII. Vol. V. No. 14.
REMARKABLE SPUNGES.
Fig. 1. The Touchwoodor Tinder Boletus. (Boletus igniarius.)
Fig. 2. The Larch-tree Boletus. (Boletus Laricis.)
Ad99998 05 017a/engRoses X. Vol. V. No. 15.
TWO SPECIES OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The red Millefolia Rose. (Rosa millefolia rubra.)
Fig. 2. The pendent Rose. (Rosa pendulina inermis.)
Ad99998 05 018a/engQuadrupeds LXXII. Vol. V. No. 16.
WILD BEASTS.
Fig. 1. The black Tiger. (Felis discolor.)
Fig. 2. The spotted Hyena. (Canis crocuta.)
Fig. 3. The Jackal of the Cape. (Canis mesomelas.)
Fig. 4. The Cat of the Cape. (Felis capenfis.)
Fig. 5. The Maragua. (Felis tigrina.)
Ad99998 05 019a/engAmphibies XXIII. Vol. V. No. 17.
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF LIZARDS.
Fig. 1. The common Gekko. (Lacerta Gekko.)
Fig. 2. The flat-toiled Gekko. (Lacerta platurus.)
Fig. 3. The Seps. (Lacerta Seps.)
Fig. 4. The Chalcide. (Lacerta Chalcides.)
Fig. 5-8. The WaterSalamander. The Male and Female. (Lacerta Salamandra.)
Ad99998 05 020a/engPlants. XCIII. Vol. V. NO. 18.
GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The common Arum or Wakerobin. (Arum maculatum.)
Fig. 2. The common Meadow-Saffron. (Colchium autumnale.)
Ad99998 05 021a/engMiscellanies LI. Vol. V. No. 19.
REMARKABLE FOSSILS AND PETRIFICATIONS.
Ad99998 05 022a/engInsects XXXII. Vol. V. No. 20.
NOXIOUS BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The white Tree-Papilio. (Papilio Heliconius crataegi.)
Fig. 2. The great Cole-Moth. (Papilio Danaus brassicae.)
Fig. 3. The Little Cole-Moth. (Papilio Danaus rapae.)
Ad99998 05 023a/engQuadrupeds LXXII. Vol. V. No. 21.
REMARKABLE QUADRUPEDS.
Fig. 1. The Cape Ant-Eater. (Myrmecophaga capensis.)
Fig. 2. The aculeated or spiny Ant-Eater. (Myrmecophaga aculeata.)
Fig. 3. The Ursine Sloth. (Bradypus ursinus.)
Fig. 4. The Skeleton of the American Megatherium. (Megatherium Americanum.)
Ad99998 05 024a/engReptiles VII. Vol. V. No. 22.
GERMAN SNAILS.
Fig. 1. The black Slug. (Limax ater.)
Fig. 2. The Vineyard-Snail. (Helix pomatia.)
Fig. 3. The tree Snail. (Helix arbustorum.)
Fig. 4. The grey Field-Snail. (Limax agrestis.)
Fig. 5. The Duck Muscle (Mytilus anatinus.)
Fig. 6. The spiral pool-Shell. (Buccinum stagnale.)
Fig. 7. The marbled belly-Whelp. (Buccinum auriculatum.)
Ad99998 05 025a/engPlants XCIV. Vol. V. No. 23
REMARKABLE PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Azur Water-Lilly. (Nymphaea caerulea.)
Fig. 2. The Aya-Pana. (Eupatorium Aya-Pana.)
Ad99998 05 026a/engMiscell. Subj. LII. Vol. V. No. 24.
GIBRALTAR AND THE FLOATING BATTERIES.
Ad99998 05 027a/engRoses. XI. Vol. V. No. 25.
TWO SPECIES OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The May-Rose. (Rosa Majalis.)
Fig. 2. The umbellated incarnate Rose. (Rosa umbellata flore carneo.)
Ad99998 05 028a/engAntiquities XIV. Vol. V. No. 26.
EGYPTIAN DEITIES.
Fig. 1. Isis.
Fig. 2. Isis and Horus.
Fig. 4. and 5. Osiris.
Fig. 6. Serapis.
Fig. 7. and 8. Harpocrates.
Ad99998 05 029a/engAntiquities XV. Vol. V. No. 27.
EGYPTIAN DEITIES.
Fig. 1. Apis.
Fig. 2. et 3. Bubastis.
Fig. 4. Anubis.
Fig. 5. Canopus.
Fig. 6. Ibis
Ad99998 05 030a/engMiscell. Sub. LIII. Vol. V. No. 28.
LUSUS NATURAE.
Fig. 1 and 2. Dendrites.
Fig. 3. The Florence Marble.
Ad99998 05 031a/engMiscell. Sub. LIV. Vol. V. No. 29.
REMARKABLE CAVES.
Fig. 1. The remarkable Rosenmüller’s Cave of Muggendorf.
Ad99998 05 032a/engRoses XII. Vol. V. No. 30.
TWO SPECIES OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The common Damask-Rose. (Rosa Damascena communis.)
Fig. 2. The striped Ribbandrose. (Rosa versicolor.)
Ad99998 05 033a/engAntiquities XVI. Vol. V. NO. 31.
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES.
Fig. 1. Chronos and Rhea.
Fig. 2. Rhea.
Fig. 3. 4. and 5. Jupiter.
Fig. 6. and 7. Juno.
Ad99998 05 034a/engAntiquities XVII. Vol. V. No. 32.
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES.
Fig. 1. Neptune.
Fig. 2. Ceres.
Fig. 3. 4. And 5. Apollo.
Ad99998 05 035a/engAntiquities XVIII. Vol. V. No. 33.
DEITIES OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
Fig. 1. 2. and 3. Diana.
Fig. 4. Vulcan.
Fig. 5. Minerva.
Ad99998 05 036a/engAntiquities XIX. Vol. V. No. 34.
DEITIES OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS.
Fig. 1. Mars.
Fig. 2. and 3. Venus.
Fig. 4. Cupid.
Fig. 5. Mercury.
Ad99998 05 037a/engAntiquities XX. Vol. V. No. 35.
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES.
Fig. 1. and 2. Pluto.
Fig. 3. Vesta.
Fig. 4. and 5. Bacchus.
Ad99998 05 038a/engAntiquities XXI. Vol. V. No. 36.
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES.
Fig. 1. Hercules.
Fig. 2. Esculapius.
Fig. 3. Hygieja.
Fig. 4. Vertumnus.
Fig. 5. Flora.
Ad99998 05 039a/engAntiquities XXII. Vol. V. No. 37.
GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES.
The nine Muses.
Fig. 1. Clio.
Fig. 2. Euterpe.
Fig. 3. Thalia.
Fig. 4. Melpomène.
Fig. 5. Terpsichore.
Fig. 6. Erato.
Fig. 7. Polyhymnia.
Fig. 8. Urania.
Fig. 9. Calliope.
Ad99998 05 040a/engPlants XCV. Vol. V. No. 38.
GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Violet-Anemone. (Anemone pulsatilla.)
Fig. 2. The venomous Lettice. (Lactuca virosa.)
Ad99998 05 041a/engInsects XXXIII. Vol. V. No. 39.
REMARKABLE INSECTS.
Fig. 1. The Tant. (Trombidium phalangioides.)
Fig. 2. The Scarlet Water-mite. (Hydrachne histrionica.)
Fig. 3. The louse of the birds. (Acarus chelopus.)
Fig. 4. The dove’s Tick. (Rhynchoprion columbae.)
Fig. 5. The Carter. (Phalangium rufum.)
Fig. 6. The Scorpion-Tick (Chelifer pratsita.)
Fig. 7. The bat’s Tick. (Phthiridium biarticulatum.)
Fig. 8. The sturgeion’s Louse. (Dichelesthium Sturionis.)
Fig. 9. The Water-flea. (Argulus Delphinus.)
Ad99998 05 042a/engInsects XXXIV. Vol. V. No. 40.
BEAUTIFUL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The blue Iris-Papillon. (Papilio Nymphalis gemmata, Iris.)
Fig. 2. The Helicon-Papillon. (Papilio eques Heliconius, Apollo.)
Ad99998 05 043a/engBirds LXVIII. Vol.V.No. 41.
AFRICAN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Griffin-Eagle.
Fig. 2. The crested Buzzard.
Fig. 3. The White-Hawk.
Fig. 4. The Singing-Eagle.
Fig. 5. The Ospray.
Fig. 6. The Caffree-Eagle.
Ad99998 05 044a/engFruit I. Vol. V. No. 42. REMARKABLE FRUITS. The Giant’s Apple.
Ad99998 05 045a/engMISCELL. Subj. LIV. Vol. V. No. 43. THE SLAVE-TRADE.
Ad99998 05 046a/engMiscell. Sub. LV. Vol. V. No. 44. REMARKABLE BRIDGES. Fig. 1. The Bridge of Rocks in Virginia. Fig. 2. Hanging and drawing bridges in South-America.
Ad99998 05 047a/engRoses XIII. Vol. V. No. 45. ROSES. The great Damason Rose. (Rosa Damascena grandiflora.)
Ad99998 05 048a/engFruit II. Vol. V. No. 46. REMARKABLE FRUITS. The Venitian two-coloured grape. (Vitis vinifera bicolor.)
Ad99998 05 049a/engBirds LXIX. Vol. V. No. 47. VULTURES OF AFRICA AND ASIA. Fig. 1. The red-eared Vulture. Fig. 2. Dung-hunter. Fig. 3. The Shegoun Fig. 4. The Tumbler. Fig. 5. The Ourigourap.
Ad99998 05 050a/engDresses VI. Vol. V. No. 48. PERUVIAN DRESSES. Fig. 1. Inhabitants of Lima. Fig. 2. A Lady of Lima. Fig. 3. Indians of Peru. Fig. 4. Country people. Fig. 5. Inhabitants of Quito.
Ad99998 05 051a/engMiscell. Subj. LVI. Vol. V. No. 49. REMARKABLE BRIDGES. Fig. 1. The Devi’s bridge upon St. Gotthard. Fig. 2. The Bridge over the Rohone at St. Maurice.
Ad99998 05 052a/engRoses XIV. Vol. V. No. 50.
TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The little Provence-Rose. (Rosa provincialis minima.)
Fig. 2. The Dijon Damason-Rose. (Rosa Damascena Dijonensis.)
Ad99998 05 053a/engBirds. LXX. Vol. V. No. 51.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FOREIGN OWLS.
Fig. 1. The Chocouhou.
Fig. 2. The Huhul.
Fig. 3. The Collar-Owl.
Fig. 4. The crested owl.
Fig. 5. The black mask.
Fig. 6. The white Church-owl.
Ad99998 05 054a/engErstprüfung

Insects XXXV. Vol. V. No. 52.

BUTTERFLIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

The beautiful Butterflies represendted in the annexed plate, are inhabitants of hotter Climate where Nature in general appears in a much more brilliant attire. Fish, birds and insects glitter in those regions with a thousand colours, so that every traveller coming from Europe is struck with astonishment and surprise.

Fig. 1. The green Marble Papilion.

This rare Day-butterfly has the colour of green and black marble whence its name is derived. It resembles our swallow-tail butterfly in shape and wings, but is by far superior in size.

Fig. 2. The Harlequin.

A beautiful Phaleana which derives its name from its motley colour that was compared with the party-coloured jacket of Harlequin. The body has a bright Gold colour the same as half the upper wings, the other half being blue spotted with white; the underwings are also gold coloured, and variegated with black.

Fig. 3. The Indian Gold-Butterfly.

This beautiful Butterfly is of a Gold colour both above and below; the upperwings being marked by a dark yello spot.

Fig. 4. The Scarlet spot.

The wings of this butterfly are hairy, of a brown colour, and the upper wings decorated with a large scarlet spot.

Ad99998 05 055a/engInsects XXXVI. Vol. V. No. 53.
THE COMMON CRAWFISH.
Ad99998 05 056a/engMiscell. Subj. LVIII. Vol. V. No. 54.
CATARACTS.
Fig. 1 The falls of Niagara.
Fig. 2. The cataract of the Rhine near Lauffen.
Ad99998 05 057a/engMiscell. Sub. LIX. Vol. V. No. 55.
PUBLICK GAMES IN THE ALPS NEAR UNTERSEEN IN THE CANTON OF BERN.
Fig. 1. Wrestling.
Fig. 2. The Alp-horns.
Fig. 3. Stone-flinging.
Fig. 4. The Distribution of prices.
Ad99998 05 058a/engPlants XCVI. Vol. V. No. 56.
MAGNIFIC FLOWER.
The beautiful Nelumbo. (Nelumbium speciosum.)
Ad99998 05 059a/engWorms VIII. Vol. V. No. 57.
THE MOLLUSKS OR SMOOTH-WORMS.
Fig. 1. and 2. The Common cuttle-fisch. (Sepia officinalis.)
Fig. 3. The Tuberous cuttle-fish. (Sepia tuberculata.)
Fig. 4. The spotted cuttle-fisch. (Sepia maculata.)
Fig. 5. The small cuttle-fish. (Sepia sepiola.)
Ad99998 05 060a/engInsects. XXXVII. Vol. V. No. 58.
GERMAN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Poplar Butterfly. (Papilio Nymph. Populi.)
Fig. 2. The white marbled Butterfly. (Papilio Dan. Cardamines.)
Fig. 3. The brimstone Butterfly. (Papilio D. Rhamni.)
Fig. 4. The Silver Comma. (Papilio N. C. album.)
Fig. 5. The lesser Tortoise Shell. (Papilio N. urticae.)
Ad99998 05 061a/engMiscell. Subj. LX. Vol. V. No. 59.
FIELDS AND MOUNTAINS OF ICE.
Fig. 1. The Rock or Mountain ice.
Fig. 2. The Field ice.
Ad99998 05 062a/engRoses XV. Vol. V. No. 60.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
The white Rose of Damas. (Rosa Damascena flor. alba.)
Ad99998 05 063a/engGarments VII. Vol. V. No. 61.
ORDERS OF KNIGHTS.
Fig. 1. and 2. Templars.
Fig. 3. and 4. Knights of the Order of S. John.
Ad99998 05 064a/engGarments VIII. Vol. V. No. 62.
DIVERS ORDERS OF KNIGHTS.
Fig. 1. Knights of the Teutonic Order.
Fig. 2. Knights of the golden Fleece.
Fig. 3. Knights of S. Stephan
Fig. 4. Knights of S. Hubert.
Ad99998 05 065a/engPlants XCVIII. Vol. V. No. 68.
GERMAN FOREST TREES.
Fig. 1. The European Lime-tree. (Tilia Europaea.)
Fig. 2. The common Oak. (Quercus pedunculata.)
Ad99998 05 066a/engInsects XXXVIII. Vol. V. No. 64.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The bindweed Sphinx. (Sphinx convolvuli.)
Fig. 2. The privet Sphinx. (Sphinx Ligustri.)
Ad99998 05 067a/engPlants XCVII. Vol. V. No. 65.
THE GENUINE LOTOS PLANT.
The Egyptian Sea-rose or genuine Lotos-plant. (Nymphaea Lotus.)
Ad99998 05 068a/engGarments IX. Vol. V. No. 66.
DIVERS ORDERS OF KNIGHTS.
Fig. 1. Knights of the order of the black eagle.
Fig. 2. Kinights of the order of S. Andrew.
Fig. 3. Kinights of the Seraphins order.
Fig. 4. Knights of the white Elephant.
Ad99998 05 069a/engInsects XXXIX. Vol. V. No. 67.
RARE GERMAN MOTHS.
Fig. 1. The clifton Non pareil. (Phalaena noctua fraxini.)
Fig. 2. The orange underwing Moth (Phalaena noctua paranympha.)
Fig. 3. The high red underwing Moth. (Phalaena noctua Hera.)
Fig. 4. The crimson underwing Moth. (Phalaena noctua Sponsa.)
Ad99998 05 070a/engBirds LXXI. Vol. V. No. 63.
AFRICAN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Bacha.
Fig. 2. The Singing Falcon.
Fig. 3. The Corbivau.
Fig. 4. The Forktailed Goat-Sucker.
Fig. 5. The Crested Falcon.
Fig. 6. The Chivquera.
Ad99998 05 071a/engWorms IX. Vol. V. No. 69.
MOLLUSKS OR SMOOTH WORMS.
Fig. 1. The Fleeve. (Sepia Loligo.)
Fig. 2. The Harpoon Calmory. (Sepia sagittata.)
Fig. 3. and 4. The Preke Pour contrel. (Sepia octopodia.)
Fig. 5. The grained Ink-fish. (Sepia granulata.)
Ad99998 05 072a/engMiscellaneous Subjects LXI. Vol. V. No. 70.
NOTHERN APPEARANCES.
Fig. 1. The norhern Light.
Fig. 2. The Sun at midnight.
Ad99998 05 073a/engQuadrupedes LXXIV. Vol. V. No. 71.
REMARKABLES SUCKING ANIMALS.
Fig. 1. The Canada Rat. (Mus bursarius.)
Fig. 2. The Common mouse, white var. (Mus musculus. Var. alba.)
Ad99998 05 074a/engInsects. XL. Vol. V. No. 72.
REMARKABLE INSECTS.
The gigantic Grasshopper. (Gryllus cristatus.)
Ad99998 05 075a/engInsects XLI. Vol. V. No. 73.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN HAWK-MOTHS.
Fig. 1. The Poplar Sphinx. (Sphinx populi.)
Fig. 2. The lime-tree Sphinx. (Sphinx tiliae.)
Fig. 3. The trunked Sphinx. (Sphinx Elpenor.)
Ad99998 05 076a/engPlants XCIX. Vol. V. No. 74.
GERMAN FRUIT-SORTS.
Fig. 1. The common plum (Prunus domestica.)
Fig. 2. The common cherry. (Prunus avium.)
Ad99998 05 077a/engRoses XVI. Vol. V. No. 75.
VARIETIES OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The French-Rose. (Rosa gallica. L.)
Fig. 2. The large flesh-coloured Rose. (Rosa truncata carnea major.)
Ad99998 05 078a/engBirds LXXII. Vol. V. No. 76.
GERMAN SINGING BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Nightingale with ist nest.
Fig. 2. The petti-chaps. (Motacilla Hippolais.)
Ad99998 05 079a/engPlants C. Vol. V. No. 77.
GERMAN FOREST-TREES.
Fig. 1. The common beech. (Fagus sylvatica.)
Fig. 2. The common Elm. (Ulmus campestris.)
Ad99998 05 080a/engPlants CI. Vol. V. No. 78.
GERMAN FRUIT-SORTS.
Fig. 1. The garden-currant tree. (Ribes rubrum.)
Fig. 2. The goose-berry-bush. (Ribes grossularia.)
Ad99998 05 081a/engInsects XLII. Vol. V. No. 79.
MAGNIFICENT FOREIGN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Iujube-tree Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx Paphia.)
Fig. 2. The Claret-Sphinx. (Sphinx Labruscae.)
Ad99998 05 082a/engMiscell. Subj. LXII. Vol. V. No. 80.
REMARKABLE CAVERNS.
The Gnome’s (Erdmanns) cavern near Hasel.
Ad99998 05 083a/engBIRDS LXXIII. Vol. V. No. 81.
BEAUTIFUL FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Golden Tanager. (Tanagra violacea.)
Fig. 2. The Bishop Tanager. (Tanagra Episcopus.)
Fig. 3. The Paradise Tanager. (Tanagra Tatao.)
Fig. 4. The Orange Grosbeack. (Loxia aurantia.)
Fig. 5. The Java Grosbeack. (Loxia oryzivora.)
Ad99998 05 084a/engPlants CII. Vol. V. No. 82.
WILD FRUIT-KINDS.
Fig. 1. The wild pear. (Pyrus communis.)
Fig. 2. The wild apple. (Pyrus malus.)
Ad99998 05 085a/engInsects XLIII. Vol. V. No. 83.
THE LION-ANT IN IST PIT-FALL.
Ad99998 05 086a/engMiscell. Objects LXIII. Vol. V. No. 84.
THE COMMON FLY MICROSCOPICALLY CONSIDERED.
Ad99998 05 087a/engRoses XVII. Vol. V. No. 85.
DIFFERENT SORTS OF ROSES.
The pale yellow Scotish Rose. (Rosa spinosissima flore flavo.)
Ad99998 05 088a/engBirds LXXIV. Vol. V. No. 86.
BEAUTIFUL FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Azur flycatcher. (Muscicpa caerulea.)
Fig. 2. The black headed Tanager. (Tanagra atricapilla.)
Fig. 3. Cital Tanager. (Tanagra capitalis.)
Fig. 4. The Paradise flycatcher. (Muscicapa paradisi.)
Fig. 5. The fan-tailed flycatcher. (Muscicapa flabellifera.)
Ad99998 05 089a/engPlants CIII. Vol. V. No. 87.
GERMAN FRUIT SORTS.
Fig. 1. The cornel tree. (Cornus mascula.)
Fig. 2. The german medlar. (Mespilus germanica.)
Ad99998 05 090a/engInsects XLIV. Bd. V. No. 88.
GERMAN MOTHS.
Fig. 1. The gipsey moth. (Phalaena Bombyx dispar.)
Fig. 2. The quercifoliated Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx quercifolia.)
Fig. 3. The Fish-tailed Moth. (Phalaena Bombyx Pruni.)
Ad99998 05 091a/engMiscell. Objects LXIV. Vol. V. No. 89.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINOUS PASSAGES IN SWITZERLAND.
Fig. 1. The Road over the great mountain of St. Bernard.
Fig. 2. The Road over the mountain of St. Gotthard.
Ad99998 05 092a/engRoses XVIII. Vol. V. No. 90.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The lucid Rose. (Rosa lucida.)
Fig. 2. The large truncated Rose. (Rosa truncata major.)
Ad99998 05 093a/engBirds. LXXV. Vol. V. No. 91.
REMARKABLE EXOTICK BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Rhinoceros-bird. (Buceros Rhinoceros.)
Fig. 2. The Abyssinian Horn-bill. (Buceros abyssinicus.)
Fig. 3. The gold-breasted Paradise-bird. (Paradisea aurea.)
Fig. 4. The blue green Paradise-bird. (Paradisea viridis.)
Ad99998 05 094a/engInsects XLV. Vol. V. No. 92.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CROSS-SPIDER.
Ad99998 05 095a/engInsects XLVI. Vol. V. No. 93.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CROSS-SPIDER. (Continuation.)
Ad99998 05 096a/engMiscell. Sub. LXV. Vol. V. No. 94
MICROSCOPICK OBSERVATIONS UPON THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF METALS.
Fig. 1. The Tree of copper.
Fig. 2. The Tree of lead.
Fig. 3. The Tree of tin.
Fig. 4. The Tree of Zinc.
Ad99998 05 097a/engMiscellaneous Subjects LXVI. Vol. V. No. 95.
THE OLD PALACE OF THE CZARS OF MOSCOW.
Ad99998 05 098a/engBirds LXXVI. Vol. V. No. 96.
THE CONDUR.
Ad99998 05 099a/engPlants CIV. Vol. V. No. 97.
MEDICINAL PLANTS:
Fig. 1. The lovage leav’d Galbanum. (Bubon galbanum.)
Fig. 2. The Gentian of Austria. (Gentiana pannonica.)
Ad99998 05 100a/engInsects XLVII. Vol. V. No. 98.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The great streak’d Fritillary. (Papilio Paphia.)
Fig. 2. The great Argus. (Papilio Arion.)
Fig. 3. The brown-hair streak. (Papilio betulae.)
Fig. 4. The small Tortoise-shell. (Papilio Phlaeas.)
Ad99998 05 101a/engWorms X. Vol. V. No. 99.
THE EAR’D MEDUSA (SEA-NETTLE.)
Ad99998 05 102a/engMiscellaneaous Subjects LXVII. Vol. V. No. 100.
THE CATHEDRAL AT STRASBOURG.
Ad99998 06 003a/engGarments. X. Vol. VI. No. 1.
SWISS-GARMENTS.
Fig. 1. An inhabitant of Underwalden.
he inhabitants of the Canton of Underwalden in Switzerland are good-natured, but little cultivated people; they are inclin'd to melancholy, for the most part poor, and chiefly maintain themfelves by breeding of cattle, which they improve with great induft'ry. Here we behold a cow-herd of this country represented in his feftival fuit.
Fig. 2. A country-girl of Bern.
Here presents herfelf to us a pretty young country- gid of the Canton of Bern, coming from the field and carrying home potatoes, the has dug"out. She is lightly drefs'd, that fhe may be able, with more eafinefs to work.
Fig. 3. A cow-herd of Emmenthal.
The Emmenthal in the Canton of Bern is very fruitful and famous for h's excellent c eefe. The breeding of cattle is the chief occupation of the inhabitants of this valley. The plate here adjoined represents a cowherd in his ordinary dreTs, coming very chearfully from his ftable, from whence he carries away the earned milk.
Fig. 4 and 5. A girl and a young peasant of Entlibuch.
The valley of Entlibuch lies in the Canton of Luzern, being renown'd for the manly, proud, honeft and open character of it's inhabitants, diftinguifh'd too by their inclination to Poetry, Satire, Mufick and gymnaltick exercifes, in the laft of which they particularly excel. The following plates represent them in their ordinary drefs.
Fig. 6. A hunter of chamois.
Here we view a hunter of chamois of the Swifs-Alps, in his ufual clothes, climbing up the ice-mountains with the help of his pointed ftaff, and his l'hoes arm'd with pricks. Thus he expofes himfelf to the most vifible dangers, in order to enjoy the pleafure of killing a chamois.
Ad99998 06 004a/engMiscell. Subj. LXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 2.
THE MANNER OF BUILDING IN SWITZERLAND.
Fig. 1. A Swiss peasant's house.
tT-e Alp-meadows, on which the cows durIing the whole fummer are pasturing, lu n a gcre a t p a tr t o f S w i t z e r l a n d t h e p e a f a ni t s - 4 l r t b, e l e h u t s mj a d e c o, f t r u 1n k s, w i_h-ic 1h a r e. lia y, d. honfes are largeor, 'm o r e f p a c ti o u s a n d t h e - u p o n e, a c h. .i o t h e r, -, ■
(l■ik, e t.h, e RDu f friar n b toorsretore more commodious too, than in many hoQfes)
^ fflilk ü prererVd and tlie cheefe other countries. This we perceive already prepar,d. befides they rerye to the cowin the houTe here exhibited of a country- hfirds for a. lheller alld fleeping - place, man in ths Canton of Underwalden, which ^ré their bed under the roof commonly however is proportionably much poorer and confiris but of long grafs# Here we lee ruder, and has more ignorant and lefs in- fuch & hat from within> vvith all lhe uten. duftrious inhabitants, than many other Swifs- fils requifite for preparing cheefe; with Cantons. The faid houfe is a pretty large which the Alpler vvith all lhe uten. duftrious inhabitants, than many other Swifs- fils requifite for preparing cheefe; with Cantons. The faid houfe is a pretty large which the Alpler
(as the herdsmen of the building; the ground-floor is mured up A,ps are calrd)
actually is employ'd; at with ftones, becaufe it includes the cellar; the fame time we perceive his wife with the reft is entirely of wood, and the roof his hoy^ who are viating him, and the is cover'd with large fhingles, faften'd with rervant roafting cheefe at the fire for thefe hones. dear guefts; for roafted cheefe goes here
Fig. 2. A Sennhut.
for a great delicacy. Not before winter the Sennhuts are call'd in Switzerland woo- Alpler returns with his herd to the valley, den huts conftructed in the mountains near where his fixed dwelling is.
Ad99998 06 005a/engMiscell. Subj. LXIX. Vol. VI. No. 3.
REMARKABLE ICE-HILLS, AS THE SOURCE OF GREAT RIVERS.
1 he Ice-hills (t'all'd Gletfcher) in Switzer- takes its rife out of the three principal branlancl are prodigious maffes of ice on the dies, the fore - middle- and hind -Rhine)
ruAlps, being inexhauftible refervoirs for fup- fhes forthas a brook of the ice-hill, with which plying the flowing waters, which from them the 13 lel'fer brooks unite themTelves, turntake their origin. Two of them, reprefen- Min g down from the Shell-horn (Mitjchelhorn) ted here, deferve, a particular noticefor giv- a rock of two hours length, ing the exiftence to two of the largeft rivers of Europe.
Fig. 1. The Rhinewaldgletscher or the first spring of the Rhine.
Fig. 2. The Ice-hill of the Rhone.
hick origin derives the Rhone, that rifes out or the firft ferine of the Rhine. of the ice - hin of the Rhone or the Furca' 1 ° one of the moli beautiful ice - hills in the - In the "back - ground of the Rhincwald- whole chain of Alps. It lies on the fide of thai, furrounded on all fides with lofty the Furca, a lofty mountain, that is the mountains, in the helvetick Canton of Gn- South-"VYeft horn of the St. Gotthard, at the Jons lies the great PJiineuuddgletJchcr, a confines of Wallis, Bern and Uri, and of prodigious mafs of ice in a gloomy, folitary the full higher Galenfiok till down in the place. From an ice-vault, which fometi- valley of G cran, and is the iffue of an icemes is very great and brilliant (we fee it here valley of 6 hours length. Three fmall brooks copied from nature) the hindmoft Rhine (for iffue out of this ice- hill, and form the the whole Rhine, the nobleft river in Europe, fprings of the Rhone.
Ad99998 06 006a/engMiscell. Subj. LXX. Vol. VI. No. 4.
THE STAUBBACH.
\Jne of the most remarkable, celebrated ling-white, continually fhifting form in the and frequented cascades in Switzerland is the air. About noon, when the fun-beams ftrike Staubbach in thé no lefs Fig. nal valley of Lau- this tumbling water, the beauty of this gloterbrunnen, in the Canton of Bern. This rious fport of nature reaches the higheft deStaubbach precipitates iifelf near the village gree; and coming nearer you behold in it of Lauterbrunn, over the fteep rocky wall of two circular rainbows. There is no danger, the mountain of Piateli, about 900 feet from to place himfelf between the rocky wall, and on high. It forms in fact two cascades, one the upper water-fall; the only inconvenient, above the other; the upper Fig.. 1.) falls in one undergoes, is to be wetted by the fpoua rocky bafon, out of which the water fpouts ting water. In the winter one perceives in again, and forms the lower cascade (Fig.. 2.). this Staubbach quite lingular and curious At this fall the water is in the air diffolv'd figures of ice. More upwards it forms yet into the fineft duft (from whence the name other fplendid waterfalls, but not fo high, of Staubbach) waving as an etherian, dazz
Ad99998 06 007a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXI. Vol. VI. No. 5.
MICROSCOPICK CONSIDERATION OF THE SPUNGE AND OF THE CHANGING TAFFETA.
Fig. 1. The Spunge.
1 he Spunge, this. yellowifh- brown loofe. body, we make ufe of, to clean and wafh us, chiefly gruws on the rocky ground of leverai islanJrof the Mediterraneaa Sea, where it is by the divers torn off and gather'd. That it very eafily fokes up the water, every body knows. Bat in what manner this happens, we perceive here, by looking on this little piece of fpunge, magnify'd by the microrcope. The truth is, the whole fpunge confifts of a texture of many nice, flexible hair-channels, which quickly foke in the water and fwell the fpunge. On account •f the foftnefs and flexibility of the little channels the fpunge may be as eafily fqueezed out, lìnee by the fqueeze of the hand the water is again pump'd out, as out of a jack. ■
Fig. 2. The changing taffeta.
The varying play of colours, we obferve in the changing taffeta, (as in the V. Vol. Nro. 40. in the Iris papillon) only derives from the many-coloured threads, as the magnifying (b) clearly proves. The warp namely confifts in this cafe of yellow threads, but the woof of purple ones. According as you turn the taffeta, the yellow or the purple colour prevails, or a fine mixture of both colours arifes.
Ad99998 06 008a/engPlants CV. Vol. VI. No. 6.
BEAR'S BREECH.
I he Bear's breech deferves our notice, be- permanent plant, growing wild in Sicily caute the most ancient greek and roman Ar- and in the lower parts of Italy. The leaves chitecture already adopted it's well fhaped (A) form a leafy rofe, out of which fhoots leaves as an ornament to the Capitals of the ftalk, 2 or 3 feet high, with violet and the columns, efpecially of the corinthick white bloffoms. order, and befides embellifhed them by regularity. The gothick as well as the modern Architecture has retain'd this decora- ^8- 2' The Brank - Urlili. ting plant. Till now we know. 14 fpecies, , , . (Acanthus fpinofus.) of bear's breech 5 but the two following ones J are preferably imitated in Architecture. This fpecies grows likewife upon humid
Fig. 1. The genuine bear's breech. (Acanthus mollis.)
places in Italy. The leaf i, large and well {
rhaped; at the extremities of the liule lea The genuine or foft bear's breech is a
Fig. 2. The Brank-ursin. (Acanthus spinosus.)
are pricks, as at the leaves of the thiftl
Ad99998 06 009a/engWorms XI. Vol. VI. No. 7.
SEA-CREATURES.
Fig. 1. The thorny or echinated cockle (Cardium echinatum.)
As we commonly behold in the cabinets
Fig. 2. The wonderful Sea-feather. (Pennatula mirabilis.)
of natural products the beautiful variegated cockle-fhells but vacant, we might eafily imagine, that they are inhabited by no living creature. But of the contrary convin- This Sea-feather is a coral-like cafe ces us this representalion A, B and C of delicately form'd, being inhabited by a potile thorny cockle, an inhabitant of the lypus-like worm, and provided with lateral Nord-Sea. At A we perceive the creature branches nicely feathered, like the wings in the fhell, being fomewhat open'd on the of a plume. Thefe creatures attain to a fharp border, and at B from the fide, where length of 6 or 8 inches, being met with one obferves the fithe-like and orange-co- in the European and American Seas, where loured foot of the animal, which aids it in they are fwimming at large.
Ad99998 06 010a/engFishes XLI. Vol. Vl. No. 8.
SINGULAR FISHES.
Fig. 1. The chordated Stylephorus. (Stylephorus chordatus.)
1 his fifli of a quite fingular fhape lias but 2o years ago been known, when it was brought from the* Weftindian Seas to England. It's eyes ftand on the two fhort cylinders, and the head with the fnout directed upwards confifts of a flexible leathery duplicature. The body terminates in a ftringlike length of i foot and io inches; whereas the length of the body itfelf amounts but to io inches.
Fig. 2. The painted Angler. (Lophius pictus.)
The painted angler is a native of the pacific Ocean, and is obferved. about NewHolland and Otaheitee. Over thé~wide open mouth fticks a long filament, by which it entices fmall fifhes to devour them. Befides one perceives on the back a pair of thick proceffes. The prime-colour is dull brown with yellow and red fpots. %.
Fig. 3. The marbled Angler. (Lophius marmoratus.)
This fifh is likewife a native of the pacific Ocean. The body is of a black-brown colour, marbled with blueifh, white and red fpots. Above the upper lip fticks a long filament, forking into two at the tip, and the pectoral fins refemble the paws of a quadruped, but are by no means fo.
Ad99998 06 011a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXII. Vol. VI. No. 9.
METEORS.
lo the extraordinary meteors or airy pbe- netrable to us.- The meteor here Fig. ured nomeca belong the fiery globes, that now was to be feen at London the 13th of Noand then all at once appear in the air. vember, 1803. towards half paft eight o' Tho' we cannot yet trace them to their clock in the evening. To an obferver the original, however they are by no means an fiery mafs appear'd at firft (Fig.. 1.) fnictly omen of an imminent misfortune, as fimple, circumfcrib'd, and accompanied by feveral fuperftitious people imagine. We rnuft ra- little fiery balls; but when advancing it got ther fuppofe, that, like the North-light and a fiery tail. An other obferver perceiv'd other phenomena, they owe their exiftence (Fig.. 2.) beams flafhing out of the elliptick to eftablifhed natural laws, but ftill impe- body, which terminated in little ftars.
Ad99998 06 012a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 10.
MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS.
VV e have already before in our Gallery is the difference of the Brabandifh lace, Vol. II. Nro. 98. confider'd and compared wrought by human hands! They are woven the works of nature withthofe of art under or fevved partly of filk, but eTpecially of the magnifying-glafs, obferving, how much flax. An only pound of raw flax in the the former excel in perfection. "Which we Netherlands is wrought up to 7000 florins fhall likewife perceive here, by comparing of points, and nothing more accqmplifhed the two most artful webs, the fpider's-net and regularly beautiful can be feen by meet and a little piece of Brabandifh lace by eyes. However under the magnifying glafs means of the microscope. The greateft re- it appears quite otherwife. The fine lace gularity reigns in the fingle divifions of presents itfelf here as an intangling of many the fpiders-net (Fig.. 1.) both the long and ropes (for fuch feem to be the fingle threads) the crofs - threads are of the fame bignefs being without any regularity tvvifted. and diftance. On the contrary how great
Ad99998 06 013a/engInsects XLVIII. Vol. VI. No. 11.
BEAUTIFUL EXOTICK BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Fast-indian Argus.
J A beautiful diurnal butterfly, which is found in the East-Indies! It is here
Fig. ured, like the three other, in natural fize. The ground of the wings is dark-brown with light- yellow fpots. The lower wings are adorn'd by a large eyefpot black and blue.
Fig. 2. The green-streak'd Westindian Swallow-tail.
This exotick fcarce fwallow - tail of Surinam in America refembles ours in
Fig. ure; only in the colouring it differs, being tinged with green and black ftieaks.
Fig. 3. The American Fire-Spot. (Pap. Eq. H. Ricini.)
The deep-red lower wings give it a lively appearance; on each of the brown upperwings we obferve two yellow fpots.
Fig. 4. The orange-colour'd wing of Surinam.
It diftinguifhes itfelf like the former by it's long but fmall wings, as alio by the long flender body. It's colouring conlifts of a pleafing variety of orange-tawny and brown.
Ad99998 06 014a/engMisc. Subj. LXXIV. Vol. VI. No. 12.
THE MANNER, IN WHICH THE NEGROS IN AMERICA STRIP THE BUFFALO SNAKE (BOA CONSTRICTOR.)
VV e know already by the III. Vol. No. 85. fhots. David faften'd the knot of a cord of our Gallery, that the Buffalo - Snake around the neck of the beaft, which he caus(Boa conftrictor) is a terrible creature, which ed to be drawn up by fome other Negros. attains to a length of 30 or 40 feet. This Then he himfelf climb'd up along the fnake, Serpent is aifo met with in America in Su- cut up the belly and ftripd of the fkin. The rinatn, where the Natives call it Aboma. copious fat, which is faid tobe whole-fome The Englifhoian Stcdman, who pafs'd feve- for bruifes, was carefully gather'd; the flefh ral years in the military Service of the was drefs'd and eat by the Negros with much Dutch in Surinam. kill'd with his Negro appetite. David, fuch a Serpent by leverai mufket
Ad99998 06 015a/engMisc. Subj. LXXV. Vol. VI. No. 13.
THE GATHERING OF THE COCHINEAL INSECTS.
The cochineal infect, which lives on the plants. After fome months, when they have common Indian Fig. {Cactus opuntia) in South attain'd to their full growth, they are brufh'd America, we know already by the II. Vol. of with pencils of roc's hair (b) and gather'd. No. 31. of our Gallery. On account of it's Afterwards the cochineal infects are kill'd beautiful red colour a great traffick is exercis- either upon hot plates (f) and poured into ed with it, and the cochineal infect in Me- vefsels (g, h) or it is done in bafkets in hot xico is in particular plantations of the com- water, and then they are fpread upon mats mon Indian Fig. cultivated and bred up. Thefe and dried. The laft method is the beft. The Fig. s (a) we fee here planted by rows, and the cochineal infects are gather'd in the plantafoil kept always loofe by labourers (c). The tions three times in the year from the month little creatures are carefully placed on the of December till May. —
Ad99998 06 016a/engMisc. Subj. LXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 14
THE SNOW WITH IT'S CRYSTALLIZATIONS.
The Snow is bere the object of our contem- When in calm weather the Snow falls in plation. — The truth is, our atmofphere is reparate thin flakes, we have often occafion always fill'd with watery vapours. Being con- to obferve it's various but regular Figures, geal'd or cryftallized by the wimer - froft, almoft all arifing from the hexagon. The adthey form a loofe white mafs. which being joined plate exhibits Teveral of thefe Snowheavier, than the air, falls down upon the cry ftallizaiions, confiderahly magnify'd bj earth and covers it, as it were, with a white the microfcope. Fig.. 1. 2. 3. were o'nferv'd robe. This is the Snow, that clears up the in Styria. Fig. 4. 5. 6. 8- 9- offer us fuch gloomy days of winter and protects the Seed Snow - crystallizations, as a Naturalift in Swim great cold. But alfo it often happens, tzerland took notice of; and Fig.. 7. thole, «that a little Snowball, breaking loofe from the which were rem ark' d and fet down at BrestoP of lofty mountains, being at 1 aft by it's law. The natural fize of the Snow -cryftdh ro hng along increafed to an huge mafs, as a we find delineated under fix numéros. great drift of Snow becomes the deftroyer of whole houfes, nay even of fmall villages, which are over whelm'd by it.
Ad99998 06 017a/engMisc. Subj. LXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 15.
FROZEN GLASS-PANES.
The water being depriv'd of a part of it's chambers cling to the cold glafs-panes ana calorique, at a certain degree of cold in the congeal there into various ice-Fig. ures. Their Winter (the freezing point) congeals or variety probably depends on the nature of changes itfelf in a hard elaftic body, which the vapours. Here we behold fome examwe call Tee. This freezing happens, when pies of fuch frozen glafs-panes, in the water at firft fingle ice-pins form Fig.. I and 2. Thel'e were obferv'd by themfelves, which under different angles the Profeffor Hacquet in the fevere Winter meet together, "and by degrees make a fo- of 1788 tiU 1789- There appear'd on the lid body, as it arrives in the formation of frozen glafs - panes the perfect Fig. ure of cryftals. This mafs is fo firm, that once Zoophytes./ for fport's fake an ice - palace has been Fig.. 3 and 4. Thefe leaf-like
figures l»uilt, as we fhall fee in the fequel. were obferv'd in the rigorous Winter of 1740 on the glafs-panes of the caftle of pleafure, In the Winter the vapours of the warm Belvedere near Weimar, and delineated.
It
Miscellanea LXXVII. Tom. VI. No. 15.
FINESTRE GELATE.
Quando nell' inverno ad un certo grado del camere calde fi condenfano su i r.riltalli delle freddo {chiamato grado del ghiaccio) l'acqua fineftie, e quivi gelando forman vario e divien privata di una parte del fuo calorico, verfe Fig. ure. La loro varietà probabilmente effa fi gela, e vien ridotta in un corpo folido nasce dalla qualità de' vapori. Qui vediamo edelaftico, che ghiaccio fi dice. Nascon pri- rapprefentate alcune fineftre gelate. ma nelP acqua alcuni ftrali di ghiaccio, che Fig.. 1 e 2. furono offervate dal Sig. fotto diverfi angoli congiungendofi, a poco a •. Hacquet nell' inverno freddi filmo del 1788 poco ne fanno un corpo folido, come fuccede e 1789; le fineftre gelate inoltravano Fig. ure nella criftallifazione de' sali. Quefta malfa che perfettamente raffomigliavano i Zoofiti, d'acqua condenfata è d'una tal fodezza, che una volta per ifcherzo ne fu fabbricato un. Fig.. 304. fomiglianti al fogliame palazzo di ghiaccio, come in appreffo ve- delle piante, furono offervate e copiate nel dremo. palazzo ducale di Belvedere preffo Weimar Coli anche nell' inverno i vapori delle nell' famofo inverno del 1740.
Ad99998 06 018a/engMisc. Subj. LXXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 16.
INDIAN GARBS.
By this and the folloiving three plates we become in many refpects acquainted with the manners and cuftoms of the Indians or Hindoos, who inhabit Hindoftan in the middle part of South-Alia.
Fig. 1. A Pandarum or Hindoo mendicant- friar.
The Hindoos are a harmlefs, fimple, goodnatnred, hut withall very fuperftitious people. This is improv'd by a numberlefs multitude of cheats, who as mendicant-friars of Brama's and the Mahometan religion roam through Hindoftan, as forcerers and foothlayers deceiving the people, which thinks them to be Saints. To this clafs likewife belong the Pandarums, who clothed in an odd manner, rove about and practile foothfavin". * Jo
Fig. 2. A Fakir.
The Fakirs are Mahometan mendicantfriars, who perform the Cervice at the Mofques, go on pilgrimage to Mecca, and roam about in the country, to impofe upon their credulous believers.
Fig. 3. An Indian Clerk.
The Hindoos maintain the degree of halfcultivated people, and are able to write. This they perform upon Palmleaves, call'd Ollas, by means of a fharp ftyle, like as we fee here the Omply drefs'd clerk represented.
Fig. 4. A Carriage loaden with Idols.
The Hindoos of Brama's religion worfhip Idols in their Temples or Pagodes. Thel'e Idols are frequently carried in Proceffion through the ftreets, which is commonly done in fuch carriages, trimm'd up with many ornaments and banners.
Fig. 5. A Hackery.
The only carriage proper for travelling in India is the Hackery, an open cheft, that refts on a two-wheel'd carr, drawn by oxen. Only one perfon can fit therein; the oxen are govern'd by means of a ftring drawn through their nolirils.
Ad99998 06 019a/engMisc. Subj. LXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 17.
INDIAN PENITENTS.
1 he Hindoos are in their fuperftitious no- Fiff. 2. A Dak allibar i tions of religion very extravagant. Thus they imagine, to render themfelves agree- The Dakambaris are a particular Sect able to the gods and to expiate their fins of Penitents, who pretend from a fanatical by ielltormenting of the body. Such Peni- Pri:le t0 be infenfible to all pain. Tims tents go then for Saints in the opinion of one carries here a fire-pan on his bare tho vulgar. We fee fome o£ them repre- »and, and burns it without any Sign of fentcd upon this plate. Imart- TIe ileePs uPon a cover interlaced with thorns, which he bears under his
Fig. 1. The Penitent on the gibbet.
To the honour of the Goddefs Ragawadi a Penitent on her Fefiival has caufed
Fig. 2. A Dakambari.
Peiliteilt rolling along. an iron hook to be put through the flefh at his fhoulders. Drawn on high on a gib- This Pilgrim roll'd, without rifing, a bet, he utters leverai prayers, without tract of thirty German miles, fin gin g all diftorting a mien, and at laft plucks a gar- along longs to the praile of the gods. Being land afunder, of which the alfembled people rich, two of his Slaves always went before ea^erlv gathers up each little leaf, prefer- him, in order to remove all obftacles and Ting it as holy relicks. to fupply him with meat and drink.
Fig 3. A Penitent rolling along.
Ad99998 06 020a/engMisc. Subj. LXXX.
INDIAN JUGGLERS.
The Hindoos have very much agility and dexteritv in all motions of the body, and diftinguifh themfeh es as rope-dancers by a great many particular tricks. The present plate offers feveral proofs of it.
Fig. 1. Indian Jugglers in the Fort George.
On the parade of the Fort George at Madras feveral Indian jugglers are plaving before the Engliihtnen their tricks. On the left a female juggler is climb'd up an unfaften'd pole of Bamboos, 30 feet high, balancing there upon and moving berfelf along with it according to the mufick. The five other jugglers accomplifh many tricks. On the right, wo la
(iian women dan^ on the rope, rêverai times paCKog by each ether. One plays a Bring infiniment, the other holds in her hands two cups quite fulfilled with water.
Fig. 2. A tamer of snakes.
A Hindoo caufes here a tamed SpectacleSnake, of which he has broke out the venomous teeth, to move itfelf up and down after his inftrument, compofed of a hollow gourd with a piece of Bamboos - reed. An evidence of the great effect of mufick upon beafts Ì
Fig. 3. A Juggling with de bull.
An Indian juggler lies here firetched oft the ground. He places at firft a wood to the
Fig. ure of a cup upon his body, on which his drels'd bull by and by gets up with all four feet. The juggler holds ont a fécond wood, which the bull cliinhs alfo :. whilft th" Hindoo pufhes it on the So he does with the third wood. At laft the bull remains ballancing on high.
Ad99998 06 021a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXI. Vol. VI. No. 19.
MOSQUES AND PAGODS IN HINDUSTAN.
The Temples of the true Hindoos, who people to prayer. On the left fide of the are addicted to the religion of Brama, are Mosque the monument of a Nabob is to ca]l'd Pagods, but thofe of the adventitious be feen. Mahometans, have the name of Mosques. Both kinds we behold here
Fig. 1. Grand Mosque near Arcot.
This Mosque, built in a maffive man-
Fig. 2. The Pagod of Wira-Mally.
On a fteep rock is filuated the Pagod of iter, lies near the city of Arcot; towards JVira- Mally, in the Kingdom of Tanfhaure. Weft it is open and adorn'd by arches. The In thefe pagan Temples, which confift of fpiinfide, where the prieft recites prayers and res pyramidally built, halls and colonnades, reads palTages of the Koran, ti eir f:tcied the idols are preferv'd. The Bramines or book, is cover'd with carpets, at the er.try Priefts, who lodge in the courts, are alone 0f which the Ihoes and flippers muft be put permitted to enter into the most holy place, off. On both ends rife the fpires or Mina- where, they imagine, the myfteries of the rets, from whence the priefts are calling the deity are reveal'd.
Ad99998 06 022a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXII. Vol. VI. No. 20.
THE COMETS.
J he comets belong to the extraordinary in g out. If this filine goes before the head, phenomena in the ftarred fky. On that ac- it is call'd the beard, but if it follow* it, we count fuperftitious people formerly look'd on call it the tail; of the laft kind we fee in the them as ominous Fig. ns, and foolißily ima- Fig.. 2 ami 3 two comets represented. That gin'd their appearance to forebode war, di- of Fig., 3. was accurately obfcrv'd by the Afu-ofeafes and other ills. The comets receive nomer Hevelius at Danzig in the year 1661 their light from the fun, but they don't move in the month of February and March. On themfelves in regular orbites around it, like the 3th of February (A) appear'd the kernel the planets, butin an Ellipfis, whereby they of a yellowifh light, but inwardly fome what now and then approach very near to the fun, reddifh. The long tail was at the kernel and then withdraw themfelves very far, as fmall and thick, and grew by degrees larger we find in the Fig.. 1. evidenced by a piece and thinner. On the 6lh of February (B) of an orbite of comet. Thefe celeftial bodies Hevelius took notice of feveral fpotj in the confift of a round luminous head or kernel, kernel; the tail now appear'd foaller, more from which a bright transnavo«. rv,- n 1 ■, . s transparent Chine 1« flow- faint and more pointed.
Ad99998 06 023a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 21.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
The 'horfe, this domeftick animal, which is fo uieful to man, deferves with it's different races or fpecies our particular notice; as we have already given in the II. Vol. of our Gallery the picture of the wild horfe as well as of the horfe in general This and the fubfequent five tables reprefer. t to us the following celebrated races of horfcs : Frieslandifh, Hollfieinian, Danifh, Englifh, French, Neapolitan, Spanifli, Hungarian, Polnifli, Rufsian, Turkijli, Arabian and Barb.
Fig. 1. The Frieslandish and Hollsteinian horse.
The Frieslandifh horfe diftinguirhes it1'elf by the tallnefs and ftrcngth of it's body, by a heavy head, big neck, large back, and a broad cleft croup, with a low let tati. It's thighs are ftrong, roundifh, and thickfet with hairs. The horfes of Hollfiein commonly have ram's-!n ads; the forepart is well built, but tlie hi-.idpart generally too weak; the hoofs are too large and clumfy. Bo'.h kinds are more drawing-than riding horfes. The inoift climate nnd the grafs containing a «eat deal of watery particles, in which their food conQfts, are the caufes of their being fubject to many diftempers.
Fig. 2. The Danish horse.
The diftinctive character of it is a clumfy head, ftrong neck, broad cheft, long low loins, it's croup being in proportion with the cheli too I'm. ill. It is a firm durable race of horfes, which efpecially in modern time« by confiant endeavours of feveral fkilful men has been much improved. The juftly valued whiieborn horfes are of a Danilh origin, and almoft the only ones, that are bred in the royal ftuds. They greatly diftinguifh themfelves by the fineft white fhining hair. Around the eyes as well, as the mouth and the nofe they are fief h coloured and fprinkled with black little points. They have a thick barb; the hoofs are yellow. The head is pretty large, with a broad front, and Tome what curved. A pair of large darkbiown eyes with a flelhcoloured and blatkfpottcd edge likewife characterifes them. The forepart is very tall, the pofture and ftructure of the legs is regular and wellform'd. They are befides compact, and commonly have a well arched croup. A train of Tuch v.hiteborn horfes is perhaps the B* neft fhow of thiy kind.
Ad99998 06 024a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXIV. Vol. VI. No. 22.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The English horse.
A he fine Englifh race-horfe derives from the Arabian or Barb, and therefore much referable? both of them, except that it is much taller. It has a fine dry head, a wellturn'd neck, tall lean withers, light fhoulders, a Jtraight back, the tail being well fet on a fine croup. This kind is only made ufe of for races, and when they grow older, havin» Fig. nalized themfelves, for breeding. One finds among them horfes of extraordinary fwiftnefs; commonly they run two englifh miles in four minutes, four miles in nine minutes. [But they are already as foals of two years exercifed in running twice in a day in winter as in fummer, their foddering and diet being calculated for this end. The common Englifh country horfe is totally different from the former, it's head being thick, flafhy, the neck fhort, the croup blunt, the ftrong legs thick fel with hairs. The most of them are bred in the province of Yorkfhire, and employ'd as courfers and in the fervice of the cavalry.
Fig. 2. The French horse.
France has, befides it's fine and noble races of horfes, among which thofe of Limoulin and Normandy diftinguifh themfelves as ridinghorfes. In fome parts a fingular caft of work-and peafant — horfes, which are known for their uglineis. Their head refembles that of a hog, the ears are far dtftant from one another, flapping down, »he neck is fhort and thick fet with brifily manes, the croup is very blunt, the ftrong legs are cover'd with hairs till above the knee. They are firm durable workhorfes, contenting themfelves with Tedge, and other mean Corti of erafs.
Ad99998 06 025a/engMisc. Subj. No. LXXXV. Vol. VI. No.23.
THE HORSE WITH ITS DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Neapolitan horse.
liefe horfes aie tall, they hare a flefhy neck and withers and a ram's head. They are fomewhat high-legged with narrow hoofs. Their croup refembles that of the mules. Their temperament is commonly vicious, wicked and ftubborn. They are belter drawingthan riding-horfes. The belt of them ave bred in Terra di Lavoro, di Otranto, di Barri, in Calabria and in Apulia.
Fig. 2. The Spanish horse.
It has a noble, proud air, fparkling eyes, is full of mettle, and yet tame and docile. The head is generally fomewhat thick; yet there are alfo lam's heads not unfrequent. They have longifh, but well fet ears, the mouth fomewhat pointed and fmall chaws. The neck is indeed big, but wcllform'd and ihickfet with hairs. It has a broad cheft, the body fomewhat big, low loins, a long round croup. The legs are elegant, furnifh'd with ftrong looie Sinews, not cover'd with hairs. The hair is commonly of the chefsnut - colour or black; white fpots or white feet are very rarely found. They are the firft horfes for the manage and for the fervice in war. Thole of Upper-Andalufia are most fought for; but alfo in the mountains of Cordova they breed horfes, that are indeed little, but vigorous, durable, powerful, and not to betiied.
Ad99998 06 026a/engPlants CVI. Vol. VI. No. 24.
THE MANGUSTAN TREE.
The Manguftan tree (Gavcinia Mango- ward unpalatable peel is broken of, one findi ftana) grows in the Eaft Indies, and in a white favoury pulp, which being inwardly the neighbouring Islands, efpecially that divided in fix compartments, includes the of Java, bearing a very favoury whole- kernels. This pulp is of an agreeable favour, Tome fruit. The tree attains to the and is frequently enjoy'd in the Indies, height of our mulberry • trees, has long lea- being very refrefhing and wholefome. Even »es, and bears red blofToms, appearing at in dyfenteries and other epidemical difeafes the end of the branches. The globular fruit the phyficians prefcribe the Mangufiana as a has the bignefs of a Imall apple, and from counteracting remedy, without a redbrown colour. When the out
Ad99998 06 027a/engInfects XLIX. Vol. VI. No. 25.
SEVERAL SPECIES OF INDIGENOUS CRICKETS.
Fig. 1. 2. 3. The house-cricket. (Gryllus domesticus.)
1 he house-cricket likes best to dwell with the men in the hake - arid brew-houfes, where it lives in nooks, being known by the Thrill fouud, it produces by the friction of the ftvong underwings. It feeds upon meal, bread, lard etc. The female lays little whitifh eggs, from which after ten or twelve days the young crickets are flipping out. being at firfl winglefs. After they have feveral times caft the fkin, one beholds the fhea'ths of the wings Fig.. 2.) We fee them in their natural greatnel's Fig. 1. and 3. The skinned underwings are widely juttiDg over the upper ones, and are provided with a horny point.
Fig. 4. 5. The field-cricket. (Gryllus campestris.)
The field-cricket lives in the fields and woods, being cistinguilVd from the iorrner by the darker colour and coarfer Fig. ure, and feeding on littie infects and roots. Like the houfe cricket it excites with the wings ihe chirping found, that in fun,mer evenings is frequently heard in the fields.
Fig. 6. 7. The mole-cricket. (Gryllus gryllotalpa.)
The mole-cricket, which we fee Fig.. h. represented as nymph, and Fig.. 7. in its full growth, is the largeft kind of crickets in Germany, and a noxious infect. With its ftrong mole- like fore-feet it digs eafy pal'faget ihrough the furface of the earth, gnawing all the tender roots of the plants. It has finali horny upperwings, and large thin underwings, but of which it leldoni makes ule.
Ad99998 06 028a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 26.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Hungarian horse.
TheTe horfe« are of the middling kind, they have fomewhat heavy heads and narrow uoftrils, a long body, but good thighs. They are vigorous durable riding horfes, that with fcanty food endure great fatigues.
Fig. 2. The Polnish horse.
For the most part they are bred in the Ruffian and Auftrian part of the former Kingdom of Poland. In general they are rather little, than tall; their head is pretty well-form'd. They have moftly the neck of a ftag, but a ftrong ftraight back, vigorous fhort loins, a fine fomewhat pointed croup, with a wellfet tail, which they wear in a bow; their legs are nice, with little hair, but vigorous. They are extremely ufeful, when by a good and convenient treatment they have loft their fhinefs and timorousnefs.
Ad99998 06 029a/engMisc. Subj. LXXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 27.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Turkish horse.
Platc has in the middle a round-opening, the nailholes are rather round, than i
Fig. 2. The Russian horse.
IlOrfe. Tartarian, and has therefore much in com- The indigenous RtSfcari horfe is chiefly mon with them. Thefe horfes are power- to be fought in Great- Pmffia. It has no fine fui, nimble, mettlefome and of good breath, ftaturc, but is middle- fi/.'d; the head is foeafily bear all fatigues without prejudice to mewhat big and flefhy, the front fiat, the their health, and grow very old. It is the- eye phlegmatic, the neck fhort and thick, refore commonly faid of thefe horfes:, ,they the breaft broad, the croup ftrong, the legs die without being become old"; lince old cover'd with hairs, the hoof more flat, than age itfelf nothing robs of their prerogatives, prominent, the tail and the mane long. It's The Turks are wont to fhoe their horfes with character is quiet, obedient and docile. They a particular sort of iron, which confifts of are efpecially excellent and durable drawinga plate, that in the forepart and on the Tides horfes, able to make in a fhort time journeys has ihe roundnefs of the hoof, and behind in of more than loo Miles, and obdurate againft the balls terminates in a blunt point. This any change of weather.
Ad99998 06 030a/engMisc. Subj. No. LXXXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 28.
THE HORSE WITH IT'S DIFFERENT RACES.
Fig. 1. The Arabian horse.
i- his is the most accomplifh'd and nobleft of it's fpecies, and of the middle fize; it's length commonly imports fomewhat move, thaa it's height. II'*, principal diftinctive character is thehead, with a Arai glu flat front; the ears are indeed fomewhat great, but well let; it has beautiful large eyes, fhining with a quiet fire, and a Araight nofe with wide epen noftrils. The well-form'd neck has a Imall indent next to the withers, and the tail is well fei to the finely rounded croup. The line thighs gain by the vigorous mulcles and Sinew» a particular Arength, and the longifh darkgrey hoofs have a very firm confiftency. It is very nimble and durable, hearing without hurt the harHfhips of long and oft repeated marches. As foals they are already mounted by the children of the Arabs; they remain night and day Cad die a% and take an hahit, which united with their other qualities, makes them the best hunting and warhoiTes; a fame, that they have maintain'«! fili ce the most ancient times.
Fig. 2. The horse from Barbary.
abbreviation it is alio call'd Barb, is middlefized, has a Ihecp's head, a thin neck cover'd with fhort manes, lean but A iff fhoulders, a fine back, Ihort Aung loins, a longilh croup, with high fet tail; the thighs are vigorous, but Aretched, and the hoof, like that of the Arabian, fomewhat long. Theie horres are very nimble; at firft indeed they go fomewhat lazily; but being animated, they quickly give proofs of their Itiength and vigour. Next to the horfes from Tunis, thofe from Marocco and Fer-/, are most valued.
Ad99998 06 031a/engMiscell. Subj. LXXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 29.
THE ICE-PALACE UPON THE NEWA AT ST. PETERSBOURG.
1 ho QIIL Section, No. 15 of onr Gallery Fig.. I. the length of which amounted to 52J-, already informed us of the nature of the ice, the breadth to about 16, and the height to a:;d gave us an Recount of a fatali palace, 20 feet. All the decorations of it, the ftatues built with ice. v.'hich we fee here :rprc-[en- themfelves were of ice. At the entrance layted. This happened in la* rigorous wiuter, two dolphins (Fig.. 2.) that in the night caft 1740 at Petersbiurg, in the r«ign of the Era- out ftrcams of burning Naphta. Hard by were pieTs Anna, one attempted already in the placed canons and mortars (Fig.. 3.4.) wholly November, IJtf}, the Brfi building on the tur.i'd out of ice., where with they went fo frozen river of Newn, but die ice of r. cculd fax as to ritfa a [snail charge of gunuot Lear the burden, awl tu yield, powder. Within the palace there were feveNeverthelefs loon afterwards the hructure ral chambei 1, with tables, chairs, watches was repeated on the continent between the and other furniture, altogether wrought out Fort of the Admiralty and the Winterpslace; of ice. Thus this curious ice - palace remain'd which perfectly fucceeded. The large tHpi feveral months till the end of March, when hewn out of ice, were Caßcn'd 6y na I the milder weather bv degrees taeâted it upon it, thai immediately coa^ -. down, viis manner avole the ice-palace, depicted
Ad99998 06 032a/engMiscell. Subj. XC. Vol. VI. No. 30.
COCHINCHINESE CUSTOMS AND DRESSES.
oehinchina, discovered by tbe Portvguefe A prieft in a long yellowifh coloured rube, in tbe fi\tt ent lentnry, is counted lo be one performs his duty, in pronouncing prayers, of tbe molt ìeinarkableft countrys of eaftern Afia, which in re atd to the cuftomsand diref-
Fig. 2. A Group of Cochinchinese.
1rs of its inhabitants, has much refeniblance The Cochinchinefe are harm eie fs good o the neighbouring China. natured people, which if in forno degree comparatif to the Chinefe are rather uniformer in The Cochinchinefe do worship the God there habitudes and drelTes. The women drels Budha or Fo, bceing idolaters. They generally in cotton frocks, were under thefe ride offer to tbe images of thefe protecting deitys drawers, and on holy days they fnpply leverai the BrfMings of their living flocks and of the frocks to the one they generally were. The fruits of the earth. Fig.. I. represents fuch men put on large jackets and trowiers, have an offering brought to Fo. Upon a Banyan there feet uncover'd, and fome tie handkertree (ficus indica) in a large cage of latticed cheefs around their head, in the fhape of a work, is sitted the gore-belly'd, blubcheeked turban; other have hat* or cap* of various wooden idol. Cochinchinefe peafants are ap- forms. The foldiers represented at the right pearmg, having put a ladder of bamboo to hand in the picture annexed are armed the-tree and are worfhipping rice to the idol, with fhields and fwords.
Ad99998 06 033a/engQuadrupeds LXXV. Vol. VI. No. 31.
SCARCE ANIMALS FROM NEW-HOLLAND.
Fig. 1. The fasciated Kanguroo. (Kangurus fasciatus. PERON.)
he Kanguroos, as we know, are a remarJ Kable fpeFig. 2. The Wombat. (Didelphis Wombat. SHAW.)
The Wombat, which is of the same fize as a badger, belongs likewife to the didelphs, as we here fee, where the young ones ifsue out of the pouch of the mother. This animal, which in the exterior form bears much refemblance to a young bear, feeds upon grafs, fcrapes itfelf into the earth with the ftrong claws of the fore-feet, where it lives by day, and by night only it goes abroad in queft of its maintenance. This animal was alfo firft difcover'd in modern times, upon van Diemens-land, that great Island, bordering upon the Southern point of New-Holland.
Ad99998 06 034a/engMiscell. Subj. XCI. Vol. VI. No. 32.
VANDIEMENS - LAND.
Among the islands of Auftralia or the fifth unproportionably thin. Their food chiefly part of the World, Neu Holland is the confifts of roots and feafhells; they go nakmoft confiderable, its greatnefs being al- ed, only fome of them wear fkins of the most equal to that of Europe. The most Kangoroo, the only quadruped ofthat counmeridional point, which according to recent try, around their fhoulders. But of their reobfervations, forms a particular island, was verence to their dead, the neweft french 1649 difcover'd by the Dutch Abel Tasman, traveller Perori found proofs on the finali and call'd Vandiemem-land to the honour neighbouring island of Maria (Fig.. 1.). Ketof the then Governor of Batavia. The inha- ween Cafuartrees there were little huts constants of this island (Fig.. 2.) are favages, ftrncted of barks, examining one of which and ftill on the loweft ftep of culture. We he found within under an elevation of turf, fee here feveral of them aftembled around aines and bones of men; from whence it a fire. They have a forbidding look, their appears, that thefe nations how rude ioecolour is darkbrown, the frame of the bo- ver and uncultivated yet burn their dead dy is indeed long, but compared to the and honour their memory by the conftruchead and the Ihoulders, the lower parts are tion of thefe huts of barks.
Ad99998 06 035a/engPlants CVII. Vol. VI. No. 33.
THE CEDAR OF LIBANON.
The Cedar of Libanon (Pinus Cedro») be- an age of feveral hundred years. But fingle longs to the m oft beautiful trees, that areto Cedars are alfo now found in the gardens be feeu. Its large branches extend them- of England and France. The beautiful Cefelves like fans one over another, yielding dar of Libanon, here repreTented, is met coolnefs and fhade under their arch. The with in the garden of plants or Jardin des pointy leaves or needles fuck together in plantes at Paris, where it was planted in clufters. (a) The fruit or Cedar apple, drawn the year 1734. It forms a ftately tree, the (b) in its natural. greatnefs, and (c) in pro- ftock of which has the compafs of 8 Parifian ine, is perpendicularly fixt on the branche«, feet, and the arched branches form very pieThe wood is reddifh, odoriferous and fit for turesque groups. On that account the Cedar le lneft Joineries. — The Cedar is native merits to be planted as an ornament in the of th »Mount Libanon in Syria, it grows in Parks or gardens of pleafure. tne higher fnowy refiionSi where fc aUaifl
Ad99998 06 036a/engMiscell. Subj. XCII. Vol. VI No. 34.
SUBTERRANEAN CURIOSITIES IN EGYPT.
Fig. 1. Catacombs in Alexandria.
Tin the rock » b«t piaifter'd with mortac. The dead bodies repol'e in longifli excavaihe ancient Egyptians, «hole architectu- tions, which are carved in rows, re is known to be in many refpects lingular and remarkable, went To far, as to bu-
Fig. 2. Subterranean chamber near the Pyramids of Ghizé.
ild to their dead peculiar fnhtenar.ean ■. apartments, where they were preferv'd, and which they call'd Catacombs. Thefe Cata- The fubterranean graves hewn in the combs confifts of leverai chambers , hewn rock were often adorn'd with various hieroout in the rock , being contiguous to the glyphic Fig. ures , as we fee here reprefentgraves. Thofe of Alexandria we lind here ed. But in the Catacombs they not only reprefenied. The entry confifts of a narrow preferv'd the embalmed bodies or mummies hole, through which one gets with difficul- of men, but alfo thofe of hallow'd beafts, ty, and proceeds to feveral moulder'd rooms, efpecially of the Ibis , a bird , which in One round chamber with a vaulted roof is Egypt w-as preferably worfhiped. The boadorn'd by pillars , and a fiuuion is to be dies of thefe birds were embalm'd and prefeen at one paffage. All this work is hewn ferved in longifh velfels.
Ad99998 06 037a/engMiscell. Subj. XCIII. Vol. Vl. No. 35.
THE NILE-MEASURER UPON THE ISLAND OF RAUDAH NEAR CAHIRAH.
It is known, that by the tropic rains the Nile, that great river of Egypt fo extraordinarily rifes in Autumm, that leaving its fhores, for fome time overflows the whole Nile-vale. This is a true benefit to this fandy country ; becaufe , «hilft the Nile fucceffively recedes into its fhores, it leaves behind upon the whole overflow'd furface a fat muddy earth, that is fufficient to fertilize the Nile-valley. That in the yearly inundation the water every-where may penetrate, the Egyptians have conducted canals through the land. In order to perceive exactly after the inundation the height of water at every time, fcales or Nile-meajurers have been raifed in feveral places. The principal of them is that, we give here a draught of, erected on the island of Raudah near Kahirah. Here one finds in a round turret a ciftern, the bottom of which has the fame height with that of the Nile. On the Gde is an opening, through which the Nile water freely may flow in. An octagonal column of marble is in the middle erected, on which the meafure is mark'd, to what height, according to the obfervations, the water after an inundation fucceffively rife9. A peculiar overfeer daily obTerves from the 1. of July, the rifing of the river, which by publie cryer* is notified to the town.
Ad99998 06 038a/engQuadrupeds LXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 36.
THE LION-APE.
Amon" the curiofities of nature ,' which The lion ape inhabits the plains at the the celebrated traveller Sir Alexander Hum- eaftern declivity of the Cordilleras in Southbold has brought us from South-America, America, efpecially the fertile fhores of there is alfo a nice little monkey, attain- Putumayo and Caqueté. But there too it ing the length of but 7 or 8 inches, and belongs to the fcarce animals, and Sir on account of its extraordinary likenofs to Alexander Humbold during his fojourn in the king of animals juftly call'd lion-ape. that country law only two individuals. Its mane and ftretched body is quite refem- They were kept in a cage and were very bling to the lion in miniature, but the fa- lively and merry; yet being provok'd they ce and the feet inftantly betray the gentle angrily briftled their mane. Till now nolittle monkey. The colour of the face is ne of thefe nice beafts has been carried to half black and balf white, and that of the Europe, remaining body yellowifh and olive-brown. «
Ad99998 06 039a/engPlants. CVIII. Vol. VI. 37
GERMAN GEATRA OR STELLATE MUSHROOMS.
gilrman geastra or stellate mushrooms. J liefe elegant German wood-inhabitants have indeed the fkinned globular hollow feed b'ox, and in it the Coloured pnwdery liule grains of feed, which cleave to the fubtle filaments, in common with 'he much frequenter and more known puff balls in ibeir maturity ; but diluug.iiih ihemfehes by a more regular and commonly more elegant uperiing (mouth) for the releaXe of the ripe little grains of feed, and by an exterior thick cover, that fplits into rays, forming .1 hell,ite b.ifis. Thefe mufhrooml grow under the earth, rifing at laft out of it, when they are unlolding thenifelves.
Fig. 1 et 2. The crowned geastrum or stellate mushroom. (Geastrum coronatum.)
The ftarlike cover has always more than five rays, which indeed fpread wi.ie from one another, but do not bend backwards. Thi- inferior or exterior fur face ol il u darkbrnwn, and Jh,igreen-like granulated. The protuberance« are white. (Fig. 2.) The npinr or interior lurface is white, but foon becomes cbiiiky, the chinks appearing brown. I) 1 nil Ipi cies parti) grows in a loamy and clayifh, partly in «Candy ground.
Fig. 3 et 4. The brown-red geastrum or stellate mushroom. (Geastrum rufescens.)
The ftellate cover of this species ü brownied, fleck, and not only fpreads wide, but befides bends backwards, and raifes the glohulir leed box. Its upper furtace becomes likewife chinky (Fig. 4.) Thefe mufhroomi preferably grow in fir-and pine-groves.
Fig. 5. The hygrometric geastrum or stellate mushroom. (Geastrum hygrometricum.)
The colour of this mufhroom is rather yellow-brown. The ftellate cover beaming with many rays only difplays itself, without bending backwards, but has this remarkable property, that, as often as it dries up , it forcibly claps upwards together, and difplays itself agaio after a leeoni moiftening. From this différent appearance in a moift and dry eft ue, this species has got its fumarne. It likes preferably a fandy ground.
Ad99998 06 040a/engInsects. L. Vol. VI. No. 38.
GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The glossy white butterfly. (Phalaena bombyx salicis.)
T1 he caterpillar and nymph of this white nocturnal butterfly (a) is many years fo frequently met with upon willows and poplars, that whole plantations are laid wafte by them. fae hiver-bright nocturnal butterfly (d)
at A*t timo flies about in great Twarms. The caterpillar fpins itself between the leaves of ^IWs (c) and transforms itself into a brown nymph (b.)
Fig. 2. The great ermine butterfly. (Phalaena bomhyx vinula.)
Dame °n -count of lhe foft The upperwings are diûinguifh'd by grey and reddilh undulating lines. The green caterpillar (A) is of a lingular Fig. ure; it feems to be cover'd with fcales of a coat of mail, and the hind end terminates in a forky tail. The caterpillar fpins itself into fplinters of wood (C) and metamorpbofes itself into a brown nymph (B.)
Fig. 3. The little pigeon. (Sphinx stellatarum.)
The little pigeon is a known butterfly of twilight, fluttering in the gardens towards evening with great fwiftnefs from flower to flower. ïïc exhibit it here drawn, like the other butterflies, in its natural fize. The green-yellow caterpillar is found on feveral plants.
Ad99998 06 041a/engMiscell. Subj. XCIV. Vol. VI. No. 39.
THE COLUMN OF POMPEIUS.
About half a league from the walls of the according to the neweft french meafuremeni, modern city of Alexandria in Egypt one amounts altogether to 88 Parifian feet, 6 inmeets with the remarkable column here re- ches. The height of the column itielf exceeds prefented, of reddifh granite, the highest lomething 63 feet, and the diameter of it hitherto known. Therefore the Arabians amounts to 8 feet, 4 inches. The CoiinthiTti calFd it the column of columns. Likely it chapiter is adorn'd with fleek foliage. To has been in more ancient times furrounded the upper plinth leverai travellers have climby other columns, with which it belonged to bed up, in order to meafure the column; a grand building of parade. and in the year 1733 eight Englifhmen emptied upon it for fport's fake a bowl of Punch. This magnificent column of granite con- Why the column carries the name of Pomfilts of three pieces, de chapiter, the column peius, we don't know, fince to his memory itself, and the pedefial, the height of which, it has not been erected.
Ad99998 06 042a/engMiscell. Subj. XCV. Vol. VI. No. 40.
THE CALMUCKS.
Jlie Calmucks are a paEoTal people of the Mongolick race, inhabititig the middle and being Tiihject partly to the Ruffian, partly to the Chine.'e dominion. By their fiat Tentures they are disFig. ured, but are goodnatured, ducile and very bofpJM As a paftoral people they wander with iheir herds in the heaths of Afia from onepafinre to the other, wherefore both men and women from iheir youth live on horfes, their whole drefs being nrjufted to that end. Their hulnunun are funnel-like tents of felt, with W1&14 Vlhen thcy renjove> flJnip. ters are bfcargétf. ],;,. , we ^^ ifae camp of iuch a horde of CrtW flJnip. ters are bfcargétf. ],;,. , we ^^ ifae camp of iuch a horde of CrtW, v.h in the foreground the migration begins. On the left one perceives the lomb of one of their Lamas or priefts. The wealth of the Calmucks confifts of their herds of horfes, oxen, cows and fheep. Fig. 2. exhibits us an hufbandry of Calmucks. On both fides of the great tent of felt girls are bufied with milking the mares and cows. In the middle we fee a Calmuck woman dreffing a /kin; near her /lands a lad with the horfe, holding a long 1'taff with thenoofe, by means of which the wild horfes are caught. In the fore-ground feveral Calmucks play at chefs, the favorite play of this people. ere
Ad99998 06 043a/engBirds LXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 41.
THE CASUAR OF NEW-HOLLAND.
The Casuar of New- Holland was but lately the forepart of the neck a great whitifh roll, difcover'd on that great Archipel of the South- Tho' it cannot fly, yet it runs with extraorfea, and the neweft French voyage of difco- dinary quicknefs, and on account of its wildvery gives us the following excellent picture nefs is difficult to be tam'd. Its flefh being of it. This Cafuar confiderably differs from favoury, it is hunted; the eggs too are enthe Afiatick, which we became acquainted joyd. The young ones in the firft month of with Vol. I. No. 3. of our Gallery. The Ca- their age are brown, with white ftreaks, as Juar of New- Holland (Cafuarius novae Hoi- we fee them here depicted before their molandiae) has a length of 7 feet, being coverd ther (Fig. 2.) The next month they become all-over with grey-brown long briftly fea- quite grey. The Cafuar of New-Holland as theirs, which in the male (Fig. 1.) form in well as the Afiatick feeds upon vegetables.
Ad99998 06 044a/engPlants CIX. Vol. VI.No. 42.
THE RAMUSTAN-TREE.
The Pi.anibuftan or hairy fruit (Nephelium broken up, one-finds (a) five kernels near one echinatum) grows in Java, Sumatra and in anotlier vertically converging in a center, the Molucky Islands on a highgrown tree, furroundecl with a fweetifh pappy Cr.bftance, much refembling to our chefnut-tree. From and inclore.d in.a whitilo fki'n. The Rarnbw the bloffoiTiS, which only appear like green little flan fruit ripens at the fame time with the buds, the fruit unfolds itself, being of the big- Mangufuna, that we have feen depicted nefs of a walnutand allovei cover'd with hairs. (Tab. 24.); it is for its cooling quality a beThis exterior covering is at firic green, after- loved meat in the Indies, wards it becomes deep orange-tawny. Being
Ad99998 06 045a/engAmphibia. XXIV. Vol. VI. No. 43.
THE PROPOSCIS-SEAL.
The Seals are known to be a species of suck- ver'd an uncommonly great species , the Proina animals, that commonly live in the fea, bofcis - Seal (Phoca probofcidea) that attaint difadvamageoutly diftinguifhing therr.Ielves to a length of 35 till 30 feet, which we fee by their ugly, deformed body. They are here leverai imaged of. The upperpart of ready fwimmers, yet they often emerge on the fnout of this miffhapen beaft protracts itthe fea-fhore; their food confifts of nfb.es, felf into a fort of probofcis, that has given maritime animals and fea - weeds. At the the name to this kind of feals. At a diftance coafts of New-Holland, efpecially near Kings- we perceive fome of them in an upright poIsland, the neweft French travellers disco- sture, just when they aie chased.
Ad99998 06 046a/engInsects LI. Vol. VI. No. 44.
BEAUTIFUL GERMAN NIGHT-BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Matron. (Phalaena bombyx matronula.)
This beautiful phalaena arises from a roughhaired caterpillar, which is met with on several plants. The butterfly has umberbrown «pperwings with yellow spots. The yellow underwings are blackstain'd. The big body «rcadet red with black crofs-bands.
Fig. 2. The vary-coloured Phalaena. (Phalaena bombyx versicolor.)
It belong in r>" »oths diftiagui;hi Gennan>- to the «««• wi,gS agreeably r.^f. b/ the "^1" low and brown hues VU ^*' **
" »oths diftiagui;hi Gennan>- to the «««• wi,gS agreeably r.^f. b/ the "^1" low and brown hues VU ^*' **
- to the «««• wi,gS agreeably r.^f. b/ the "^1" low and brown hues VU ^*' **
Fig. 3. The drone-wanderer. (Sphinx fuciformis.)
■"« Sphin, (b. e,) refembleS) atthe firfi Fig. ht, our common drone, whence it has got its name. It proceeds from a great green caterpillar, and flies at broad daylight humming, about many flowers.
Fig. 4. The Diana.
A beautiful phalaena, which is likewife pretty rare, and whose upperwings, are green, white and black-marbled.
Fig. 5. The Widow. (Phalaena bombyx Hebe.)
The white upperwings are adorn'd by black crofs-bands with an orange- tawny border. The fcarlet underwings give to this Phalaena a gorgeous appearance.
Ad99998 06 047a/engMiscell. Subj. XCVI. VoI. VI. No. 45
THE FLYING MACHINE OF MR. DEGEN.
A here is no doubt, that the man, whose ingenuity did so many things contrive, has often conceiv'd the thought of imitating the flight of birds by artificial wings, in order to soar with easinefs into the immense spaces of the air. Now a skilful watch maker at Vienna, Mr. James Dcgen has latelymade lucky attempts to rise up to the air by means of artificial wings. This artificer with his flying machine we see here (Fig.. I.) imaged. Mr. Drgcn namely construed to himself two wings in the form of a heart (of which Fig.. 2. gives the sight from above) of fine paper imbih'd with varnish, that have a surface of [16 square- feet ; and a length of 10 feet. For elasticity's sake the artificer ran ihrough the whole with itreaki of reed, combin'd by silken strings. The body of the fl\ing man standi tiprigh-, as we see, between the wings, being by several bamboos (aa) united with the machine. The hands (bh) are moving the crooked pole, by which the clap of the wings in horizontal direction up and down is brought about. The first attempt was made by Mr. Dcgen in the spring 1808. in lhe ridinghouse at Vienna, where he by means of a counter-balance, fasten'd by a string (d) rose to a height ol 54 feet. In order to repeat his experiments in the free air, Mr. Degen combin'd a small air-balloon with his machine, and thus on the 12'1' and 15th of Nuvhr. he took his flight in the Prater near Vienna repeatedly in different directions in the air 10 the surprise ol all the Ctatort, and came tnhuit back again. These experiments yielded to the artificer j.it of IO,(XiO imperial florins.
Ad99998 06 048a/engMiscell. Subj. XCVII. Vol. VI. No. 46.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS.
The Pic of Teneriffa.
Among the Canary Islands, situate westward from North-Africa in the Atlantic Ocean, that of Teneriffa distinguishes itself by its lofty, pointed mountain or Pico de Teyde. It is elevated 12,420 feet above the surface of the Sea; we behold it here represented from the Sea-side or the bay of Santa Cruz. The city of Santa Cruz lies before us on the Sea-shore.
The Pic is situated towards the Southpart of the Island. Its summit ist naked, where a great volcanic Crater appears, surrounded with more than 70 little ones on the different lava-beds. The lava covers the top of the Pic; the nether regions are cover'd with pumice. This Vulcano upon Teneriffa is not yet extinguish’d, but sulphureous steams are almost perpetually amending from it. The last great eruption of uncommon violence happen'd in the year 1707.
Since almost all ships, bound for the East-Indies, are landing at Teneriffa; this Pic, just now described by us, is universally known, having been mounted by many European travellers.
Ad99998 06 049a/engMiscell Subjects. XCVIII. Vol. VI. No. 47.
OPERA OF COCHINCHINA.
The inhabitants of Cochinthina on the east- This they did to the honour of the first accoaft of Asia are very fond of fpectacles, mu- treft, who on the left was there leated at fick and dance. Their companies of players, fpectatrefs in the dref« of an old queen. The that ate fent for in the houfes, give hiftori- three girls held an eafy dialogue, which wai cal reprefentations, operas and dances, which interrupted by merry airs. Their fong wat tre accompanied by a noisy mufick of trum- fbrieking, yet they pretty well kept time, pets, kettle-drums, and caftanett. The whole wat accompanied by mufick and The Englifsh Embaffador, Lord Macart- dance; thus opera and ballet were join'd tone/, when he on his embally in the year pether. An old man, drefi'd like a buffoon, 1792 alfo was in Cochinchina, faw the folio- «pproach'd now and then to the girls, perforwing reprefentation. In the interior part of ming feveral buffooneries. In this manner it an edifice a folemn opera with chorus's was continued a confidprable time. During this given by a company of players. During the interlude fofter mufick was heard, at laft the firft theatrical reprefentation, the noify juft noify inftruments founded again. As a Fig. n now mention'd inftruments, made a hideout of applaufe the numerous affembly of (pectanoife. Upon this follow'd an interlude, very tors threw from time to time copper-money agreeably reprefented by three young girls, to the players.
Ad99998 06 050a/engMiscell. Subjects. XCIX. Vol. VI. No. 48.
THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTIN AT ROME.
In Otdet to immortalize the ac,;ms of Heroes, the ancient Remans conftructeil to the honour of the victora trimr arches of uncommon magnificence, aiicru'd with ike fiuefi Lculptnxtt. In the modern Rome there are hill extant feveral of Rich triumph«! arches. One of the most intire is here represented, which hands in the firft quarter of Rome between the Monte Celio and Monte Palatino. It was erected to the honour of the Emperor Conßantin the great, when he in the year 31J C. n. had vanquirird Maxentius. Tins iriun Arch of marble his a large patfage, and two lif.le ones, and is adorn'd with 20 great baffo - relievo's of fculpture. On each oi the long fides ftand upon 4 corinthian columns, ftatues of yellow marble (giallo antico), reprefenting Dacians. Thefe as well as the most carvings of this triumphal arch were taken from earlier monuments of the Emperor Trajan, and have a relation e victory of him over the Dacians. Orer the middle arch hands a latin infeription, by which this triumphal arch is con. lecrated to the Emperor Conftantine. Sia« ce the inferior part by little and little was crumbled down, tha prefent Pope Piut VII. order'.I in the year 1805, to dig out the whole bafii and to fcreen it for the future by an incompufiing. j) In the background one perceive« a part of the ColiJeum. 3)
Ad99998 06 051a/engMiscell. Subj. C. Vol. VI. No. 49.
THE COLOSSUS IN THE GARDEN OF THE PALACE PRATOLINO NEAR FLORENCE.
Si«c Itnlbn miles from Florence on the declivity of ihe mountain Settario lies the remarkajbht palace of Pratolino with its a table garden. It belong'd to thè Grind-duke? oi Tofcanâ, but now it i» almtf; ir.thely decayed. The Pratolino was confuucted 1569 under Francis, a fon of Cosinus de' Medicit by the Ikilful architect Bi/mitu'cnti. Nature and art united themselves, to form out of it an lite banting refideaca. Atnongß other one conici to a place, round incloled with thick treei. Ueie rifes over a bafia full of cle*r and limpid water the colofTal ftatue of the God Apennin, which being raifed would be about 100 feet h With one hand the god repofes on the rock, with the other he feems to prefs the head of a fea-monfter, from whose ja>vs a jet of water is gufhing out. The whole ftatue is conlirucled of Itone and brick, and over-la\'d with mortar. Inwardly it is hollow, and one finis in the head a pretty little :.ber, where the windows open themfalves in the eye-balls.
Ad99998 06 052a/engMisc. Subj. CI. Vol. VI. No. 50.
DWELLINGS OF THE BOOSHUANA'S.
The Booshuana's, who inhabit the Interior Here lives the proper family. This inner of Soutb.-rn Africa, are of the fame race of apartment is enclofed by a gallery [upported people as the Hottentots, who, however, on trunks of the Mimol'a, whore the fervents differ fromibeminmanyrefpects. The Dutch, and flaves take their nightly reft. The poinbut ten ye.irs fince, gave us more exact ted tent- ihaped roof is thatched with reeds, accounts of ihem from the Cape of Good overshadowing likewise the outer gallery, Hope. They are a half civilized people that which gives to the whole a very beautiful applies himfeif to cattle-breeding, hunting appearance. The corn is contained in coand agriculture. Their villages confift of nical granaries, from fix to nine feet high, dwelling-houfes as we fee reprelented in the whereof we fee one reprefented in the anannexed view. Thefe cottages are built in the nexed engraving. The agriculture is perfollowing manner. The inner apartment is formed by the women, and the men emfurroundid with a wall of clay interwoven ploy their time in hunting and caule-breewith branches wherein there is a narrow door. ding. —
Ad99998 06 053a/engMiscell. Subj. CII. Vol. VI. Nr. 51.
REMARKABLE CAVES.
The Schulerloch in Bavaria.
cave is aloft in the rocky mountain, and at the beginning very painful. But the unwealn the large caves of chalk-mountains the ried traveller is sufficiently rewarded by the water impregnated with dissolved chalk-par- magnificent rocky hall, that we see here tides forms, as we know, the stalactites, imaged. As to a Gothic dome the pointed which lines the interior walls of lhosecc.es arches vault themselves, partly reposing under various Fig. ures, and makes them curious as upon columns on the stalactite-tenon«, objects of nature. Such a remarkable cave, which reach to the ground, forming in this call'd thfl. Sek derloch, we see here repre- manner several passages, where the eye of sented. It is m t wiih in the chalk-mountain the beholder, deceiv'd by the light of the near the river AlfMÜkl i" BV.-aria, below flambeaux, presumes to perceive altar« and the village Alt-Es.ung. The entrance to this other decorations ol a church.
Ad99998 06 054a/engMiscell. Subj. Vol. VI. No. 52.
THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF THE EMPEROR SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.
The adjoined table exhibits again one of those remarkable monuments, which gratitude, but not seldom also flattery of the ancient Ro7)ians, erected to their victorious Heroes, namely a triumphal Arch, dedicated to the Emperor Sepiimius Severus on account of his victories over the Parthians, Arabians and. other nations. It is pretty well preserv'd, and still to be seen at Rome behind the Capitolium, clean'd from the rubbish and surrounded with a rampart. (1) Fig.. I, represents the principal side with its four beautiful columns and three vaulted passages, which in the midst are join'd together by two bows. Over the principal bow appear two beautiful Fig. ures of the goddefs of Fame. Over the smaller side-bows are the actions of the triumphant Emperor represented, in bas-relief. In the Attica one reads both upon the fore-and backside the dedicatory inscription, in which the successor too of the said Emperor is mention'd. The ingraved letters were formerly inlay'd with gilt bronze, which afterwards has been purloin'd. The whole terminates with a Platform; one gets up to in the inside upon a 'pair of stairs, and where at that time the triumphal cart of the victor with soldiers at his side stood ingraved in stone. Fig.. II. exhibits one of the by-Sides of this triumphal arch, both of which, except the columns and the cornice, are void of all other ornaments. The whole stately building is constructed with white marble.
Ad99998 06 055a/engInsects LII. Vol. VI. No. 53.
GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The Wood-pecker. (Phalaena Bombyx Dominula.)
Fig. 2. The purple-bear. (Phalaena Bombyx purpurea.)
Fig. 3. The lime-tree Spinner. (Phalaena Bombyx Bucephala.)
The checkered grown up caterpillar (B) g->. of this nocturnal butterfly common in Germai* n account of the dark - green ground-co- ny) feeds indeed upon the leaves of different lour of the fore-wings, and the white and tree», hut preferably likes those of the limeorangetawny spots of different Fig. ure on them \xee. It is but little hairy, in the earliest elegantly contrasting, likewise on account youth quite black, and but by deajees, alter of the deep- vermilion hind-wings, being having cast off several times its nein, becoadorn'd with black fillets and points of a mes more and more yellow. The winged Inbluish cast, this- nocturnal butterfly justly $ect (A) wears also the name of ox - head ani wears the name of wood pecker. Though the grafs-head from its big head half concealed hlack yellow - sutak'd hairy caterpillar (25) under the longhairy neck-hand; and from feeds upon the leaves of 'lifferent trees, yet tne large yellowish stains on the tips of the it preferably likes those of the hound's ton- fore-wings the name of the half-moon. The g'ie (cMiop'os.-um vulgare); wherefore the caterpillar changes into a chrysalis under the nocturnal butterfly is call'd too the hound's earth, where it only constructs a cave, withspinner. Several redbro.vn bright out lining it with a web.
. of this nocturnal butterfly common in Germai* n account of the dark - green ground-co- ny) feeds indeed upon the leaves of different lour of the fore-wings, and the white and tree», hut preferably likes those of the limeorangetawny spots of different Fig. ure on them \xee. It is but little hairy, in the earliest elegantly contrasting, likewise on account youth quite black, and but by deajees, alter of the deep- vermilion hind-wings, being having cast off several times its nein, becoadorn'd with black fillets and points of a mes more and more yellow. The winged Inbluish cast, this- nocturnal butterfly justly $ect (A) wears also the name of ox - head ani wears the name of wood pecker. Though the grafs-head from its big head half concealed hlack yellow - sutak'd hairy caterpillar (25) under the longhairy neck-hand; and from feeds upon the leaves of 'lifferent trees, yet tne large yellowish stains on the tips of the it preferably likes those of the hound's ton- fore-wings the name of the half-moon. The g'ie (cMiop'os.-um vulgare); wherefore the caterpillar changes into a chrysalis under the nocturnal butterfly is call'd too the hound's earth, where it only constructs a cave, withspinner. Several redbro.vn bright out lining it with a web.
Fig. 4. The Geometer of the alder. (Phalaena Geometra alniaria.)
tongue chrysalides (C; lie commonly imulv'd together within a white thin web, which several caterpillars, before they change into a chrysalis, in community spin. The caterpillars (b) of the family, ta which this Geometer belongs, intirely have the Fig. ure of dry little branches, especially when the caterpillar quietly sits erect on its hindpart. Being furnish'd only in the forepart This nocturnal butterfly much esteem'd and behind with a few pairs of feet, but with hy the lovers of butterflies, which is not to none in the midst of the body, it does not he found in every country, (a) has got the creep with all the parts of the body moving name of purple-bear from its bimiingred forwards, but in a bending manner, forming hinclwings, adorn'd with large, black spots bows, from whence the name of Geometer, of a blui'h cast highly contrasting. The mild- (Geometra). It preferably likes to eat the ly yellow fore-wings wear various little brow- leaves of the alder, without despising those nish stains, among which one resembles the of other trees. The butterfly (a) pleases more Fig. ure of a, latin S, wherefore the insect has on account of the wings elegantly cut out bealso got the name of yellow S bear. The ca- hind, than of the simple colour. The chanterpillar (b) belongs on account of its hair- ging of the caterpillar into a chrysalis protufts often fox-coloured to the bear-caterpil- ceeds on the trees, where it between leaves lars, and therefore the butterflies arising from spins a case from long threads, within which it are cali'd bears. The darkbrown chrysalis it casts off its last skin of caterpillar, appea(c) is naturally swrrounded by a delicate web. ring as a greenish- white chrysalis (c)
Ad99998 06 056a/engMiscell. Subj. CIV. Vol. V. No. 54.
REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS.
Nr. 1. The Great-Glöckner.
enchanting prospect over the Alps of Carinthiaanrf Styria,1 and at a further distance one The Great-Glöckner, we view here. repre- surveys Tyrol with the rivers Inn and Drau, sented, which is denominated from its bell- ^r- Schuhes, Professor at Inspruck, has like Fig. ure, rises 12,000 feet over the surface given us an excellent description of the travel of the sea, heing the loftiest of the moun- t0 the Glockner. tains of Salzburg, where it borders upon Carinthia and Tyrol. Its highest top was hut j
Fig. 2. The Snow-mountain.
in modern times ascended; this undertook for the benefit of natural, philosophy the The Snow mountain, the summit of which bishop ofGuik, aprinceof Salm-Reifer scheid, and North-Side through the whole year is with several distinguished scholars. For the cover'd with snow, as its name denotes, is conveniency of later travellers the worthy situated 9 leagues from Vienna in Netherhishop order'd several houses to be built for Austria near the frontier of Styria. Tho' a shelter. The first and largest, that we see notsohigh, astheformer, however its height here copied, is call'd Salm's hoehe. From amounts to 6600 feet above the surface of the hence one cannot proceed but on foot over sea; thus it is f higher, than the famous rocky gulfs and Snow - fields, which often is Snow-top in Silesia. The way thither leads very dangerous. ' Up to the summit of the through varied interesting situations, and Glöckner, divided again into two points, one the summit may be ascended without danger. leckuns 6 leagues. On the highest top, which From hence one surveys a delightful landscaholds no more than 6 — 8 persons, there is pe as far as Vienna. In serene weather there at present an ironcrofs 12 feet high erected, appears the harbour of Triest, even at a far Heie;one enjoys in clear weather the most distance, as a fine Silver-ribband.
Ad99998 06 057a/engPlants. CX. Vol. VI. No. 55.
SOUTH-AMERICAN CEREI.
1 he Cerei, being met with in European hot-houses, originally come from the warmer countries of South - America and from the Islands situated between the tropics next to America. They are all together juicy pulpous plants, drawing their moisture and nourishment more from the air, than from the soil, and thriving therefore in the hottest climates upon the driest sand or stony ground. These plants commonly have no peculiar leaves, hut only consist of stocks and branches, which in the different species are of a different, but always thoroughly uniform Fig. ure, partly composed of mere leaf-like members, now of such as are cylindrical, now more or Ids angular longish ones, beset with tufts of pricks. Such, an uniformity of stocks and branches serves the more to set of the beautiful structure and colour of the flowers, which commonly but after sun - setting only once open, and a few hours past again are for ever closed. The fruits of this plant resemble to the Fig. s, are eatable and of an agreeable sourish flavour.
On the present table appears represented
The common Melon thistle. (Cactus Melocactus)
The members of the stock are of the bignè fs of a human head, and of a melon - like Fig. ure, furrovv'd all-around from above till below, so that many — commonly 14 high ribs or edges appear, armed on their back with tufts of pricks. When the plant is preparing to produce flowers or fruits, it pushes forth at the upper part a cylindrical high and big shaft hairy and prickly; and out of this issue allaround, but most frequently at the top many flowers, at first rose-coloured, at last reddening like" a cochineal. Each of these flowers is round-about seated upon a fruit- knot, that afterwards unfolds itself to a Fig. like deep cochinealred pulpous fruit, upon which the withered flower sitting preserves itself.
Ad99998 06 058a/engMiscell. Subj. CV. Vol. VI. No. 56.
THE BEETSHUANS.
he South - African nation of the Caffers, half savages, who not seldom are engaged in calFd the Beetshuans, (also Bushwens) bloody quarrels with their neighbours, whose habitations and manner of living we The young woman, here sitting, with became already acquainted with (by the whom the young man holds a conversation, number CX. of this vol.) are on the present has decently cover'd her belly with aprons table represented still more characteristical- of leather, forming a sort of little pettily according to the colour of their body and coat. Several women wear too short cloaks, their Fig. ure. We perceive upon it a young The woman here pictured smokes tobacco, man and a young woman. The man has the smoke of which she at her ease sips out adorn'd his head with feathers, wears trian- of a hollow pot filPd with water, in which guhtr pendants, and his nakednefs is cover'd a wooden tobacco-pipe-tube is with the head with a long cloak of skins of beasts, and above join'd. Near her lies her felling-ax, with a liule apron; on his arm hangs a the felling of wood being here a principal sort of liule basket or rather little bag, and occupation of women. Besides do we perin his hands he holds Hâssagajens or jave- ceive some kitchen-furniture, standing upon lins, the usual weapons of these warlike the earth.
Ad99998 06 059a/engMiscell. Subj. CVI. Vol. VI. No. 57.
THE COLOSSEUM OR THE AMPHITHEATRE OF THE EMPEROR FLAVIUS -VESPASIANUS.
To the most remarkable and magnificent the hest preserv'd sides, four storiei high, remains of ancient Roman Architecture be- each adorn'd with a colonnade. lonr0ç t o o t h e A m p h i t h e a t r e s p a ilt l y sJt il l e x - T, . I t i s, , a s t h, e p l a n". F iTgTli, s h, o w s, a n O~ v a, l. tant. Among those, that at prre s e n t a r e t o T I.un t h e m-i i d s t« o■f• i t •i s t hue o p e n fri g1h t•i n g - p 1lace, be seen at Rome more or lefs mutilated,', tvh e A. r e n a (,a x), w hue r e m e n m u s tI fri-g uh.t w -i.tuh the most beautiful and largest is that, of men or whh wUd beang for the aniusemerit which the table here adjoined exhibit, a and diversion of the many thousand gpec. representation. It was constructed by the tators> who found piace all - around in the Roman Emperor Flavius Vespasianus two massive building. Round about this Fig. htyears after the subversion of Jerusalem, and ingplace beiow runs a Gallery with steps has been preserv'd for the greatest part till ^ under which are tlle caveS(where the our times. For what now is deficient in it, wild beasU vvere kept> Four principal enhas not been mutilated and robb'd by time, u.;es (e) led int0 the building and to the but by men. Fig. hting-place; through four other ones (c) It is a prodigious building, of which one came to the upper stories and through we view under Fig.. I, on our Table one of as many to the inferior ones.
Ad99998 06 060a/engPlants CXI. Vol. VI. No. 58.
THE. GREAT NIGHT-FLOWERING CEREUS. (Cactus grandiflorus.)
The wide-around creeping members of the itself at last a superb flower, that at the «nd stock and branches of ibis plant remarkable ofJilny or at the beginning of July after sunon account of its noble flower reach a length setting but once fully opens aud before sunof three till six feet with a bignefs of two rising is again shut and withering. Our reinches at the most. They are cylindrical, presentation shows the Fig. ure and colour of yet become at each end somewhat thinner, this noble flower, exhaling sweet aromatick and commonly show six prominent ribs, ar- frag ran cy ; but in nature it sometimes promed with yellowish tufts of pricks. The in- ves to be still greater in vigorous plants, terior mafs is pulpous and juicy. From many The fruit-knot ripens within a year to a conof these tufts of pricks ifsue yearly in the siderable pear like juicy fruit of an agreeaspring on the sides of the branches single ble sourish flavour; it is all around beset with fruit-knots beset with scales and bushes of scaly little red bunches shifting into an oranhair. These improve at the upper part into ge-tawny colour. This plant is met with in a calix about six inches long outwards like- great hot-houses; but it is native in Southwise scaly and hair'd; and out of this forms America, Jamaica and St. Domingo.
Ad99998 06 061a/engMiscell. Subj. CVII. Vol. VI. No. 59.
REMARKABLENESS OF THE HINDOOS.
T-Mie Hindoos, inhabitants of the middle large window, illuminatedby Lamps on festival Asia are a most remarkable people by their days in the night. Before the Pagod one manners and customs, by the high antiquity beholds a great lake for bathing, since the of their religion, which has given rise to all Hindoos bathe themselves each day, looking the. other religious opinions of the different upon this as a religious action. On the other countries. The supreme being they represent side of the lake, we nerceive an open buildtormlefs and symbolically only by a globe, ing supported by columns, call'd Shultri, supposing it to bave created three superior being a harbour or a shelter for strangers', Mods, Brama, Wishnu and Sliiven. JVishnw where they may pafs the night without paying is the preserver, Shiven the destroyer of what ftfr it. Such Shultris are frequently met is preservai, and to them the Hindoos-build with in the East Indies.— The most con vetemples or Pagods, as we see imaged in this nient way of travelling in this country is in 0. No. 19 and on the present table, a Palanquin or a litter, which being overOver the principal doors of this Pagod rises spread with a cloth is carried by four hired a spire of several stories. Each story has a Hindoos.
it
Miscell. CVII. Tom. VI. No. 59.
COSE RIMARCHEVOLI DEGLI HINDUI.
vJli Hindui, abitanti dell' Asia interiore, quali ciascuno è adorno d'una gran finestra sono assai famosi pe' loro costumi e per l'an- illuminata di notte con delle lampade in giorni -tichità de'la di loro religióne, secondo la di festa. Avanti al pagode vedesi un gran quale tutti gli altri pareri e sentenze de' dif- vivajo da bagno, gli Hindui bagnandosi ferenti paesi, in materia di religione, a poco tutti i giorni e credendolo un' azione relia poco si conformarono. Il simbolo dell' giosa. Al di là della riva ci si rappresenta Essere supremo, che rappresentano senza un' abitazione aperta sostenuta da colonne, Fig. ura, consiste in un globo. Da esso trassero che chiamasi Schultri, la quale serve di ricol'oxiginei tre Dei superiori: Brama, Vischnu vero a' peregrini, dove si può pernottare e Schiven. — Vischnu é il conservatore, libero d'ogni spesa. Cosi fatti Schultri si Schiven il distruttore del conservato, a'quali ritrovano spesse volte all' Indie orientali.— gli Hindui erigono de' tempj o d' pagodi, Il modo il più commodo di viaggiare in questo donde il ritratto verlesi in No. 19 del tomo paese si fa col mezzo del palanchino o della sesto e nella tavola qui aggiunta. Al dissopra seggetta, la quale, ricoperta d'un panno, della porta maestra s'innalza una torre in viene portata da quattro Hindui mercenarj. forma di piramide di più compartimenti,
Ad99998 06 062a/engMiscell. Subj. CVIII. Vol. VI. No. 60.
SPORTS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.
The plate hereto belonging exhibits two dif- which they drink with or without milk, and ferent sorts of the most beloved advertisements Prussian ginger- bread, ef the Russian people, viz:
Fig. 1. The mountains of ice,
Fig. 2. Russian Swings,
which are wooden scaffolds, about 13 yards of two different sorts. The one (i) is like a high (i), one side of which has a wooden slo- carousal or running at the ring, except, that penefs, that is cover'd with pieces of ice, and instead of being horizontal, it is perpendiiprinkled with water, on which the lovers, cular. The lovers of the swing are seated being always numerous, or seated on little in chairs, fasten'd on an axle-tree, which sledges, or standing on skates, with such vio- are driven about by means of a wheel or lence slide down, that they continue gliding only with the hands. The other (2) is a on the icy way prepar'd below. Such artifi- swing for 8 sitting persons, that are put in cial mountains of ice are every year in the motion byr 2 standing ones. Such swings are carnival's week constructed at St. Petersbourg raised in the Easterwetk on publick places, upon or near the Newa, [we view here over Those, which we here view, stand upon the against the Atademy of sciences (3) with an place before the stony theatre at Si. Peters* other Palace (4)] and much frequented, whe- bourg, where also brandy tents (3) are pitre spectators are never wanting. Here are ched, and soldiers of the police posted, to people too, who sell refreshments, as a sort prevent disorders or to appease them by meof mead, composed of sugar and pepper, ans of the fire-engine, which here appeart.
Ad99998 06 063a/engAmphibious animals. XXV. Vol. VI.No. 61.
THE CROCODILE OF ST. DOMINGO.
Among the animals discover'«! in modern diles, viz. the Caiman and the Crocodile of St. times is also to be reckon'd the Crocodile of Domingo. The last entirely differs from the St. Domingo, of which we first were nearer Caiman, with regard to the bignefs and by jnform'd by the french General Ledere, who other qualities, more resembling to the great sent a couple of them to France for the natu- Nile-Crocodile, so that at first it was thought ralists there. Hitherto they imagin'd, that to be one and the same species with this. America possess'd but one species of Cfoco- Yet more accurate researches have sufficientdile, the Caiman, which we see the draught ly evinced the difference, of in the IV. Vol. No. 14. of our gallery. However that, which was discover'd at St. Do- Fig.. II. represents the siculi of a Nilemingo, and here is represented, exhibits a Crocodile, with gaping jaws, where the lar5econd, new and quite different species, so ge murderous teeth of this terrible animal that we at present know two American Croco- are more distinctly to be seen.
Ad99998 06 064a/engPlants. CXII. Vol. VI. No. 62.
CACTUS MAMILLARIS.
We already know several beautiful species This Cactus flourishes in the summer, of the Cactus, which are native in South- and bears the next spring ripe grains of seed. America. The present table represents us Its native country are the Islands of Souththe Cactus mamillaris, a very fine plant, America, where it grows in the crevices of depicted in its natural greatnefs. \\ shows rocks. Yet long ago it is also found in the on its surface a great many longish semi- botanic gardens of Europe, but where it must globes with yellowish blossoms. The red be kept through the whole year in the hotfruit form'd like a pear has within a yellowish house. It is encreased or by grains of. seed flesh. It is of an agreeable sweetish savour, or by the upper part, that is cut off, of the and is eaten by the Indians. plant.
Ad99998 06 065a/engMiscell. Subj. CIX. Vol. VI. No. 63.
A FRAGMENT OF A DUG OUT ELEPHANT'S TOOTH.
A few years ago a scientifical landlord in France, whose name is Lavalette, discover'd at the clearing of a fountain in his garden, but 5 feet deep, under the surface of the earth, an upper end of two feet, of an Elephant's tooth, all-over surrounded with tophus. A part of it we view here represented, the ivory was, besides the exterior crust, still perfectly useful. It is one of the most remarkable things of the earlier history of our globe, that not only in Germany, but almost in all parts of Europe and Asia, as far as Siberia, skeletons and teeth of Elephants, which already peopled our earth, before men existed, at a small depth under the surface of the earth, are dug out. It is now by the knowledge of comparative Anatomy evinced, that these dug out skeletons belong neither to the African nor Asiatic Elephant,, the two only yet living kinds of this animal. But these remains of bones come from the Elephant of the primitive world, of which till now no living tracé has been found. The more ample explanation of this interesting matter will be found in the commentary upon this Number.
Ad99998 06 066a/engMiscell. Subj. CX. Vol. VI. No. 64.
THE GROTTO ANTI-PAROS.
This remarkable cave is found on. AntiParos, a small and insignificant Island in the Greek Archipelago.. In ancient times this grotto was unknown, and in the later ones it was first visited in the year 1673 by Mr. de Nointel, french Ambassador at Constantinople, who with a considerable retinue pafs'd the Christmafsdays in that grotto.
Fig. 1. The entry to the cave.
The superior entry to the cave forms a vault of rock, where at the left side an opening leads down, to which the visiters arrive, by letting down themselves by means of a rope, they wind around the natural pillar of rock.. Lighted torches are highly necessary to dispel the obscurity.
Fig. 2. The interior view of the cave.
The visiters, when they are got down from above the first precipice, come to several slopes, which on account of the deep caverns that lie on the right, partly are not without danger. More frequently the travellers by means of ropes must be let down considerable rocky walls; yet the danger being past, the courageous is rewarded by a sight so much the more brilliant. For at last one comes to the hall of rock represented Fig.. II. where one clearly perceives, that the whole grotto was form'd by stalactites. The most splendid stalactites - points hang down from the vault of the cave, and rise from the ground. A large mafs of stalactites forms in the middle an elevation. Here it was, where Mr. de Nointel on Christmafsday 1673 order'd to say mafs, wherefore this spot since that time is call'd the altar.
Ad99998 06 067a/engMiscell. Subj. CXI. Vol. VI. No. 65.
MICROSCOPIC REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE THISTLE-PITH.
How great and admirable does not appear the pith by drying up withdraws itself still the wisdom of the Creator in the meanest plant more and more. The cellular pith is suritself, when we behold it magnifie'd by rounded, as with a ring, with the proper means of the microscope. The simple crofs stalk of plant, which shows, when cutted cut (A.) through a common welted thistle through, many round larger and lesser ope(Carduus acanthoides) shows magnifie'd (B.) nings for the circulation of the sap, Exter« the most artificial composition of its shape, nally we see the magnifie'd hairs of the exteThe interior pith consists of a texture of nice rior stalk of the thistle, like tassels hanging hexagonal cells, through which the sap of down, which likewise attract from without nourishment rises and distributes itself. In the moisture, and thus help to nourish the the midst a great opening pervades the whole plant, stalk, which increases with the age, when
Ad99998 06 068a/engMiscell. Subj. CXII. Vol. VI. No. 66
THE COLUMN OF TRAJAN AT ROME.
Jo the most beautiful remains of ancient Ro- over a part of Rome. The outside of the man architecture belongs the glorious manu- column is adorn'd with the most exquisite ment still existing at Rjme, which the Emperor sculptures, in bafs - relief, spirally running Hadrian, in the name of the Roman people, around the whole. They refer to the actions erected to the honour of his great antecessor, oiTrajan, chiefly to the vanquishing of the the Emperor Trajan, on the magnificent mar- Dacians, which is exprefs'd by more than ket-place or Forum, constructed by the last. 1500 entire and half Fig. ures. At first stood This column, raised by the famous archi- on this column the bronce-statue of Trajan tect, Jpollodorus, is without including the that in the subsequent time was destroy'd. pedestal (of 17 feet) 118 feet high, and com- Therefore the Pope Sixtus V. commanded in posed of 34 large marble - blocks. Inwardly the year 1539 to erect upon it the colossal it is hollow; on 185 marble-steps one gets statue of the Apostle Ptter, still extant, as to the uppermost plate of the chapiter, from we see the whole here represented, whence one enjoys an enchanting prospect
Ad99998 06 069a/engPlants. CXIII. Vol. VI. No. 67.
PETRIFIED FORMS OF LEAVES OUT OF THE PRIMITIVE TIME.
Between a thin-slaty sort of stone near the those in yon country. Consequently these castle Rauche -sauve, not far from the bo- leaves at present petrified and inclosed betrough Chaumerac in the Department de 1'Ar- ween beds of stone originate from plants, deche in France one finds at the digging which formerly a thousand years ago grew in and breaking asunder of the thin beds of that country, in the mean time that thos. stone a great many forms of leaves half beds of stone form'd themselves, but now are burnt to coals, half petrified, which hardly not met with among the flourishing plants, now and then, mostly not at all are found neither in that country, nor elsewhere in far exactly agreeing with leaves of plants, that distant lands of other zones, at present appear upon earth, still lefs with
Ad99998 06 070a/engMiscell. Subj. CXIV. Vol. VI. No. 68.
SCENE IN AFRICA.
Our young readers have already often heard Who first applies all the 21 bowls, has won. of the unhappy Negros in Africa, whom the This play is said to be more difficult, than prejudice of Europeans places on the lowest our game at draughts, and one sees in Africa step of culture, almost level to the beasts, young Negro-women from their early youth treating them as slaves in the most unhuman sitting alone, and by meditation exercising manner. However these despised black men themselves in this play. of Africa have also higher dispositions of In the background we view a proof of mind, as the present plate will show us. In the corporal addrefs, viz-the manner, in the foreground sits under a Bananatree a which the Negro-Slaves fetch down the juice joung Negro-woman, meditating upon the got in bottles by incisions in the palm trees, play of Uri so much belov'd by them. This or the palm-wine. The Negro-Slave slings a play consists of a cliest divided into many circle of bark around himself and the palm, compartments, where two female players, and shoving forward this circle over the each with 2r bowls, alternatively and accor- sprigs of the tree, he climbs up and down ding to certain rules fill the compartments, by clinging his feet to it.
Ad99998 06 071a/engMiscell. Subj. CXV. Vol. VI. No. 69.
VIEW OF A PART OF THE CITY OF BATAVIA.
To the most remarkable possession* of the habitants, consisting of Europeans, native Dutch in the Indies belongs the Island of Javanese, Malays, Chinese and Slaves. For Java, and the city of Batavia situate upon it, the conveniency of the commerce canals are the chief place of those extensive and wealthy conducted through the large fine streets, possessions. This city was built by the Dutch, along which rows of trees are affording after they had expel'd the Portuguese, in shade to the walkers. In the street here the years 1618 till 1631, indeed upon a mar- fig. ured stands the Dutch-Calvinist Cathedral, shy unhealthful ground, but on account of a beautiful octagonal building with a cupola, the adjoining harbour and bay exceeding well Batavia is the seat of the Dutch Generalsituated for commerce, It is constructed in Governor and council with regard to the the European manner, has 20 regular streets, possessions of the Dutch in the Indie», and at present 5270 houses with 115,960 in
Ad99998 06 072a/engPlants. CXIII. Vol. VI. No. 70.
SCARCE EXOTICK PLANTS.
The gigantick Fourcroya. (Fourcroya gigantea.)
This plant here appears cut of below the crown of leaves. The stock attains to the This plant remarkable on account of its height of 2 feet, and has the bignefs of » stately stalk of blossoms is properly native in feet, the thick stiff leaves are 5 feet long, the Islands of Curassao and St. Domingo, but From the midst of the stock shoots the pomfrom thence almost hundred years ago trans- pous stalk of flowers 20 till 30 feet high, planted in the European hot-houses, where being smooth and lightgreen. On it are fixed it has but twice flourish'd, once at Schoen- the blossoms formed like a bell and downbrun near Vienna, the second time 1793 at wards hanging, as we see some of them at Pans. Since in modern times in France it (A.) represented in their natural greatnefs. has been found to form a peculiar species of How splendid soever this gigantick stalk of plants, the name of the illustrious Chymist, blossoms is to the eye, yet the smell is nothe counsellor of state, Fourcroy has been thing lefs than pleasant, bestow'd upon it,
Ad99998 06 073a/engPlants. CXIV. Vol. VI. No. 71.
MEDICINAL-PLANTS.
The Aloes of Soccotora. (Aloe soccotrina.)
The Aloes here represented, remarkable on account of its physical virtues, as well as the common Aloes, (vide the Porte (olio of Children Vol. III. No. 24.) is met with in the isle of Soccotora, situated on the east coast of Africa, towards the straights, of Babelmandeb. The Stock rises a Foot and a half above the root, and at the top it bears thick Leaves which are pointed and indented. The Pedicle which measures about a foot and a half shoots out from amidst those leaves, bearing a clusterlike crown of red flowers, which partly raise themselves in an horizontal direction, partly hang downward. The pericarpium, arising from the flowers, includes the seed, which ripens only in the native country of this aloes. For that reason it is propagated in the hot-houses of Europe by means of germings. The carved leaves of this plant produce a murrey coloured juice, which, condensated into resin, formerly has been employed in medicine; but now little use is made of it.
Ad99998 06 074a/engWorms. XII. Vol. VI. No. 72.
POLYPES FORMED LIKE A CUP.
yY e already got acquainted with - the Polypes, -in. Vol, I. "tab. 62. of our gallo.ry. They are creatures which occupy the. lowest degree* of the animal reign-, being ranked among the Zoophytes, »r(Fiant-Animals, on account of their Fig. ure; that resembles a plant. By way of aggrandizement the annexed table exhibits the Polypes of ihe shape of a cup. Aboye the maaabpcl-yyi (Fig.. . 8,) many times aggrandized, appears art elevation, (;;) that is the gullet, into which; the Polype, by means of the pincers, (o. o.) carries the food, consisting of worms and little insects. The body sticks to a large stalk7 (Fig. - 8. P- 9) which the Polype.extends,, in order to take hold of other objects,, or* wraps up, like a serpent, (Fig.. 9.) being in act to swim. — The Polypes here described, if we behold them with unarmed eyes, appear like little points round about the heterogeneous body they keep close to;in crowds, (Fig.. 1. 4. 6.) Through the microscope we however distinguish their Fig. ured bodies, -looking like poppy-heads and forming various groups. In Fig.. 2. and 3. they are represented cleaving to â duck's-meat, (a. b.) rne large stalk- of an older Polype being a point o£ conjunction, (Fig.. 3.) In Fig.. 5. our corpuscles adhere to the dead body of a yellow Polype. (fZ. d. d.). In Fig.. '7. they, most elegantly, surround a little snail, where we likewise perceive the wriggled stalks (i. it) as well as the upright ones. (A, h.)
Ad99998 06 075a/engAmphib. XXVI. Vol. VI. No. 73.
STRANGE AMPHIBIOUS CREATURES.
The horned toad. (Rana cornuta.)
l'I itherto we have had but very imperfect drawings, concerning this strange animal, which had been delineated after faded patterns preserved in spirits of wine. (Pictule Gallery. Vol, III. No. 39.) By means of'the last voyage of discovery, undertaken by the Russians, Mr. Tilesius, counsellor of the court and celebrated german naturalist, has supplied us with the first exact picture of the horned toad, drawn to the life in the annexed view. In little numbers it is met with in several parts of SouthAmerica as likewise in Brasil and in the isle of S. Catherine. Though, the rough body and large mouth, with which it catches insects, have an hideous appearance, yet the bright- sparkling colours of the skin display themselves very handsomely. The yellowish- brown body is adorned with sharppointed warts and white-edged Fig. ures of the colour of a violet. The fore- and hindpart of the head as also the hind-feet are adorned with plain spots of the most beautiful green. Above the eyes raise themselves the orange- coloured eye -lids, resembling a cone, which, slightly looked upon, have been compared to little horns; whence the name of this toad proceeds. Besides it is remarkable on account of its greatnefs, in Fig.. A. being represented shortened by half, and Fig.. B, exposing its head in lull length. According to the account of Mr. Tilesius the weight of the horned toad amounts to 4 pounds. By the Brasilians it is called Aran- Tango, or open tun.
Ad99998 06 076a/engMisc. CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 74.
SCENES OUT OF GREECE.
Fig. 1. A shepherd of Morea.
The present table exhibits one of the shepherds of the greek peninsula of the Morea, who is blowing on a simple rural pipe, near his herd. He is a mountain-shepherd, in his simple garment of sheep's skin, wearing a red cap upon the head and sandals on the feet. In the back-ground we perceive the sheepfold and the high scaffolds, which serve the shepherds for a summer-abode. In the winter or generally in cool nights these shepherds, with their flocks, retire into mountaincaverns, which are the usual dwellingplace of their families. These shepherds lead a very simple and poor life; yet with all that they are indépendant.
Fig.2. The modern-greek Story-singer.
The annexed view represents a moderngreek story-singer; in his usual custom, near a fountain of the turkish order, in a grove. Accompanied by his instrument, resembling a mandolin of a long neck, he gives several songs to some inhabitants of Morea, who differ, among themselves by rank and consequently by fashion, in the midst of whom we likewise behold a shepherd. These storysingers, traversing the whole country, perform, at the same time, the functions of poets, musicians and story -tellers for the sake of public sport.
Ad99998 06 077a/engMisc. Subj. CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 75.
NATIONAL FEAST OF THE RUSSIANS.
There is a custom in Russia, according to which the impérial court bestows a feast upon the people of Petersburg, on solemn occasions, such as conclusions of peace, coronations andweddings. The annexed table exhibits such a feast, which took place in the year 1790, at the conclusion of the peace made with Sweden. Before the imperial Winter-palace they had constructed two pyramidical sc. ffolds, of 20 yards in height, (Pig. l.) whereof the steps, turning round about, were served up with meals and pastrywoik of every kind. Above each was placed a roasted ox, the one of which had gilded horns and the other silvered horns. The pyramids were adorned with rosecoloured tafiety in a manner that only the horns peeped out, which stood in competition for the prize. At the signal given by a cannon- shot the people rushed thither; they gained the tnffety by pieces; the meats were flung on all sides; a troop of courageous rowers got the golden horns and thereby a premium of 100 rubels. The pyramids being stripped, some fountains, at a little distance, began to spout out red and white, wine. (Fig.. 2.) The people rushed thither in crowds, gathering in hats the delicious drink and presenting it by turns to the neighbours. Some common Russians even climbed up the fountain itself, in order to catch the whole wine-spout, but a well - applied syringe cooled the too bold drinker, repelling him within his bounds.
Ad99998 06 078a/engMiscell. Subj. CXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 76.
THE MONTSERRAT IN SPAIN.
Àt the distance of 9 leagues from Barcel- and rich monastery of the Bénédictins, in Iona towards the Northwest, in the Spanish the church of which is to be found a miprovince of Catalonia, is situated the re- raculous image of the virgin - Mary, is simarkable Montserrat, (that is to say : tacked tuated, as the annexed view exhibits, on or sawn hill) whißh is called thus from its the large middle - plain of the mountain, being composed merely of rocks and cliffs in an hollow, behind which arise many joining clode to one another, in the midst Rocks. Between those, by means of of which there are little plains. This moun- footh-pathes, one arrives at thirteen hermitain is likewise renowned as a place of pe- tages dispersedly situated on higher rocks, regrination, upon which is situated a con- Each of them consists in some chambers, vent of Bénédictins and twelve single her- a little chapel and garden. The hermit» mitages, that partly are built in a very living here are not clergy-men but lay-breromantick manner betwixt the single rocks, thren, who, after having renounced the The whole number of the people, who se- world, lead here a rigorous solitary life' parately have fixed their abode on the Mont- far from the tumult of the world. They «errat, amounts to 250, comprising friars, only descend to the monastery of the Belaybrethren and attendants. The great nedictins on certain festival days.
Ad99998 06 079a/engMiscell. Subj. CXIX. Vol. VI. No. 77.
REMARKABLE WALLS OF CYCLOPES OF THE ANTIQUITY.
In several parts of Italy and Greece there mankind was but little acquainted with meare still to bé found many remains of an- chanical arts, and having required necessaricient stone-work, the singular structure of ly an enormous expence of strength, we at» which proves their being descended from tributed them to powerful giants of the prithe remotest antiquity, because, since im- mitive time, whence by the Ancients they memorial times, one does not build in such were already called malls of the Cyclopes. amanner. They are stone-walls, consisting The Cyclopes are the giants of the romantic of prodigious rocks, that are not hewed in- primeval world. The annexed view repreto squares, according to the present man- sents such a wall, comprising the proud ner, but artfully joined together and hea- remains of an ancient fortress, probably ped up, without cement or mortar, with those of Epidaurus - Limera, which exists as many polygons as they sprun" out of still in the background of the road of Mai. the quarry. These works having been con- vasia, in the peninsula of the Morea. A structed in the most ancient times, where handsome monument of human art!
Ad99998 06 080a/engMisc. Subj. CXX. Vol. VI. No. 73.
SCENES OF TAURIA, FORMERLY CALLED CRIMEA.
Fig. 1. Dance of the Dervis.
chpriest. The annexed table exhibits such a scene in the same JDervis are mahometa n mendicant friar», manner as it is represented in the principilo partly live in convents, partly shift pal mosquey at Bakts chi-Sara.) in Tauria. about in the Orient, particulary in Turkey and Persia, preaching their faith and pia-
Fig. 2. Buffoon in Crimea.
ying many superstitious tricks and juggles, The present table exposes to sight a in order to deceive the people. Accor- jew of Constantinopolis, who, accompanied ding to a singular rite they assemble by a rattling musick of gipsies, is playing in a moschey, (mahometan church) eve- his legerdemain-tricks for the sport of so*y tuesday and friday, in the evening, me gentlemen, who are his spectators, where, in presense of other devouts, they The dance being finished, he has formed keep divine service, and then lead a dan- his garments like a puppet, fastened upon ce, which only consists in a rapid turning, a staff, on the left arm, with which he One after the other falls into a kind of keeps a foolish discourse. The dumb pupswoon, out of which he is directly rou- pet only answers by blow«, to the utsed by few words whispered into his ear most delight of the spectators.
Ad99998 06 081a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXI. Vol. VI. No. 79.
THE PERUVIAN GIANT.
Mett of extraordinary greatness are called America, tlie annexed table representing a Giants, as the name of dwarf is given to peruvian giant, called Basilio Huaylas, those, who distinguish.. themselves by unu- who, in the year 1792, was brought from sual littleness. Both of them are excepted the city of lea to Lima, capital of.Peru, from usual greatness of man, as we can in order to appear in publick. At the age not suppose there to be whole nations of of 24 years he exceeded the height of 7 giants or dwarfs upon our terrestrial globe, feet. The members of the body were of though tribes of lesser men may be found a disproportionate bigness, particularly towards the North, as well as the great those of the upper part. Ordinarilv Huayprogeny of Patagonians in South-America, las made his appearance in the strange custom here represented. In comparison Men of uncommon greatness frequent- a man of common size stands at his side, ly expose themselves to sight for money, by what means his gigantic Fig. ure is renon account of the scarcity, as every one de red the more striking, knows. The same custom is also found in
Ad99998 06 082a/engMisc. Subj. CXXII. Vol. VI. No. 80.
EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF JOSEPH II, BEFORE THE IMPERIAL PALACE IN VIENNA.
The present Emperor of Austria, his Majesty Francis I. determined to get erected a magnificent monument to the memory of his great uncle, Joseph II, who exceedingly deserved it of his nation by introducing useful arts and sciences. The Emperor desired this monument to consist of Joseph's equestrian statue of bronze, supported by a pedestal of granite, in order to embellish Joseph's place, before the imperial palace in Vienna. Mr. Zauner, a celebrated statuary in Vienna, was charged with this commission. After 11 jears of work the whole was finished in the most perfect manner, as the present view exhibits, and consecrated on Joseph's place the 24. of Nov. 1807, in the presence of the imperial family. The Emperor Joseph is seated on horseback, in the roman manner announcing his protection to his subjects by the extended right hand. Besides the tables of inscription there are on the pedestal two Basreliefs of bronze, relative to Joseph's merits. The opposite side refers to the freedom and Improvements which Joseph granted to the Trade of Austria. The height of the whole monument amounts to 33 feet, 8 inches ; that of the horse to I3feet; the Fig. ure of the Emperor is inheight II feet. The group of the horse with the Fig. ure of bronze has 400 quintals of weight. This statue is a beautiful monument of german art, worthy of being transmitted to the remotest posterity.
Ad99998 06 083a/engPlants CXV. Vol. VI. No. 81.
RARE TREES.
The Wax-Palm-Tree of South-America. (CeroxyIon andicola.)
1 hi3 remarkable kind of Palm-tree, which arrives at the extraordinary height of 160 or iSo feet, has been discovered by Mr. Alexander Humboldt, the celebrated naturalist, during his travels through SouthAmerica, oa the mountain called Quindiu. The trunk, that sticks to the earth with many roots and filaments, rises uprightly; betwixt the rings, formed by the fallen leaves, there cleaves a yellow bark, three lines thick, as smooth as a reed, consisting in a mixture of resin and was. On the left we behold a piece of the trunk in its natural greatness. The natives, who consider this bark as pure wax, form thereof tapers and candles, after having mixt it with a third of tallow. The spherical fruits, o[ violet - colour have a sweetish taste and are crowded together like bunches of grapes; the interiour part encloses a hard almond. This Palm-tree never bears more than ten feathered leaves, rising to the height of 18 = 21 feet, so that the whole offers a surprizing and sublime sight.
Ad99998 06 084a/engGarments. XI. Vol VI. No. 82.
PERUVIAN INCAS.
The ancient Peruvians in South - America were a nation tolerably well civilized They had hereditary kings, who, as well as all the royal princes, were called Jncas, hein g regarded by the Peruvians as sons of Gods, off - springs of the sun, under the Fig. ure of which they adored the supreme deity. These Incas, whose families at present have almost been extirpated by the Spaniards, who conquered Perù, enjoyed a preeminence of reputation and honour, as we can judge by what has been before mentioned. Even now - a. aavs much reverence is paid to their memory, the present Peruvians still continuing to represent them symbolically, on solemn processions, though dressed in more precious and modernized garments than these princes used to wear at the time of their splendour. The annexed view exhibits such an allegorical representation of modern time?. We behold an Inca with his consort in their modern habit oF parade, which in. some particulars differs from the ancient one, as they are represented still now à days, on great solemnities, for the remembrance of ancient times, to the Peruvians, who do not belong to their descendants.
Ad99998 06 085a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXIII.. Vol. VI. No. 83.
TURKISH TOMBS.
To the modern Greeks and Turks death, according to the usual manner of antiquity-, does not appear under aspects of fear and terror, they rather consider it as a state of sweet repose, without aversion. For that reason ihey bury their corpses in open coffins, trimmed with precious stuffs ; they dreis the dead body in the best clothes of the deceased, covering him with flowers. Thus they commit the last remains to graves situated without the towns, on high • ways or upon hills surrounded by cypresses. These sepulchers, which frequently serve as publick walking - places, are of the most charming forms, consisting in open chests of white marble, (Fig.. II.) near which arise pillars decorated with symbols relative to the sex and rank of the deceased. The turban signifies a man; a kind of urn a woman; a rose denotes a girl. Within these chests, filled with light earth, they plant flowers, that are cultivated with religious care by the relations of the deceased. Richer Turks get built whole funeralhalls, (Fig.. i.) which consist either of open arches, bearing a cupola, or are locked up and enlightened from above. The annexed view likewise exhibits buildings of greater compass, provided with open vestibles, where the Mahometans perform their devotion.
Ad99998 06 086a/engWorms XIII. Vol. VI. No. 84.
THE ECHINOID ASTERIAS.
In Vol. III. No. 94- °f our Picture• Gallery we already became acquainted with the admirable Medusa's head sea star, belonging to the genus Asteria or star - fish. The annexed table exhibits an other extraordinary species of these animals, viz, the echinoid Asterias. It is a native of the Indian seas, which sometimes arrives at so considerable a size, as to measure more than twelve inches in diameter. From the body depressed and covered with a coriaceous crust arise twenty rays, that are spinous as well as the body. The mouth of this animal consists of the aperture, which we behold in the midst of the body. Most beautiful specimens of this curious animal were formerly: preserved in the Leverian Museum at London. —
Ad99998 06 087a/engMisc. CXXIV. Vol VI. No. 85.
ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL AT LONDON.
The cathedral church of St. Paul, which we see here represented from the side of the Thames, is one of the most beautiful buildings of modern architecture. It stands in the centre of the great metropolis of the british empire, being reared in the place of an ancient gothic cathedral, that was almost entirely destroyed by the terrible fire of 1666. The celebrated Architect, Sir Christopher Wren, formed his plan of it partly on the Model of St. Peter's Church at. Rome This immense edifice was reared in 35 years, the foundation being laid on the 2i£t- of June 1675 and the building completed in 1710, at the expence of 4,420,512 dollars of Saxony. This Cathedral is in the form of a erosi. The outside is adorned with three magnificent entrances and two ranges of pilastres. Above the principal entrance stand two steeples; the chief ornament, however, i» the stately dome, rising in the centre. The dome rests on 32 columns supporting a gallery surrounded by a balustrade, the ascent to which from tl»? bottom is by 534 stepsi 0»er the gallery rises the magnificent cupola with a second gallery, on the top of which stands a little turret or lanthorn terminating in a gilded ball and cross. — The inside of St. Paul's is so far from corresponding in beauty with its exterior that it is only decorated with conquered ship'« flags and two statues and monuments erected in honour of Johnson and Howard. The annexed view exhibits likewise a remarkable procession consisting of the Lord Mayor's going by water to Westminsterhall, with great pomp, in barges splendidly decorated. This procession takes place annually on the 9'h. of November, being the day on which the new chief magistrate enters upon the duties of hit office.
Ad99998 06 088a/engPlants CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 86.
FAIR EXOTIC SHRUBS.
The dwarf rosebay. (Rhododendron ponticum.)
This beautiful shrub is met with in the Orient as well as in several parts of SouthSpain, particularly in the environs of Gibraltar, and in the orange-houses of Germany. Cultivated with due care it forms a shrub like a tree of 5 a 6 feet of height. The oblong and pointed leaves are ever green; they have a shining surface; on the inferior part they arc. lighter green, traversed by strong veins and crooked towards the extremitv. They cleave together in great numbers towards the top of the branches. The stalk is extremely short. In the months of June and July on the points of the branches there appear red blossoms of five leaves, that stick together like clusters, which recommend this shrub as an embellishment of gardens. At first sight it resembles the Oleander, but on beholding it more attentively we easily find out the difference. The dwarf rosebay comprehends eleven kinds, which chiefly are found on high mountains, or Alps, whence their name derives. In the native country of this shrub some kinds are employed in medicine on account of their astringent virtue.
Ad99998 06 089a/engMisc. Subj. CXXV. Vol. VI. No. 87.
THE GIANTS-CAUSEWAY IN IRELAND.
The isle of Staffa and Final's care in Scotland are not superior in beauty to the magnificent Giants- causeway, situated on the northwestern coast of Ulster, in the county of Antrim in Ireland. It is naturally formed of innumerable pillars of basaltes which arise perpendicularly, having been regarded in former times by superstitious people as a work of spirits and giants. Those pillars of basaltes (which are reckoned 30,000) form a kind of promontory gradually declining towards the sea aud terminating in a causeway, which by means of the pillars proportionately broken off forms an even way. This causeway has about 600 feet in length and 120 to 14.0 in breadth. The single pillars have 12 to 15 inches in diameter, being quadrangular, sexangukr and octangular, but for the most part sexangular, as the present table shews, on one side elevated and on the other fluted, whereby the single parts of the pillars join together like the vertèbres of the back-bone, thus supporting themselves in an upright direction.
Ad99998 06 090a/engMisc. Subjects CXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 88.
THE BLAST OF WHEAT.
The blast of corn, which frequently impairs the produces of harvest, is a sickness of the corn-plants, which is not discernible untili the ears begin to bud. Wheat is most frequently attacked by this sickness of blast, that consists in the grains not being duely ripe, whence instead of containing a white and mealy substance, they are filled up with blackish grains consisting of dust and stinking in their fresh state, whereby at length the whole car is soiled, when the blighted wheat-grains buTst and the blasting fies out. P. I is a blasted wheat grain in its natural greatness. Fig.. 2. and 3. considerably magnified, b b b in both Fig. ures there are the tops steiilized by sickness, a a. Fig.. 2. the pistils deformed by sickness. 'Fig.. 3: shews the interior of a blasted wheat-grain. Fig.. 4. exhibits a number of magnified grains of the blasting. Every grain is composed of several other lumps accumulated together, which we discern through the microscope on moistening the blast. Fig.. 6. shews the form of single grains of the sound and immature wheat-flour, when it is wettish. The blasting of wheat is but a particular kind of mushrooms consisting of dust and belonging to the genus blast, comprehending many species. To the same genus is likewise ascribed the pretended rust of corn. In Fig.. 5. we behold the form of the grains of the rust of bailey greatly magnified.
Ad99998 06 091a/engMisc. Subjects CXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 89.
RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF SAGUNT IN SPAIN.
In the South of Spain, between Valencia and locked themselves up with their relations Barcellona, is situated the city of Murviedro, in the houses which were set on fire, thus where there are the ruins of ancient Sa- delivering themselves as free citizens to the giuit, whose remains we behold in Fig.. I. flames with their preciousEffects. The Romans an;l II. of this table. vindicated the Saguntines in the second war with the Carthaginians by expelling The city of Sagunt is famous for the them from amidst the ruins of the demoPerseverance beyond all example with which lished city, which they rebuilt more magthe inhabitants, the allies to the Romans, nificently than before, and yet Sagunt, a defended themselves against the Carthagi- second time restored to all its splendour, nians under the conduct of Hannibal after was again destroyed by the Barbarians dutne first war with the above mentioned na- ring their invasion in the fifth century, the tion. Tha Carthaginians after a siege of only evidences of its former grandeur being «ight months having at length taken the city the remains, particularly those of the theaby assault, and the rapacious soldiers being tre, part of which we behold in Fig. I. in permitted by Hannibal to plunder it tho- the fore-ground. Under the succeding doroughly he was astonished at finding not- minion of the Goths Sagunt was rebuilt hing but destruction and mint. The in- once more but with less beauty. The rehabitants of Sagunt had ra;her die than mains uf that time are probably those, of itfrvive the foil of their liberty; those, the citadel. (Fig.. H.) tli;t bad not fallen gloriously in fi'gthing
Ad99998 06 092a/engMisc. CXXVlll. Vol. VI. No. 90.
CELTICK MONUMENTS OF CARNAC.
In the western parts of France, near the castle of Cornac, in the department of Morbihan, along the sea-shore, in a mournful desert of downs, there are found the following remarkable monuments of antiquity, deriving from the Celts, who anciently inhabited that part of Gallia. In those sandy p loins, wholly destitute of rocks, the traveller meets with rough blocks of stone, which, being supporled only by their own weight without a basis, are supposed to have been erected by human efforts in a very bold manner. The number of these blocks of stone, which arise perpendicularly, still amounts to 4000, the use of which proves difficult to be explained, though, most propably, they refer to the religious customs of that ancient people. The groupes of stone which we see (Fig. - II.) seem to be still more nearly related to certain science;, containing perhaps observations on the starry sky.
Ad99998 06 093a/engMisc. Subjects. CXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 91.
VIEW OF THE GREAT SQUARE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO IN AMERICA.
In the place of the present city of Mexico, which lias been built hy the Spaniards after the conquest of that country of the new world, anciently was situated the city of Tenochtitlan, the residence of proper kings of the ancient inhabitants. This city having been taken by the Spaniards and wholly destroyed, after a persévérant siege in 1521, Cortez, the leader of the Spanish army, ordered a new city of Mexico to be founded after the european fashion, which contains about 140,000 inhabitants, not being inferior to any one of the most celebrated cities of Europe. We behold here represented the great square (la plaza i:iajvr) where in former times stood the gr&a temple of Mcxitili, or the God of war of the primitive (inhabitants of America afterwards thus called. Now-a-days this place is adorned with the magnificent equestrian statue of Charles IV., King of Spain, constructed of metal by the celebrated Spanish artist Don Manuel Dolsa, and reared in Mexico in 1203. The place round the statue is paved with freestones of porphyry, surrounded by a balustrade and locked up with four gates. Behind the principal place in the center of our figure we behold the stately cathedral church (2), part of which (3) is entirely built in the moresk style. On the left of the cathedral church we view the palace simply built, which is the seat of the Viceroy of new Spain.
Ad99998 06 094a/engMisc. Subj. CXXX. Vol. VI. No. 92.
THE FOUNTAIN CALLED TOP HANÈ AT CONSTANTINOPLE.
This remarkable and magnificent fountain, situated in Top-.Hanc, one of the suburbs of Constantinople, whence its name derives, has been lately copied for the first time by the germ an artist Melling, architect to the Sultana Hadidge, the distrustful Turks seldom permitting something to be copied from their publick buildings. This monument is notable because it gives a perspicuous idea of the st)le and art of decorating of the Mahometans. The Sultan Mikmud caused this fountain to be built in 1733 as a work of beneficence, in order to provide this part of Constantinople with good water as well as with a place for performing the religious washings that are in use among the Turks. The inferior part of the edifice is incrusted with white marble, the surface of which being most elegantly adorned with several gilded volutes, ornaments and sentences of the Alcoran, the holy book of the Turks. Notwithstanding there are to be found no Fig. ures of men or animals, which is prohibited according to the turkish faith. Above the inferior part of the building, that has 25 feet in square and a spring on each of these four sides, stands out a pentice of 16 feet which gives the most agreeable shade. A vaulted roof adorned with 16 turrets terminates the whole in an elegant manner. Near the fountain we see some Turks occupied by their holy washings and next to these a group of turkish women. In th« fore-ground drives a turkish coach all over furnished with lattica - windows, wherein th« women of the Turks take the air.
Ad99998 06 095a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXI. Vol. VI. No. 93.
REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS.
The petrified Sea-Palm or Pentacrinit. (Pentacrinites Helmintholithus portentosus. L.)
of antiquity, tacriliit. belonging systematically to the same genus called Encrinus. The animals of this order keep the midst between the coralloid animais and the Sea-stars, living always under _/ entacrlnits are petrified forms of animals the profoundest gulfs of the sea, partly in the belonging to the class of the Zoophytes or torrid zone, partly in colder regions, where Plant-animals, consisting of a manybranched by way of their flexible stalks they adhere and tufty substance that sticks to a membe- close to the ground. In many countries of red and branchless stalk of several feet in Europe the petrified sea - palms are to be length. For the present we know but two found enclosed and vanished by growing in or three species of Zoophytes which are near- the lime-stones.
Ad99998 06 096a/engMisc. Subjects. CXXXII. Vol. VI. No. 94.
REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS.
Petrified Sea-Lilies or Encrinits of Antiquity. (Encrinites HeImintholithus. Encrinus L.)
Encrinits or Sea-lilies are petrified kinds of plant-animals of former ages, looking in some manner like the sea-palm, still living in the profundities of the sea of the Antilles, and probably belonging to the same genus Encrinus. Fig.. i. exhibits a sea-lily, many-branched and closed, with the stalk of many articles, by way of which the living zoophyte kept close to the bottom of the sea. Fig.. 2. is an Encrinit of many arms, without a stalk, both of them being provided with round joints. Fig.. 3. shews the closed main-body, formed like a Fig., of an other kind of Encrinits, whose joints are pentagonal, as the basis exhibits, that stuck to the stalk. The other Fig. ures are partly single joints of sea-lilies, which are commonly called by several names, viz: St. Cuthbert's beads, trochytes, astroites etc., partly they-are pieces, formed like a pillar, of such stalks consisting of many articles that rise one above another (6. 7.) being usually called Entrochites, star stones. In many regions of Germany and of other foreign countries the petrified Encrinits are met with in several kinds of lime-stones.
Ad99998 06 097a/engPlants CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 95.
MEDICAMÉNTAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The common Elecampane. (Inula Helenium. L.)
±he common or genuine Elecampane is an useful plant, which grows wild in several parts of Europe and in some regions of Germany, being cultivated on fields for its utility as also in gardens for ornament. The long and thick roots, that have a strong and bitter taste, are partly dried, partly employed in medicine in several dissolutions. They likewise form thereof a salutary wine and beer of the same name. The root, mixed with pot-ashes and bill-berries, produces a blue colour. From the root ismes a stalk, of 3 in 4 feet in height, furnished with large and dented leaves, at the top of which, in the months of July and August, appear the yellow and scentless flowers formed like a star.
Fig. 2. The common Soapwort. (Saponaria officinalis. L.)
This salutary plant, 2 in 3 feet high, that grows uncultivated in Germany along the roads and in hedges, bears white blossoms inclining to red, during the summermonths. The leaves as well as the root have soapy and solutive principles that offer an approved remedy agiinst many diseases. For ornament it has been transplanted in te gardens, where by way of culture a variation of it has been produced with clusters of double flowers.
Ad99998 06 098a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 96.
THE MORAI, OR BURYING-PLACE, OF THE ISLE NUKAHIWAH IN THE SOUTH-SEA.
In the South-sea is to be found a group of isles, first discovered in 1595 and known under the name of isles of Marquesa or Mendoza. Amoügst the northern ones is also situated the isle of Nuhakiivak, with which we more nearly became acquainted by means of the last voyage round the world, undertaken by the Russians for discovery's sake, under the guidance of the Captain of Kmsenstcrn. The inhabitants of this island are well-shaped, healthy, and of a vigorous constitunon; their carnation resembles that of the Europeans. They adorn the whole body with pricked Fig. ures, which they rub into the flesh with a dark-blue earth, whence ihey never vanish. These islanders of the South - sea are not in the least of a sweet temper; on the contrary they are malicious and vindictive in such a manner that they devour their captivated enemies. Except a small scarf, they are stark-naked. Their habitations are only cottages composed of bamboo • reed. Alter many ceremonies theyr commit the dead to their burying - places, or Morais, whereof every family has a particular one. The Russians, who circumna« vigated the world, obtained the permission of visiting such a Moral, the image of which we view in the annexed table. This Moral was situated in a romantic region, on a hill; in a coffin was exposed a corpse. Outwardly stood some deformed idols carved in wood; close to these they beheld pillars, consisting of cocoa-leavet, and environed by stuffs of white cotton. The whole referred to religious customs.
Ad99998 06 100a/engInsects. LIII. Vol. VI. No. 98.
FESTOON ORANGE BUTTERFLY OF CHINA.
(Papilio Bernardus. Fabricii.)
On a copied nrancn °f a japan and chinese plant, called Japan Rose, we behold a great diurnal Butterfly, fairly designed, that is a native of China and Japan. The prime colour of its fore - wings is fiery - red, laciniated with a yellow cross - fascia, and with a lavge and black border. The hinrlwings, likewise fiery - red, are tailed, and elegantly spotted with black eyes and white central point». The upper Fig. ure exhibits this Butterfly in the state of reposa, with the bearing of its clapt wings, whose inferior side is finely adorned. This exotic Butterfly belongs to the eye-spotted ones, among which, however, there is none in Germany, that equals this chinese Butterfly in the greatness and beauty of the louring.
Ad99998 06 101a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXr. Vol. FL No. 99.
RUSSIAN HORN-MUSIK.
This Musick, invented in Russia in 1750, by a native Bohemian, called Maresch, has such a dignity, grandour, sweetness and plenitude of sounds, as are not to be found in any Musick whatever, even not in the organs, to which, however, it bears the greatest resemblance. This Musick being the more extraordinary because every horn has but one tone, a brief description of it will prove much interesting both to connoisseurs of Musick and to those, who are strangers to it.
The annexed table gives an intuitive representation of it. The region exhibits a forest where one sees the imperial corps of russian hunters, divided in four files, and placed on an eminence, with their hunting-horns. In the first file stands the treble, in the second the counter-tenor, in the third the tenor, and in the h most the bass.
Every one holds in his hand a little musick-book, upon which he is to fix his eyes steadfastly, in order to give the tone in the very nick of time. He therefore is obliged to count exactly all the other sounds, till it comes to his turn to wind the horn. His whole art, which surely is not easy in allegros and trills, contists in making just stops. In the other hand he has the brazen or copper-horn. In the front, before the treble, or in the first file, stands the Master of the musical chapel, who has placed the partition before him, on a desk. He keeps in his hand a little staff, with which he not only beats the time, but also every fourth.
The basses, on account of their bigness, rest on little pedestals, constructed for that purpose.
The Horn-Musick is composed of about forty persons, every one of whom has one horn or two. Those horns, that give the lowest bass-tones, have 5 in 7 feet in length. This measure diminishes proportionally so that the least ones arrive only to the length of one foot.
There is nothing more touching than to hear a choral-song, or adagio, performed on this instrument; there is nothing more merry than to behold an allegro blown there-upon, when a Musician, with two horns is often changing them, in a swift time.
Though the instruction of such a Virtuoso requires an extraordinary patience yet the Russians, who generally have great talents for Musick, very soon become accustomed to observe the time.
Ad99998 06 102a/engPlants CXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 100.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.
The purple-coloured Rudbeckia. ( Rudbcckia purpurea. L.)
The purple-coloured Rudbeckia is a beautiful ornamental plant, which grows wild in North-America, on the mounts of Virginia, Carolina and Florida, being likewise cultivated in our gardens for ornament, on account of its singular appearance. It has been thus denominated in honour of the deserving Swedish botanist, Olaus Rudbeck.
This plant shoots a stalk of 3 in 4 feet in height, to which alternately stick the long-pointed and dented leaves. The large and beautiful purple flowers, that adhere to the top of the stalk, are formed like rays, hanging loose together with the leaves cloven on the extremity.
Ad99998 07 003a/engMisc. Subj. CXXXVI. Vol. VII. No. 1.
PERSIAN CURIOSITIES.
Persia,. anciently celebrated among the Countries of Asia, still belonss, on severat flccounts, to the rernarkable' empires of that part o£ the world. The annexed print exhibits.: ;-:.' i
Fig. 1. View of the city of Shiras.
Shiras, the capital city of the province of Farsistan, or 'of Persia properly thus called, is situated in an extensive and beäutifill valley; but novv-a-däjs its ancient spleridour is greatly göne to decay. It is surrounded with walls arid lias six gâtes ; the houses, cohstructed of bricks', hâve a bad appearance, but nevertheless Shiras lias a beautiful Basar or customhouse, as well as other public buildings. This city is likewise famous for its excellent wine, called \vine of Shiras, which is renown'd ail over Asia.
Fig. 2. Tomb of the persian Poet Hafiz.
Arts and sciences were flourishing ïn former centuries in the Éast as well as in Persia. Among the celebrated men of that country they also name the Poet Hafiz, who was born in Mosselly, near Shiras, and died there in 1340. We behold hère represented his tomb variously distingulshed. It is situated in the center of a large square burjing ground, resemblirtg a garden. At the entrance are two great lions, opposite, in a l'atticed enclpsure are the tombs of Hafiz, of two of his disciples, and of a Prince of the royal blood. Ail four are formed like coffîns of stone, on each side surrounded with sto» nés, six foot high, where upon are engraved several passages of the Alcoran. The persian Sovereign, Kerim - Khan, çaused this tomb to be embellished, an édifice with rriany rooms having been reared behind it. Close by there is the sepulchre of Saadi, an other celebrated persian Poet.
Ad99998 07 004a/engPlants CXIX. Vol. VII. No. 2.
THE FILAMENTOUS YUKKA. (Yucca filamentosa.)
JL he Yucca is exclusively found in Ameri- clous Yucca, is originally of Virginia and ca, and comprehends many species, whicli, Carolina, where it is to be found on the as for the structure, accord together in so sandy shores of the rivers. It has but a much that the trunk, often arriving to the short trunk ; from the Ieaves grows up the height of ten in twelve feet, produces, on- " stalk, often five to six foot high, to which ly at the top, a tuft of long Ieaves, for stick the white flowers, inclining to yellow, the most part dented like a saw, from whose and formed like tulips. The Ieaves of this center shoots out a long and branched stalk, species hâve the singularity of being more forming tha most beautiful crown. For round, and of bearing, on their surface, that reason this fair american plant is also long and single filaments, which, before met with in several hot-hoùses. the Europeans imported their linen-cloth, \ were employed by the Americans in fabriThe species hère copied, or the fila- cating a stuff approaching the same quality.
Ad99998 07 005a/engWorms XIV. Vol. VII. No. 3.
THE WINDING SERTULARlA OR VESICULAR CORALLINE. (Sertularia volubilis, Linn. S. uniflora, Pallas.)
About the trunk and tire branches of a red prickly coralline winds an other species of zpophytes, belonging to the genus Sertularia oxvesicular coralline, represented in its natural greatness in Fig. . 1. and magnified in Fig. . 2. of the annexed table. This ;winding seitularia has the appearance of a .plant, as well as all the plant-animais, inhabiting the Océan; but its substance is white, .horney, elastic, flexible and half transparent, rwhose united and subile filaments form an articulated , tortuous and filaceous stalk, .which serves as a shelter to particular polypes, adhering to it and dwelling in seperate cells (even hère indistingûishable) of thèse articulations, from whence they extend their armed fangs to catch their food. The little bells, with a dented border, on the long and articulated stalk$,of.the trunk of the sertularia, are open and transparent cases, looking like vesicles, which, in the hottest summerseason shoot out of the sertularia, and wherein form themselves oval burgeons, either cleaving to the principal trunk, or separated from if. From such burgeons issue new sertularia.s, which continue growing. The polypes of the sertularias feed upon the least and most tender microscopical worms, living in the sea-water.
Ad99998 07 006a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 4.
THE CATACOMBS OR SUBTERRANEAN SEPULCHRES OF ROME.
The Catacombs, or subterraneous sepulchres, at Rome and their environs are famous for their antiquity as also for their great number. They consist of innumerable passages and Chambers, turning and winding, like a labyrinth, in the solid pozzolano of a hardened and vulcanicearth. In the earliest times of Rome thèse passages took their rise from the pozzolano du g out for the construction of buildings. At the time of the roman Republick and of the Emperors thèse innumerable sandpits were employed in burying poor people and slaves, upon whose corpses they would not bêstaw the funeral expences- At the time of cliristianity the acts of burying in the Catacombs augmented; there were interred the Christians, who had fallen as Martyrs in the persécutions. Part of the Catacombs, extending to a great distance near Rome, are exhibited in Figr. with the tombs partly open partly locked up. The closed sepulchres, eut in the walls of the Catacombs, hâve the outward appearance of Fig. . 4. — Fig. . 2. 3. and 5. represent many of them, which were examined after having been opened. They found therein the remains of human bones more or less preserverî. By the initial letters of the word of Christ it appears they belonged to Christians. In the sepulchre (Fig. . 3) reposed a Martyr, as may be judged by the preserved palm twig and hatchet.
Ad99998 07 007a/engMisc. Subjects. CXXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 5.
ETRUSCAN CATACOMBS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF TARQUINIA.
In the présent Grand- dutchy of Toscany, near.the town of Corneto, where anciently was situated Tarquinia, one of the twelve capital-cities of Etruria, are to be found many catacombs, or subterranean sepulchralchambers. Tliey are carved in whitish limestones, being remarkable for their structure as well as for their variegated Ornaments. The descent to them is through square apertures. In one of thèse Etruscan catacombs (Fig. . 1.) the cieling is formed o£ four contiguous Squares, carved out of the rock with Recesses. The remains of the dead repo*ed either in nrns, or probably also on the banks round about the side- walls. The walls and friezes of thèse sepulchral - Chambers are covered with party-coloured symbolical pictures, alluding to the State of the soûls after deatb, according to the ideas of the Etrurians. On the frieze we therefore behold men devoured by wild beasts; * allusion to the punishments attending the cri.minai. . Other compartments of thèse catacombs (Fig. . 2.) rest on pillars carved out of the rock itself^ as well as the architectural recesses of the [cieling whence they gîve perpetuity to the whole. On the side- walls we likewise observe painted friezes of many Fig. ures, which offer abundant matter of discussion to the antiquary. Y>
Ad99998 07 008a/engQuadrupeds. LXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 6.
THE GIGANTICK BUFFALO. (Bos Arni.)
A.oeoîig the animtlls hitberto .Utile' krsown separated Afeet frora each other. In Fig. ure the belongs the gigamick-Buffalc, 6.x Ar ni, vçhic.h, Arnils said.to participate of the"ox,..of thehoraccording to theaccounts of the English- se and of the stag." Though. it;be courageous men, lives in the mountainous régions of and strong, yet it is tamed and employed inriNorth - Hindostan as well:;-as in tke woods ding in the northern parts of the East-Indies. of North-Bengal. ;;An.,english offjcer men- For a great whjle the gigantick Buffalo tions such a Buffalo, he had found there, 14 was knovvn only by seuils dug .out;here and foot high .fröm. the hoof to the top of.the there, to which stick the huge horns. Such horns. It is black - coloured; a red - haired seuils of Ami are met with in several catuft sticks betwixt its huge horns, which are binets of natural hiïtory.
Ad99998 07 009a/engGarments. XII. Vol. VII. No. 7.
PERSIAN GARMENTS.
The inhabitants of Persia are hère represented in their différent. garmenls. The Persians are lively, addicted to pleasures, and a little frivolous ; but for ail that more sociable and more compassionate strangers than their neighbours, the rude and distrustful' Turks. They are middlesized, rather lean than fat, but of a vigorous and healthy constitution. Though the Mahometan is the prédominant religion, yet they tolerate many other sects, as the Gebers, vvho adore the fire. From the simple dress of the Curdes, (Fig. . I.) a half savage, rapacious and mountaineer people of West-Persia, we make the transition to the garments of the Persians.
Fig. 2. A Persian of a middle condition, in the summer-habit.
The garments of the Persians are long, vvide, and party - coloured, after the oriental fashion., The rieh wear precious silkstuffs, richly bordered with gold, silverand gems. The Persian hère portrayed wearg a sîiirt of red silk, over it a wai.ucoat and a vvide surtout, .that' descends tili to the ancle, being girded with a shawl. The head is covered with a cap, formed like a turban.
Fig. 3-4. Persian Women.
The clothes of the persian women are more agreeable than those of the men. They do not eut the hair, but cover the head either with a shawl, in the shape of a Veil, or twist it like a turban. Over the smock, which is open tili to the middle of the body, they wear a gown descending to the knee, and adorned with loops of gold and silver. The wide breeches are closely quilted and lined from the top to the bottom.
Ad99998 07 010a/engWorms XV. Vol. VII. No. 8.
THE ALCYONIUM OR DEVIL'S HAND. (Alcyonium manus diaboli, Linn.)
The Alcyonium, formedlike a hand, which by the marineis and inhabitants of the seashore is vulgarly called devil's band, thief's hand, hand o£ Judas, sea-hand, is a particular species of plant - animais, or zoophytes, belonging to the genus Alcyonium. It is composed of inflexfble and almost horney filaments, surrounded, in their fresh state, by ajuicy substance, in which, towards the exterior part, in the fingers or dents, are little caves or cells, serving as a continuai abode to pariicular polypes (he-re not copied) of a cylindrical Fig. ure, and furnished with many fringed fangs, round âbout the aperture of the mouth. The out-side of this plant-animal varies, as to the form, length and ihickness of the dents, as shews Fig. . i. compared with Fig. . 2. Besides both Fig. ures exhibit the natural greatness together with the cavities, shaped like a pipe, at the top of the points, where the polypes dvvell. These Alcyoniums are to be found on the coasts of Holland, France and England, where by growing they cleave to the inferior parts of stones, muscles and snails.
Ad99998 07 011a/engMiscell. Subj. CXXXIX. Tom. VII. No. 9.
RUSSIAN IRREGULAR LIGHT HORSE.
The annexed table exbibits several Christian .people, living under the russian donation and forming a light horse for the miy service«.
Fig. 1 and 2. Donick Cosacks.
Fig. 2. An officer of the donick Cosackst who are a brauch of the russian nation and à rude, martial, pastoral people, inhabiting thé shores of the river Don, whence their name dérives.
Fig. 2. A common donick Cosack.
Fig. 3. A Kalmuck.
We behold hère copied a Kalmuck, (as his physiognomy at first sight shews) who, having passed to the Cosacks, at least see" mingly professes the Christian religion.
Fig. 4. An uralick Cosack.
The uralicke Cosacks dwell on the inferior river Ural, wheré they hâve a considérable fishery and breed of cattle. For the rest they pretty resemble their other countrymen.
Fig. 5. A Cosack of the black Sea.
The saporogick Cosacks, who formerl'y inhabited the shores of the Dnieper, from whence they vvere transferred to the Kuban, on the black sea, since the year 1775, not only serve as light horsemen, but also by Sea.
Fig. 6. An Albanian.
This Albanian or Arhaut belongs to the greek battalion established in the Crimea by the Russians. In war they serve both on horseback and on foot, by land and by sea.
Ad99998 07 012a/engMiscell. Subj. CXL. Vol. VII. No. 10.
IRREGULAR RUSSIAN LIGHT HORSE.
The présent table exhibits a séries of Asiatick peoples, as well pagans as mahometans, who are to be found, more or less frequently, amông the russian light horse.
Fig. 1. A Circassian Prince.
The Circassians who inhabit the province of Kuban, are descended frora the Tartars, arid form a mixt, well-shaped and martial people, subjected to particular little Princes, who, however, acknowledge the russian sovereignty. Such a Prince is hère copied in complète armour, with helmet, coatof mail, sabre, bow, arrows and pistols.
Fig. 2. A common Circassian.
The peasants, or common Circassians are ail together bondslaves to gentlemen. The whole country can raise an army of 1500 gentlemen, and about to,ooo warlike bondslaves.
Fig. 3. A Mursa or Tartar gentleman.
He is represented without arms, as an attendant of a Circassian Prince.
Fig. 4. A Tartar of Nogaj.
These vagabond and rapacious Tartars distinguish themselves by their physiognomy, which proves their breedmixed with the Mongols. They adorn their lances with fox - skins.
Fig. 5. A Trukmanick Tartar.
The Trukmatis inhabit seyeral countries, particularly the mos.t beautiful régions of Caupasus. Sucha one is hère represented.
Fig. 6. Bashkirs.
The Bashkirs are descendants of Bolgars, and consequently destitute of culture. They are a warlike people.
Fig. 7. A Kirgise.
The Kirgises are free, rapacious and rude Tartars, mixed with Mongols, and inhabiting the déserts, on the frontiers of Russia. They keep a considérable breed of cattle, particularly of horses, and are very savage.
Ad99998 07 013a/engMise. Subj. CXLI. Vol. VII. No. 11.
VIEWS OF THE COAST OF JAPAN WITH JAPANESE VESSELS.
Japan, of which we hâve got a clearer knowledge but tvvo centuries since, is a country composed of séveral great "and little islands, on the North-East-Coast of Asia, in the great Eastern Océan, being become long since the object öf European avidity on account of its abundance of gold and other producta. The Portuguese established themselves there in the middle of the sixteenth Century, but for having abused the kindness of the Japaneses they were expelled by them. Since that time the Dutch only, however under great restrictions, are permitted to trade in Japan; but tvvo attempts made prior by the English proved abortive. Nor did the last Russian enterprise of the same kind succeed. The Court of Russia deputed an Embassador to Japan in the year 1^03 together with the two ships expedited under the command of tbo Captain Krusenstern in order to circumnavigate the woild. But this Embassador was not admittéd to Audience, and the présents, hè brought with him,, were rejected. The tvvo following views of Japan are extracted from the masterly description of this voyage, published by Captain Krusenstern.
Fig. 1.
View of Megasaki, near the city of Nangasaki in Japon, where the Russian Embassador was shewn to his dvvelling-place; and the first visit of the Japanese interprétera, who in an open Sloop drovetowards the Russian ship, whereof we see hère only the stem.
Fig. 2.
The Russian Embassador went in two bo« ats or sloops, one of which is magnificently ado'med, 10 the mansion assigned to him in Megasaki. Hère we become acquainted not only with the garments of the Japaneses, but also with the structure of their vessels.
Ad99998 07 014a/engWorms. XVI. , Vol. VII. No. 12.
THE SERTULARIA FORMED LIRE A FIR. (Sertularia abietina.)
This charming Sertularia is to be found in sea-fir. The subtil branches are adorned on the Mediterranean and in the North-Sea, ad- both sides with little cônes or jaggs, as a hèrïng to oisters or to sea-shells, as we see magnified pièce of it (Fig. . II.) more dishere one of them represented. Its Fig. ure re- tinctly shevys. This Sertularia is of a grej semblés much the fir-nuts, wherefore it is horn-colour, and generally arrives at the also called Sertularia shaped lihe a fir or height of 5 inches.
Ad99998 07 015a/engBirds. LXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 13.
RARE BIRDS.
The fringe crested Cockatoo. (Psittacus fimbriatus.)
ïemote climates offers us annually new spe{ «es, to which belongs also, this rare fringe Xa-our Picture-Gallery we frequently have crested Cackatoo, copied by the Englishm.an had occasion of observing the numerous Mr. Grant in his- voyage to New .Southgenus of the pariöts and of adrrnring a great Wales. Thé light gray plumage of the body many of tbem, which distinguish themselves is an excellent centrast to the deep-red head, ganicularly by the beautyful coiours of their whose inferior part is garnished as if with frinplumage. A more exact knowledge of the ges,whence the nameof this Caciatooproeeeds.
Ad99998 07 016a/engMiscell. Subj. CXLII. Vol. VII. No. 14.
SCHOMADU, OR THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT PEGU.
Pegu, formerly the capitai of the ancient Kingdom of the same name, is situated in the ulterior India, in the magnificent Birmahnic Empire. The inhabitantB of this city, like the Test of the Birmahns, profess the religion of the Buddha; they are very religious and hâve a great num ber of temple«. The chief one is the golden temple, called Schomadu, and represented in the annexed print. It is an immense édifice, formed iike a pyramidand consiructed of bricks and mortar; the outsirîe is embellished with several Ornaments, and supported by a double terrace. The Basil oï the Temple is Octogon teiminating above in a spiral line. The top is adorned with a great, gilded Balustrade and the foot surxounded by two rows of little pyramids, whereof the first row comprises 57, and the second 53. On both sides of the temple are wooden buildings for the monks or Bahaans; there il likewise to be found an abode for thepilgrims. TowaTd« the North hang three bells, which are struck with the attires of a stag, as often as a devotee arrives. Of the interior construction of the temple, the european travellers, vvho hâve been there, say nothing.
Ad99998 07 017a/engInsects. LIV. Vol. VII. No. 15.
RARE INSECTS.
The great Water-Scorpion or aquatick bug of Surinam. (Nepa grandis. L.)
Lhe genus of the water-scorpions, whose name merely dérives from the two fore • feet formed lilce cisars and adhèring to the head, is not at ail venomous and comprehends several indigenous and exotick species. Their four wings are placed in a state of repose. With the mouth, formed like a beak and placed below the head, they suck out the little insects dextrously caught by the fore-feet, which fold up like a pocket-knife. By the help of the other feet, which are instead of oar» to them, they swim with dexteiity on the ponds and marshy waters, where they dwell. In fair Summer-Evenings they likewise fly from one place to the other. Hère we see copied the great est specie« of the water-scorpions, which are met with in Surinam, (Fig. . H) flying, (Fig. . 2.) reposing. The body is two Inches and a half Long, pretty large and somewhat elevated above and below. The fangs provided before with crooks and the beaked teeth placed under the head, appear most disiinetly.
Ad99998 07 018a/engMisc. Subj. CXLIII. Vol. VII. No. 16.
THE ORGAN OF SIGHT ILLUSTRATED BY THE HUMAN EYE.
This print exlnbits the whole structure of thè human eye, wbereof we see with us only the exterior part, as it were the window. Hère we behold very much magrnfied and in profile the exterior and anterior parts of this admirable structure, the more paiticular explication of which is contained in the commenta'ry. A.t présent we produce only ihe principal parts.
Fig. 1. The Eye-hoïes or orbits of the eye, wherein the eyes are placed, over which are the eye-brovvs (Fig. . il.) together with the eye- lids (Fig. . 5.) tbat serve as a defence tö the eye. The eye itself is an oblong globe, composed of several membranes, which închuîe mQiiy humours. Behind is placed the optick nerve (Fig. . 13.) like a stalk. The exterior circumference of the eye is formed by the harcl membrane (Fig. . ifr.). To it.ç fore-aperture is adapted the transparent liomy tunicle (?\g. 20.). In the middle of the interior membrane is a hole (Fig. . 25.), calledthe Eye-ball or pupil. The most important and inmost membrane of the eye is the retina. (Fig. . 27.), the proper organ of sight.
The humours contained in the Chambers of the eyes (Fig. . 32.33.) serve to.the first refraction of the incident rays, which, again refracted by the cristalline humour (Fig. . 30.) and by the vitreal one (Fig. . 29.) arrive at the retina (Fig. . 27.) upon which they cause the sensation of the object by way of vibration. The optick nerve transmits this sentiment to the brains, so that the soûl receives the idea of what we perceive.
Ad99998 07 019a/engMisc. Subj. CXLIV. Vol. VII. No. 17.
THE ORGAN OF HEARING, EXPLAINED BY MEANS OF THE HUMAN EAR.
The structure of the human ear is almost as ingeniously fraraed as that of the eye, as at first sight shews the annexed print, where vve behold in Fig. . r. the ear in its natural greatness, but in Fig. . 2. greatly magnified.
The ear is composed of the exterior ear, which forms the entrance of the organ of hearing. It is a cartilage, whereof we observe the exterior and interior border of the ear (Fig. . I. IL I. 2.). Near it we see the fore skiit of the ear and the hind one (Fig. . I. IL 4. et 5). The cavity between both is called the ear's cockle (Fig. . I. II. 6.). The earlap is the extremity of it. (Fig. . I. IL J.). In the interior there is the conduit of the ear (Fig. . 1. II. y.). Under the common skin of the head are concealed the parolid glands, which separate the wax. At the extremity of the conduit of the ear appears the lympanum (Fig. . I. II. 9.) which envers the barrel of the drum. On tins elastick skin are collected the bones of hearing, viz, the hammer (Fig. . I. IL ir.), the anvil (I. II. 14), the stirrup. In the interior is the labyrinth. There is likewise to be found the Cochlea of the ear, thus called (Fig. . I. II. 111. 22.). The three semicircular Channels (Fig. . I: II. III. IV. 19.) open with five mouthes. With tbe ear communicate two nerves, viz, the hard one, or the nerve of union of the face, and the soft one, or the acoustic nerve, properly said, with its branches (Fig. . IV. 29. 30)
These are the principal organs of the ear. The commentary of this Picture-Gallery gi. ves a more particular explication.
By way of the mentioned artificial structure of the ear we hear sounds, which probably comes to pass in the foüowing manner. The sound caught by the exterior ear and its élévations and cavities is transmitted to the conduit of the ear, whence it arrives
Ad99998 07 020a/engPlants. CXX. Vol. VII. No. 18.
RARE ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.
The imperial Napoleona. (Napoleonaea imperialis.)
This rare and beautiful shrub forms the first species of a new genus of plants, first discovered by the french Naturalist Palisot Beauvois, in the month of December iftoj, inAfrica, in.the Kingdom of Oware, not far from the city of the same Name. On account of the resemblance of its interior blossom with the star of the légion of honour it has been denominated after the name of the Emperor of France, Napoleona. The imperial Napoleona, hère represented, forms a shrub 7 to 8 foot high, with long and sharp pointed leaves, vvhich, supported by short stalks, adhère to the branches. The fair and blue flowers stick close to the branches, and are formed of a double crown included into one another. In the interior one are the five large stamina, shaped like a riband. From this singular form, compared with the cross of the above mentioned order, dérives the name of this new genus of plants.
Ad99998 07 021a/engWorms. XVII. Vol. VII. No. 19.
SEVERAL KINDS OF ZOOPHYTES OR PLANT-ANIMALS.
Fig. 1. The bristly Sea-pen. (Pennatula setacea.)
The Sea-feathers, which in all seas are met with swimming about in summer on the surface of the water, are composed of a cartilaginous stalk, covered with a fleshy skin and spreading upwards in fibres like a pen. They form the abode of the little polypous. The sea-pens pass the winter at the bottom of the sea. The species exhibited hère belongs to the scarcer ones and gives the clearest représentation of this genus of Zoophytes.
Fig. 2. The membranous Coralline. (Corallina membranacea.)
The membranous Coralline hère represented is composed, like the other species of this genus, of a branched stalk, adorned with horny articulations and covered with a calcarious crust. The surface is füll of apertures or pores, which we behold in ä magnified State in Fig. . b. ed., and which serve as an abode to the little polypus.
Ad99998 07 022a/engInsects. LV. Vol. VII. No. 20.
GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES.
Fig. 1. The dainty Butterfly. (Phalaena Noctua Libatrix. L.)
X he yellowish green caterpillar (A.) of this beautiful nocturnal: Butterfly is to be found pn willpws in the month of August. It transforma itself in a black chrysalis (B.) out of which cornes this Butterfly. Fig. . (C.) exhibits the maie, and Fig. . (D.) the female. Theupperwings aie orange - coloured, reddish and brown. Each wing is adorned with two white- crofs liqes as likewise with double white poinis; the hind-part is indented. The inferior wings are pale brown, inclining to red, and edged with a large border.
Fig. 2. The nuptial Butterfly. (Phalaena noctua pronuba. L.)
The yellow caterpillar (a.) of this nocturnal Butterfly is met with on the mouse ear scorpion grafs {Myosotis Scorpioides) in the month of April. From this dark red chrysalis (b.) cornes forth the Butterfly (c. d.) aftèr four weeks. The upper - wing* are of a light gray colonr tending to brown; in the middle there is a spot formed like a kidney. The orange- coloured lower- wings, with black crofs bands, give an agreeable appearance to this nocturna*! Butterfly.
Ad99999 04 003a/engBirds XLVII. Vol. IV. No. 1.
HERONS OF DIFFERENT SORTS.
Fig. 1. The Agami Heron. (Ardea Agami.)
The Agami Heron, on account of its many colour'd plumage, belongs to the most beautiful Sorts of its species, inhabits Cayenne, and is commonly two feet seven inches long. The back, the back-part of the neck, the wings and the tail are dark blue; the belly, the thighs cover'd with feathers and the fore-part of the neck of a reddish brown; from the back of the head there hang six or eight taper nodding feathers of a dark blue colour. Flying bluish feathers clothe the sides of the neck, and behind the wings long flying light blue feathers hang down as far as the end of the tail.
Fig. 2. The black Stork. (Ardea nigra.)
The black Stork, which like the common white Stork lives upon amphibious animals and fish, inhabits many parts of Europe, and builds in the recesses of the woods upon high trees. The colour of the head and neck is a sort of dazzling mixture of green, violet colour, and brown with little white spots; the wings, the back, and the tail are colour'd in the same manner, except that there are no white spots in them. The belly is of a dirty white, the legs red.
Fig. 3. The common Night Heron. (Ardea Nycticorax.)
The common night Heron is met with in every part of Germany, but also inhabits other European countries, as well as Asia and America, and lives upon fish, frogs and other amphibious animals. It attains the height of one foot ten inches, and its plumage consists of a mixture of white, brown, and blackish-green feathers. From the back of its head there hang three white, long, taper feathers, which are us'd, particularly in Turkey as an omament of the headdress, and bear a high price.
Fig. 4. The Cayenne Night Heron. (Ardea Cayennensis.)
lives in Cayenne, resembles the common night Héron in size and manner of living, but is of a taperer make, and of a darker colour.
Fig. 5. The Tiger-Bittern. (Ardea tigrina.)
The plumage of this beautiful Bittern almost resembles a tiger's skin in colour, which is of a dark yellowish red, variegated with black spots and stripes, and hence it derives the name of Tiger-Bittern. Its height is about two feet and an half, it lives in South-America, chiefly in Cayenne and Surinam, and builds its nest upon the ground amongst the flags.
Fig. 6. The zigzag Bittern. (Ardea undulata.)
This little Bittern is only one foot one inch in height, and lives, like the last mention'd, in Cayenne, in South-America. Its whole plumage is a mixture of yellow, red, and grey, variegated with narrow zigzag black Stripes. Its beak is blackish, and its legs yellow.
Ad99999 04 004a/engPlants LXXV. Vol. IV. No. 2.
REMARKABLE PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The fetid Stapelia, or Carrion-Flower. (Stapelia hirsuta.)
In this plant we are presented with a remarkable phaenomenon; nature has given it a perfectly animal smell, like that of putrified flesh, whence the name of Carrion-Flower has been given to it. Its native country is the Cape of Good Hope, but it may be rear'd in Europe within doors, or in a hot-house, by the means of slips. The stem consists of several pyramidal branches join'd angularly together, of about the size of the little finger and full of juice. From the end of these branches proceeds the flower stalk, which bears a large wheel-shap'd blossom. It is divided into five hairy pointed leaves, the ground-colour of which is yellow shaded with dark red. These blossoms exhale a smell so very like that of carrion, that the common flesh-fly is deceiv'd by them, flies to them and lays its eggs upon their leaves. But the maggots when hatch'd cannot live upon the juice of this flower, and die in a short time of hunger. The fruit in the shape of a pod, in which the hairy seeds lie, arises from the blossom.
Fig. 2. The asham'd Mimosa, or Sensitive-plant. (Mimosa pudica.)
Not less remarkable than the Carrion-flower is the modest Sensititive-plant here represented; it belongs to the numerous class of Mimosae, which consists of no less than seventy five sorts. It grows wild in the Brazils, but is now often rais'd from seed by the Gardeners in hot-houses. It is a shrub of the height of 2 feet with woody stalks. On the long stalks of the leaves, which, as well as the hairy chief stalks, are dark red, are plac'd the quadruply-divided leaves like feathers. The blossoms of a reddish colour grow on separate stalks, and are of a globular shape. The most remarkable quality of this plant is its wonderful irritability. The moment the plant is even slightly touch'd, but particularly so on the little spots at the bottom of each leaf, it draws back as if offended, and each leaf which is touch'd shrinks separately. If you continue to touch it, and that with less precaution, the whole stalk falls, and continues for several hours in this laxness, ‘till it at Iength recovers itself, and rises again.
Ad99999 04 005a/engAmphibia XII. Vol. IV. No. 3.
REMARKABLE SORTS OF LIZARDS.
Fig. 1. The monitory Lizard. (Lacerta Monitor.)
The monitory Lizard inhabits some parts of America, the East-Indies, and the Cape of good Hope. For those countries it is a very salutary animal, being the chief Enemy of the Crocodile, announcing the approach of this tremendous beat by a piercing whistle, and thereby warning, as it were, man and beast, whence it derives its name. Its length is from 5 to 6 feet. The ground-colour of its body is dark brown with dazzling white rings and stripes. The five cloven toes of each foot are arm'd with sharp, crooked claws. It lives on fish, birds eggs, smaller Lizards, and is towards man quite harmless. Its flesh, which is by no means illtasted, is eaten by the Hottentots.
Fig. 2. The Cockatrice. (Lacerta Basilicus.)
The Antients talk a great deal of a venemous, misshap'd, dangerous Animal which was hatch'd from a cocks-egg, and which they call'd a Basilisk. But such an animal never existed except in the heads of superstitious stupid people. This Cockatrice or Basilisk, (for thus it is also call'd, ) with which we present our readers, must not therefore be confounded with this fabulous beast, with which it has nothing in common but the name. On the contrary it is not only an harmless, but even an useful animal, as it lives entirely on insects. Our Cockatrice lives in SouthAmerica, and is from 11/2 to 2 feet long. Its colour is light brown. Along its back is a kind of comb cover'd with scales, which it can raise at pleasure, and thus chrow itself from branch to branch. By means of its long toes it can climb and run along the trees with great dexterity.
Fig. 3. The flying Dragon. (Lacerta volans.)
This flying Lizard, a small harmless animal, which is not much larger than our common lizard, has no other resemblance with that dreadful monster, which pass'd in the fabulous âges under the name of Dragon, than the name. The flying Dragon here represented inhabits Asia, Africa, and America, and lives upon Flies, Ants, Butterflies and other Insects. Between the fore and hind feet are the skinny wings, divided into six rays, by the means of which it flies from one tree to another, even to the distance of 20 or 30 paces; these wings assist it also extremely in swimming, so that it can seek its food on the earth, in the water and in the air. Underneath its throat it has three long pointed pouches, which it can blow up, by which it is also greatly assisted in flying. The wings as well as the whole body are closely cover'd with scales.
Ad99999 04 006a/engFish XXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 4.
GERMAN RIVER-FISH.
The four sorts of Fish here represented belong all to the species of Carps, which are universally recommended by their delicious meat, and of which we have been made acquainted with many sorts in the earlier volumes of our Picture-Gallery.
Fig. 1. The Rud. (Cyprinus erythrophthalmus.)
The Rud is found in the rivers and lakes of northern Germany, particularly in Pomerania, and Brandenburg, and in such numbers that even the hogs were in many of those parts formerly fatten'd with them, as purchasers were not to be found for all that were caught. Their length is about one foot, their breadth 3 or 4 inches, they live upon worms and water-infects. Their tender white meat is well tasted and wholesome. They are chiefly distinguish'd from all other sorts of Carp by their cinnabar-colour'd fins and tail, and the saffran-colour'd ring of their eyes. The back of a blackish green, the rest of the body is cover'd with silver-colourd scales.
Fig. 2. The nosed Carp. (Cyprinus Nasus.)
The nosed Carp is something bigger than the Rud, its head and body taperer, and is caught in the Oder, Weichsel, and the Rhine, of the weight of from a pound and an half, to two pounds. It is distinguish'd from all others of its species by the black skin of the inside of its belly, and is for this reason often call'd black-belly. For this reason too it is in many places not eaten, altho' the meat is wholesome and welltasted. The tail and all the fins (except the back-fin) are red; the back-fin is bluish.
Fig. 3. The Vimbe. (Cyprinus Vimba.)
This sort of Carp is met with in Silesia, Livonia and Prussia, where it mounts the rivers out of the Baltic. Its length is one foot, its meat white and well-tasted, and may be either eaten fresh, or pickled; when pickled and pack'd in small barrels it may be sent to any distance. The whole body as well as the fins are bluish, its belly cover'd with silber-colour'd fins. The head is pointed like a wedge. It is caugth with hooks or dragnets.
Fig. 4. The Dobul. (Cyprinus Dobula.)
This taper Carp is never more than one foot long, and is found in the Rhine, Main, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and many other German rivers in great numbers, but is eaten chiefly by the common peuple, at its meat is woolly and full of bones. It lives, like almost all other Carps, on worms and river weeds. It is very tender, and dies in shallow lakes and ponds, if hot weather continues any Iength of time.
Ad99999 04 007a/engShells III. Vol. IV. No. 5.
SCARCE SHELLS.
Fig. 1. The Hammer-Oyster. (Ostrea Malleus.)
This Hammer or Cross-Muscle is of the Oyster kind, and is found in the India Ocean and in the South-Sea. Its double shells consist of three arms, which have been by some liken'd to a hammer, by others to a cross, whence it has acquir'd these different names. The length of the two side-arms, are commonly from 5 to 6 inches. In the deep cavity at the junction of the 3 arms lies the esculent oyster. This shell, which is of an ugly blackish, or greyish brown colour, was formerly much sought by collectors on account of its scarceness. They sometimes paid 1000 Dollars (150 L.) for it, but it never costs now at the highest more than 100 Dollars (15 L.)
The Admirals.
The Admirals, of which several sorts are here represented in Fig. 2. 3. 4. 5. belong to the trumpet shells, and are remarkable for their rough spotted ground. They all belong to the most precious shells and bear a very high price in the cabinets of natural curiosities.
Fig. 2. The Cedo-nulli Admiral. (Conus Ammiralis Cedo nulli.)
This Admiral is found in the South-Sea, and is the most beautiful and the dearest of all. As it is extremely scarce, it often costs from 300 to 400 Dollars. The gold colour'd shell spotted with white in an irregular manner is surrounded by a triple girdle consisting of several rows of small white prominences resembling strings of pearls.
Fig. 5. [sic!] The Orange Admiral. (Conus Amm. Arausiacus.)
Also a beautiful and scarce shell, which often costs 40 or 50 Dollars. An uncommon order and beauty reigns in its whole design. Across the broad orange colour'd rings run prominent brown and white strings of beads.
Fig. 4. The American Admiral. (Conus Amm. Americanus.)
Comes from America, is spotted with tilecolour'd red, yellowish red, and white, with several rows of white beads. It is less valuable than the other kinds.
Fig. 5. The high Admiral. (Conus Amm. summus.)
The high Admiral comes from the East-Indies, is brownish red and ornamented with yellowish minutely spotted girdles, and white spots. It sometimes cost 100 Dollars.
Fig. 6. The royal Staircase. (Turbo scalaris.)
The valuable shell, call'd the royal Staircase, is found on the coast of Coromandel, and costs often some hundred ducats. It consists of several white or reddish windings, which run detach'd upwards round a newel. White prominent ribs run across these. A hole goes through the whole length of the shell, through which one can see as far as the point of it. Its length is from one to two inches.
Fig. 7. The barr'd Wreath. (Turbo clathrus.)
resembles greatly in its whole fashion the royal Staircase, but differs from it essentially in that its windings and ribs do not run detach'd, but are united together. Its whole length is an inch, and its structure is that of a longer and taperer tower. It is often found in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and on the coasts of Holland.
Ad99999 04 008a/engBirds. XLVIII. Vol. IV. No. 6.
PARROTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS.
We have already seen in the 16th and 17th Numbers of the first Volume of our Picture-Gallery a variety of species of the beautiful Parrot-race. We are here made acquainted with some other sorts.
Fig. 1. The blue and yellow Maccaw. (Psittacus Ararauna.)
This large and beautiful Parrot inhabits most parts of South-America; it attains the height of two feet seven inches and an half. Its head, back, wings and tail are of a beautiful shining azure; the breast and belly are yellow. Its large back is black, as are its legs.
Fig. 2. The Bankian Cacatoo. (Psitt. magnificus.)
A bird of a very remarkable appearance which. the famous English Naturalist Sir Joseph Banks first brought from New-Holland into Europe. The ground-colour of its plumage is black. Bushy feathers surround its short beak which is of an olive yellow colour. These feathers as well as the upper part of the wings are spotted with yellow; broad crimson stripes run across its tail, which is shap'd like a fan.
Fig. 3. The great red crested Cacatoo, (Psitt. Moluccensis.)
inhabits the Molucca islands, is 17 inches long, entirely white, except the large crest at the back of its head, the lower part of which is red.
Fig. 4. The Amboina Parrot, (Psitt. Amboinensis.)
attains the size of 15 inches. Its head, neck and belly are deep red, the wings bluish green, the back and tail of a beautiful blue. It is met with in Amboina.
Fig. 5. The Alexandrine Parrakeet, (Psitt. Alexandri.)
lives in Africa and Asia, and is of the size of the last number. Alexander the great is said to have brought this bird with him from his Indian Expedition, and hence is deriv'd its name. Its plumage is chiefly light green, the throat black. A rose-colour'd ring surrounds its neck.
Fig. 6. The horned Parrot. (Psitt. cornutus.)
The beautiful horned Parrot inhabits New Caledonia, and is of the size of a Turtle Dove. On the crown of its head, which is crimson, are two long dark colour'd feathers with red points of the length of an inch and an half. They resemble horns, whence it derives its name. A yellow ring surrounds its neck. The rest of its plumage is green, of different shades.
Ad99999 04 009a/engPlants. LXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 7.
GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The celery-leaved Crowsfoot. (Ranunculus sceleratus.)
The celery-leaved Crowsfoot is a poisonous plant of about 2 feet high, and grows in wet ditches and marshy grounds. The juicy stalk divides itself into several branches, which form a kind of bush. The stalks of the leaves are short, close to the main stem; and branch out into three separate leaves, which are long pointed, and jagged at the sides. At the ends of the branches the small, yellow, five leav'd flower appears about May, and in the middle of this blossom an oval green fruit containing the seeds. The poisonous qualities of this plant are very great. Even the Effluvia arising from the plant when bruis'd occasions pain and stupefaction. The juice, when it touches the skin, occasions very virulent obstinate ulcers, which are difficult to cure. This juice taken inwardly occasions the most violent pain, and if taken in any quantity is even mortal. Water and Milk drunk copiously are the best antidotes. In some few cases it may be us'd in médecine, but always with the greatest precaution.
Fig. 2. The Mezerion. (Daphne Mezereum.)
The common Mezerion grows in many parts of Germany, in all shady woods except those of fir. It is a sbrup, which grows in its wild state only a few feet high; but in Gardens, where it is often transplanted on account of its agreable blossom, and useful bark, it atteins if attended to, the height of 12 and even 16 feet. Its peach-colour'd blossoms appear before the leaves in February and March, grow close to the branches without stalks, and have a very agreable odour. They bear oval red berries, which contain a stone, or seed, are ripe in July and then become blackish. These berries are poisonous. When eaten they occasion a violent looseness, which sometimes finalIy proves mortal. The Ianceolated leaves grow alternately on each side of, and close to the branches, and above the blossoms and fall off in Autumn. In Medecine the bark of the Mezerion is often us'd. It is laid externally upon the skin to excite blisters, being of a caustic nature; this is practis'd for inflammations of the eyes and for diseases arising from vicious humours. In Sweden the scrap'd bark is laid with success upon the wounds occasion'd by the bite of venemous snakes. The Painters prepare a red colour from the berries.
Ad99999 04 010a/engFish XXIX. Vol. IV. No. 8.
GERMAN RIVER-FISH.
We see here five sorts of Carp, which belong to the smallest of this kind, and are all to be met with in German Rivers.
Fig. 1. The Gudgeon. (Cyprinus Gobio.)
The Gudgeon inhabits rivers and small lakes, which are connected with one another. Its usual length is six inches, but is sometimes to be met with, a foot long. The upper part of the head of a brownish green projects beyond the under-jaw. The back is of a bluish black. The belly cover'd with reddish and silvercolour'd scales. The tail and back-fins are spotted with black.
Fig. 2. The Bleak. (Cypr. alburnus.)
The Bleak is from four to six inches long, and is to be found in most rivers and streams of Germany, where it multiplies prodigiously. Its white flesh is woolly and its taste not particularly good. The upper part of its body is olive-brown, the lower part silvercolour'd. The common artificial pearls are made of these silvercolour'd scales. The scales are taken off and rubb'd in clean water ‘till the colouring particles are dissolv'd in or rather mix'd with it. The water, when these particles are settled, is pour'd off, and they are mix'd with isinglass. This Essence of Pearls, as it is call'd, is laid on with a painting-brush on the inside of the glass pearls. The cavity is then fill'd up with pure white wax, a hole bor'd thro' it, and lin'd with Paper, and the artificial pearl is finish'd.
Fig. 3. The punctuated Carp. (Cypr. bipunctatus.)
This little carp is only three inches long, is fond of running water with a pebbly bottom, and lives like all other sorts of carp here represented on worms and water weeds. The Back is dark green, the belly silver-colour'd.
Fig. 4. The Pink or Minnow. (Cypr. Phoxinus.)
The Minnow is a taper little fish, not much bigger than the last mention'd, and its flesh is of a pleasant bitter taste. It is fond of clear Water, and is particularly common in Silesia and Westphalia, where it is call'd Grimpel. Its body is cover'd with slimy scales. Its blackish or dark blue back has several lighter spots. The greyish or bluish Fins have near the body a red spot.
Fig. 5. The bitter Carp. (Cypr. amarus.)
This is the smalleft of ail sorts of carp, and exceeds not two inches in length. It is despis'd by the fishermen on account of its diminutive size and its bitterness, and serves only as food for fish of prey. It is half as broad as it is long, its back of a yellowish brown, the tail and back fins greenish, and the belly fins reddish. It is fond of running water with a sandy bottom.
Ad99999 04 011a/engAmphibia XIII. Vol. IV. No. 9.
VARIETIES OF THE LIZARD.
Fig. 1. The Stink. (Lacerta Stincus.)
This sort of Lizard lives in most parts of Africa and Asia, and feeds on aromatic herbs. It is from 6 to 8 inches long, is entirely cover'd with scales, its colour light and dark yellowish-red mix'd with white. The colours grow paler when it dies. The head and tail are in a strait line with the rest of the body, so that one might take it at a little distance for a little fish. It lives as well in the water as on land. It was us'd in antient times as a corroborative for weak bodies, and it is put to the same use even at present in the East. It is taken dried as a powder, or boild when fresh and drank in the form of a decoction. On this account the common Egyptians industriously go after the Scinc, collect them and sell them at Cairo or Alexandria, whence they are further exported.
The common Lizard. (Lacerta agilis.)
Fig. 2. The Male. Fig. 3. The Female.
The common Lizard inhabits chiefly the southern parts of Europe, yet it is also found in many parts of Germany. The address and quickness of its motions render this elegant little animal, which is by no means venomous, particularly agreeable; it is very fond of warmth, and hence it is chiefly found in spring, when it wakes at the first appearance of végétation out of its winter-sleep, lying on turf banks and dry places in the fun. But the moment they perceive any one, they glide frighten'd into their holes. Their food consists of flies and other little insects, which they are very expert in catching. They are also prejudicial to the beehives. The common Lizard is 6 inches long. Its head is triangular and flat. Each foot it provided with five toes, with crooked nails. The back of the male (Fig. 2.) in of a greyish brown, ornamented with three rows of black and white spots. The back of the female (Fig. 3.) is reddish brown and the belly yellowish.
Fig. 4. The Stellion. (Lacerta Stellio.)
The Stellion lives in many parts of Africa, in Egypt and Palaestine and at the Cape. It is 4 inches long and is entirely cover'd with little spikes. It is of a marbled brown, white, and greenish colour. The most particular circumstance attending this little animal is, that its excréments are collected in the neighbourhood of the Egyptian Pyramids, they are falsely call'd crocodiles dung, and are an object of commerce, as they are us'd in Turkey as paint,
Ad99999 04 012a/engMiscellaneous Subjects XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 10.
MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE TONGUE.
The Tongue deserves all our attention, as well from the circumstance of its being the seat of a particular sense, the taste, as from its being a principal instrument of speech, since many letters cannot, without its assistance, be pronounc'd. It is composed of a variety of muscular fibres crossing each other, whence is deriv'd the ease with which it so quickly turns on all sides. Besides these, a number of tender ramifications of nerves, which terminate on the surface in a kind of highly irritable warts, run into the Tongue, and thro' their means we are sensible of taste. These are of three kinds:
1) rose-leav'd,
2) of the shape of flax-comb,
3) mushroom-shap'd.
We will now examine them singly both of their natural size, and magnified, as they appear in a boil'd calfs- tongue, as they are thus more remarkable.
Fig. 1. A small, boil'd Calfs-tongue of the natural size with its different skins and warts, or papillary
membranes.
We here see the different skins of the tongue lying one over the other, with the membranes, or extremities of the nerves. a and b shew the upper skin; at a are seen the roseleav'd extremities of the nerves, or papillary membranes, as they are call'd; at b the flaxcomb-shap'd; c exhibits the second skin lying under this first; d the third skin; e the fourth and finest skin; at f are seen the mushroom-shap'd extremities of the nerves.
In Fig. 2, 3 and 4 we see these three different shap'd extremities of the nerves separately.
Fig. 2. The rose-leav'd Extremities, or papillary membranes.
At A we see one of these extremities of the natural size, as they are seen in Fig. 1 upon the tongue. At B it appears considerably magnified. The name of rose-leav'd is deriv'd from their somewhat resembling a five-leav'd rose.
Fig. 3. The flaxcomb form'd Extremities, or papillary membranes.
At A is seen a small piece of the tongue cut thro', with the extremities of the nerves which appear upon it, in the shape of a flaxcomb. At B we see them still more plain, as they appear thro' the magnifying glass. Their lengthen'd channels b penetrate the flesh of the tongue, receive at c several small veins, which arise at d out of the lower flesh of the tongue.
Fig. 4. The mushroom shap'd Extremities, or papillary membranes.
Here appear at A in their natural size, and at B magnified, the mushroom shap'd papillary membranes, taken notice of at f Fig. 1. The little warts, or papillary membranes noted at a a a are plac'd like small buttons on the upper coat of the tongue. At b is the branch of the nerve, which is otherwise enclos'd in the flesh of the tongue, uncover'd, the ramifications of which proceed respectively to the single papillary membranes.
Ad99999 04 013a/engBirds XLIX. Vol. IV. No. 11.
MANAKINS OF DIFFERENT KINDS.
The Manakins, of which we see here six different sorts represented, are a numerous, beautiful species of wood birds. They are met with in South-America and the adjacent Islands, where they only inhabit the recesses of the woods, without ever appearing on the cultivated Land. They live on insects and wild fruits. In the morning they wander, in little flights of eight or ten together, from one part of the wood to the other. They resemble very much our titmice in their quickness and vivacity of jumping and seeking their food from branch to branch, but are generally of a larger size. Their singing, except that of the tuneful Manakin, is only an indistinct, inarticulate Chirping. The name of Manakin was given them by the Hollanders in Surinam.
Fig. 1. The tuneful Manakin. (Pipra musica.)
This Manakin is called tuneful for its sweet and pleasant singing, which many travellers prefer to that of our Nightingals. It lives in the woods of St. Domingo, and is commonly four inches long. Its beautiful plumage of black, dark blue, and orange colour'd feathers, is not less remarkable then its melodious Tune of Voice.
Fig. 2. The blue backed Manakin. (Pipra pareola.)
Is of a larger size than the tuneful. It inhabits the Island of Cuba, Brazil and Cayenne. The ground colour of its feathers is a shining black. On the back it has a kind of cover of light blue feathers. Its head is ornamented with a beautiful plume of crimson feathers which it can raise and lay down at pleasure.
Fig. 3. The black capped Manakin. (Pipra manacus.)
This little lively bird which is of the size of our sparrows, lives in the lofty woods of Guiana in South-America and feeds on insects, chiefly ants. Its feathers are white, grey, and black.
Fig. 4. The black crown'd Manakin. (Pipra atricapilla.)
The black crown'd or ash grey Manakin lives also in Guiana, but is of a larger size than the former species. The mixture of its feathers is grey and yellowish.
Fig. 5. The gold headed Manakin. (Pipra erythrocephala.)
Fig. 6. The red and black Manakin. (Pipra aureola.)
These two little charming Manakins inhabit also Guiana. They never exceed the length of three inches.
No. 4. is entirely black, except its gold colour'd head, whence the name is deriv'd.
N. 5. is still more beautiful for its burning orange yellow plumage. Its bill and feet are red, the wings have a few white stripes.
Ad99999 04 014a/engFish XXX. Vol. IV. No. 12.
FOUR KINDS OF PARTICULAR FISH.
Fig. 1. The poisoned Grooper. (Scorpaena Scrosa.)
The poisoned Grooper inhabits the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the North-Sea, or German Ocean. It is a dangerous Enemy to all other fish, preying continnally upon them; he also pursues and endeavours to catch the swimming water birds. Its length is from 4 to 6 feet. The many jags and prominences on and around its head give it a singular appearance. It has two brown horny excrescences on the scull above its eyes and two crooked bone-spikes grow out of its upper jaw. Its large mouth is surrounded with a regular row of pointed teeth and the under jaw is full of beard fibres. The belly is reddish, the back is red brown with brown spots. The fins are grey blue, and their quills yellowih, likewise brown spotted. In some parts of Italy it is eaten, and in Norway they prepare train oil out of its liver. It is caught with dragnets and hooks.
Fig. 2. The Sea-Fox. (Chimaera monstrosa.)
The Sea-Fox lives in the North-Sea, chiefly on the coaft of Norway. Its tail, winch at the end is as thin as the tail of a rat, is longer than its whole body, and hence its German name Seekatze is deriv'd. Its Iength is from 3 to 4 feet. It lives generally upon the Medusa or Sea blubber, and lobsters, but it goes also after herrings. On account of the smallness of its mouth it cann't consume any larger sort of fish. The belly is of a silver colour, its back is yellowish with brown spots. The seagreen eyes shine like cat's eyes, whence it is sometimes call'd Sea-Cat, From the clump of fibres on its head the Norwegian peasants call it also the King of fish. Its flesh is hard and not well tasted. The oil which is boiled out of its liver, is us'd in Norway for sore eyes, and also as a vulnerary balsam.
Fig. 3. The cuckold Fish. (Ostracion quadricornis.)
It belongs to the species, which for its hard coat of mail is call'd bone fish, and is remarkable for its two pair of horns, one of which grows above its eyes, the other under its belly. Its ground colour is reddish brown, with reddish grey spots in the form of nets. It inhabits generally the Seas of the East-and West-Indies.
Fig. 4. The antennated Grooper. (Scorpaena antennata.)
The antennated Grooper is also as remarkable as the above mentioned kinds. Full of prominences and cavities it belongs, as No. 1. to the species of Groopers. Between its eyes which ly veiy nigh one another, arise two gristly horns, that were compared with the antennae and whence this fish has got its name.
Ten Quills of the back fin are white with brown spots and stand forth like spikes. The colour of the body is of a high yellow with brown stripes. White Quills run from the violet colour'd breast fins to the tail. It inhabits the Amboina Island.