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Ad99999 04 015a/engPlants LXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 13.
PEACHES AND ABRICOTS.
Fig 1. The Common Peach. (Amygdalus Persica.)
The Peach-Tree which gives us that beautiful and relishing fruit, is properly a native of Persia, where it grows wild. It was first brought to the South of Europe and from thence transplanted into Germany, where it grows in Gardens, when cultivated with proper care, and shelter'd from wind and cold. In the northern parts of Europe even in the North of Germany it cannot be brought forth in open air, and is only reared in hot houses. The peach thrives best in France, Spain, Italy and the Greek Islands, but it grows also in the South and North of Africa, and in America. The tree raised from the kernel attains a height from 16 to 20 feet; but the wild peach stems are commonly improved by ingrafting; by which means they bear the greater and better tasted fruit represented in (A) of Fig. 1.
The blossoms which are of a reddish colour (B) appear before the leaves in spring.
The leaves are long, slender, pointed like willow leaves and intented on both sides.
In the most parts of Germany the fruit is ripe in August. It is full of juice and its taste is an agreable wine acid. The stone (C) contains à kernel which has the size and taste of a bitter Almond, and proves mortal to sciuirrels and other little Quadrupeds. Besides the peach here represented the Gardeners rear a great number of other sorts which in fact are nothing else than varieties of the same species.
Fig. 2. The Abricot. (Prunus Armeniaca.)
The Abricot-Tree belongs to the class of Plum and Cherry Trees as may be seen by the shape and colour of its leaves. Its native country is Asia, especially Armenia. It came first to France and Italy, from whence it was brought to Germany. The Abricot is of a less tender nature then the peach, and therefore thrives very well in Gardens and Vineyards, when shelter'd from hard and lasting frosts.
The five leav'd flower appears early in spring before the leaves.
The sweet and juicy fruit represented (Fig. 2.) grows close to the stalk, and is ripe in July or August. The stone (C) contains also a kernel like an Almond.
The Abricot grows from kernels, but the quality of the fruit is highly amelioiated, when branches of an improved sort are ingrafted upon wild Abricot, or Plum Trees.
Cure and attention has also produced a great variety of Abricots.
Ad99999 04 016a/engAmphibia XIV. Tom. IV. No. 14.
TWO KINDS OF CROCODILES.
In the 22th number of the I Vol. of our pictnre [sic] Gallerie we have seen the common or the Nile Crocodile, we are here made acquainted with two other sorts.
Fig. 1. The American Crocodile. (Lacerta Alligator.)
The Cayman, Alligator, or American Crocodile is from 30 to 40 feet long, and consequently of a much smaller size than the Nile Crocodile. It's also sooner frighten'd and in geneial more timorous, than that tremendous animal. It is foimd in the Rivers of the Southern and inland parts of America. Though they chiefly feed on fish, yet they pursue, especially when some o£ them are together, little Boats or Canoes with single persons. The skin is like a coat of mail, and divided into shields. Its colour is darkbrown above, and reddish yellow below. The long tapering head is cover'd all over with scales. Aîong the hack and on the outside of the hind feet runs a row of wedgelike prominences. The hind feet which like the fore feet have rive toes, are also provided with a fwimming fkin. The American Crocodile lays about 50 eggs in a Year. Many birds prey upon these eggs whereby the number of this dangerous animal is greatly diminish'd.
Fig. 2. The Gavial or the Ganges-Crocodile. (Lacerta Gangetica.)
The Ganses-Crocodile or Gavial attains the size of the Cayman. It is distinguish'd from all other Crocodiles by its long, beak-like Jaws. Hence it forms a particular species, and is often call'd the beaked Crocodile. Its fore feet are divided into four, the hind into five toes, the outer of which are without naiîs. Both sides of its neck are full of wart like prominences; the tail is furnish'd with a double comb of pues. Its teeth are all of the same size and length and very numerons.
Ad99999 04 017a/engRoses I. Vol. IV. No. 15.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
The Rose is a great Ornament in Gardens, and the favourite flower of half the world. The single Rose is a native of Germany, and grows wild in coppices and woods even on dry hills and mountains; but the double Rose which apparently like other flowers first came from Asia, requires more care in the gardens, and some forts can onîy be reared in hot houses. We have Roses of différent colours and fliadings: the white, the yellow, the red; the flesh and fire-colour'd, the dark red, and the purple; the striped and the spotted Rôle, befides great varieties in form and size. Having collected and obferved ail the différent forts and having been folicited by a party of friends, I ihall infert a füll collection of Roses in the Picture-Gallery by in« troducing in each number one fheet wi. th some of their varieties drawn from nature; which I hope, will not displeafe my young readers.
Fig. 1. The red Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia Germanica.)
We have at present three forts of Centifolia: the red, the white, and the yellow or golden. The red one is a most beautiful flower as well for its form and fine pale-red colour, as for its the red Centifolia. fweet and exquisite fmelh It is known in every garden. The stalks of the leaves are pretty long, and furnish'd with a quantity of thorns and fix or eight fmajl oval leaves. The height of the bush is commonly 3 or 4 feet. The fulness of the flower hinders it from bearing fruit. The narae of Centifolia, (hundred-leav'd) is derived from the great number of leaves that constitute the flower.
Fig. 2. The white Centifolia. (Rosa unica.)
The white Centifolia-Rose is still a very rare flower in Germany; it came, only a few years ago, from England where a single plant sometimes coft two and three Guineas. Its beautiful ffructure, its tender, fhining white, the great flower, and the agréable odour which somewhat differs from that of the red Centifolia, make it a most delightful flower. It bas two fpecitlc particularises; The out« fide leaves of the bud are erlged with brown, and, when füll blown, the upper edge of the leaves is deeply notched in the middle. The bush attains commonly the height of the red Centifolia.
Ad99999 04 018a/engBirds L. Vol. IV. No. 16.
DUCKS OF DIFFERENT KINDS.
Fig. 1. The red crested Duck. (Anas rufina.)
x he red crefied Duck lives fin gl y and is never seen in floescs. It inhabits the fhores of the Cafpian Sea and varions ïakes of Tartary. In Germany it oecurs, but very feldom, in Silesia, Poland, and on the sides of the Danube. Its lenglh is two feet. The head and upper part of the neck is of a vermilion colour, and ornamented with a creft of bushy feathers which it raifes and lays down at pleafure. The Bill is light red: breast, belly, and tail are black, the hack and wings grey brown. Under the wings a large white spot is pereeived. The habits and manners of this folitary bird are hut iajperfectly known.
Fig. 2. The long tailed Duck. (Anas glacialis.)
The long tailed Duck is generally met with in the mofi: northern parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, hut is also found in Germany, especiaîly in very cold and frofiy Winters. ït is of a smallex size than the red crefted, and its plumage conflits only in a mixture of white and black feathers. Under the Eyes a tawny brown iiripe extends tapering downwards on the neck. The two middle feathers of the tail are black, and four inclies longer than the reft. This bird makes its nest with its own down which is as much valued as Eider down.
Fig. 3. The Chinese Duck. (Anas galericulata.)
This heautiful bird is an inhabitant of China and Japan. For the élégance of its feathers it is frequently kept in cages and felis at Q or 10 Dollars the pair. The bill is pale reddish; on the sides of the head is a fine mixture of white, yellow, and orange colours. From the hack of the head there hangs a creft of light feathers. breast, back, and the tapering tail are brown. Tlie upper quills stand erect, and form two particular wings of a yellow red colour, edged with white, which give the bird an elegant beautiful appearance.
Fig. 4. The Summer-Duck. (Anas sponsa.)
The Summer-Duck resides in différent parts of America, especially in Mexico and some Islands of the Weft-Indies; but in fummer it wanders to the North of America, wheie it performs the funetion of incubation in hollow trees. The glittering green and reddish creft of its head; its red spotted breast and the fine exquißte fhades of the reff, of its plumage render it a mofi: beautiful hird. The flesh is very délicat; and the plumage is used as an Ornament of dress hy the ludians.
Fig. 5. The golden Eye-duck. (Anas clangula.)
Is common in the North of Europe, Af:a and America. In Autumn it oecurs also some times ia Germany. From its quacking it is called in german the quacking Duck; its food conflits of small fish, frogs, and mice. It is remarkable for its fleetness in diving.
Fig. 6. The buffle headed Duck. (Anas bucephala.)
This species is found in différent parts of North America. It builds its nest upon trees by the sides of rivers and ponds. Tl. ey are excellent divers, and are able to fwim under water fora conliderable length of time. The gênerai colour of their plumage is black and white. Head and neck are glofled with a sparkling goldgreen and violet.
Ad99999 04 019a/engFish XXXI. Vol. IV. No. 17.
GERMAN RIVER FISH.
Fig. 1. The Gwiniad. (Salmo Lavaretus.)
X he Gwiniad is an Inhabitant of the Eaft and North Seas as well as of the lakes in upper Auftria. It is about a foot long. It difters from ail other species of Salmon in the upper jaws which terminate by a foft fleshy point. The back is blue grey; th e belly hiver colour'd. Aline of 45clofely following spots feparates the colour of the upper from the lower parts. The scales are somewhat notched in the middle. The colour of the fins is yellowish, the flesh tender and welltafied; its food consists of feaherbs and waterweeds, worms and insects. /
Fig. 1. [sic!] The Salvelin. (Salmo Salvelinus.)
The Salvelin is a well tasted fort of Salmon. It is found in the lakes of the South Germany, . Auftrio, Bavaria and Salzburg, where it is caught with dragnets and hooks. It lives by preying on other small fish, as may be seen by its numérous fharply pointed teeth. The red brown back, and the hiver colour'd belly is ornamented with orange coloui'd spots. The breast and belly-fins are of a cinnabar colour, those of the back and ta il of a dark dusky blue. It weighs from two to fix pouuds.
Fig. 3. The Heuch. (Salmo Hucho.)
The Heuch is caught with dragnets and hooks in the Danube, and the lakes of Aufîria and Bavaria, but its flesh is not so well tasted as that of the former species. Its common length is from 3 to 4 feet. It is easily distinguish'd from ail its congeners by the black spots, with which ail its fins, except those of the breast, are marked. It preys on other small fish.
Fig. 4. The Grayling. (Salmo Thymallus.)
Attains a length from one to two feet. It inhabits chiefly the Eaft and North Seas, but mounts also the rivers that flow into them. It is remarkable for its large and pied dorfal fin. Its gênerai colour is blueish, the upper part of a deeper eaft than the lower. The belly and tail-fins are reddish brown. It lives on worms and fnails. Its tender well tasted flesh it esteemed excellent eating.
Ad99999 04 020a/engPlants LXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 18.
RASPBERRIES AND BRAMBLES.
Fig. 1. The common Raspberry. (Rubus idaeus.)
The common Raspberry grows upon bushes whose stems are 4 or 5 feet high. It occurs in almost all the woods of Germany except those of fir, but is chiefly found in mountainous and stony places. The pointed leaves which grow frorn 3 to 5 on one stalk, are on their inside of a dark, on the outside of a pale green colour.
The white five-leaved flower appears about May. The red berries grow upon a prominent germe, and ripen in July or August.
The Raspberry is extremely juicy, and has a relishing aromatical taste. The juice, mixed with Wine or Vinegar, forms a most refreshing beverage. In gardens, when raised from seed, or by the means of slips the berries grow much larger.
Fig. 2. The common Bramble. (Rubus fruticosus.)
The common Bramble-bush which with the Raspberry belongs to one class of plants, is also very common in the woods of Germany, especially on stony slopes and declivities where there are few trees. Its stems which are stronger than the former and richly furnish'd with thorns grow sometimes to the height of 7 or 8 feet; they generally bend their ends towards the ground, by which means several bushes together form a quick-set hedge which is not easily to be penetrated. The stalks are provided with five leaves. They are greater and stronger, and the leaves much more indented than those of the Raspberry. The five leaved blossom appears from May to June and the dark blue berries grow like those of No. 1. in a conic form round the prominent germe. They have also a very good and refreshing taste, but are somewhat more acid than the Raspberries.
Ad99999 04 021a/engAmphibies XV. Vol. IV. No. 19.
INNOXIOUS SERPENTS
It is a common but falfe assertion, that al] kinds of Serpents andVipers are venoinous and mortiferous. Tliere are in fact différent tribes, wbich are more or less provided with poifonous qualities, but there are also various species entireîy innoxious; some of them may even beeasily tamed, and without the leasi: danger kept within doors. Impoftors and jugglers employ the m very often in their tricks and juggles, and make inexpert peuple believe, they are posselTed of a supernatural power of taming these Animais. In the annexed picture we are made acquainted with three of these harmless species.
Fig. 1. The French Viper. (Coluber communis feu Franciae.)
The French Viper is frequent in the South of France. It is commonly about 3 feet long. The coat of the animal is cover'd with scales, darkgreen on the back, and of a pale yellow caft on the belly; its tail terminâtes in a long thin point. It lives on lizards, frogs, and other small animals wbich it catches with its teeth. Within doors is may be rendered quite obedient and familiär.
Fig. 2. The Serpent of Aesculapius. (Coluber Aesculapii.)
This Serpent is, like the former, of a gentle and harmless nature, and may as easily be tamed. It is found in Ttaîy, especially in the Environs of Rome, in Spain and the Greek Islands. The species was known to the ancients; and for its inolFenfive nature it was made the fymbol of Aesculapius the beneficent God of phyfic. Its length is commonly 3 or 3§ feet. It feeds like the french Viper on small animals. The ruft brown back is cover'd with. oval scales; on the sides a blackish stripe is perceived; the belly is white.
Fig. 3. The striped Viper. (Coluber quadristriatus.)
This species is met with in the Southern parts of France and Spain, especially in humid and moift places. It measures generally 3 or 4 feet. Its prevailing co'our is of a grey yellow. Four parallel stripes of black run down from the head to the beginning of the tail. They are also very easily tamed; and in Spain where they generally are suppos'd to be venomous, many tricks ar# played with these innocent animals.
Ad99999 04 022a/engRoses II. Vol. IV. No. 20.
DIFFERENT KINDS 0F ROSES.
Fig. 1. The yellow Centifolia. (Rosa sulphurea.)
JL heyellow Centifolia is also a mofî beautiful species of Roses; but, however common the Bush is, a fine füll blown flower is very feldom to be met with. Almost ail the Buds burst (as may be seen in the annexed figure) down to the italk before they unfold; they then wither, and are eaten by Worms and insects. The reafon of this may be, that the yellow Rose-bush can neither bear the heat or the Sun, nor great moifture; it requires a dry and fhady ground. The form and colour of this species is elegant and a true ornament of a garden, but the fmell of it is rather disagreahle. The bush is from 6 to ß feet high. Its fieras are flender, and füll of prickîes and small leaves. It never bears fruit.
Fig. 2. The double purple Rose. (Rosa holoserica purpurea.)
This elegant Rose lias différent naines. It is sometimes called the royal purple Rose, the purple-velvet Rose, the black or Pluto-Rose. It is one of the rare species and requires particular care to keep it in füll growth and beauty; for it easiîy dégénérâtes into a common light red Rose. The magnitude and fulness of the flower, the dark velvet-like purple, inclining to black; the dazzling lufire which fpavkîes from the furface of the leaves, and the bright goldlike fiamina in the middle give it a beautiful and si ri« king appearance. The leaves are pretty large and pale gTeen, the fîems and fialks greenish with few prickîes. The bush is often very thick, but only 2 or 3 feet high, and fuffers much from froft and cold. It bears a great quantity of fruit, which (as fball be shown in one of the next numbers)
is quite the faîne with that of the Hals double Rose. The fmell of this elegant flower is not strong, but very agréable.
Ad99999 04 023a/engBirds LI. Vol. IV. No. 21.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF WARBLERS.
J. hte WarbWrS form a numerous trille of Birds ami the "bclly ïs of a yellow red coîour. The CÖnflßin
Ad99999 04 024a/engFish XXXII. Vol. IV. No. 22.
SCALE FISH.
Fig. 1. The Torsk. (Gadus Callarias.)
The Torsk belongs to the Tribe of the Scale Fish and is a bout 3 feet long. It is a fish of prey as may be seen by the quantity of pointed teeth its mouth is armed with; it lives on other Fish, crabs, sea worms and insects. It frequents principally the Baltic sea where it is caught on the coasts and in the mouths of rivers with dragnets and large hooks. On account of its white, tender, and well tasted flesh it bears a bigh price and is considered as an exquisite dish of a rich and elegant table. Its brown and grey reddish back as well as the under parts are marked by numerous dull yellow spots.
Fig. 2. The Whiting. (Gadus Merlanqus.)
The Whiting is a well tasted species of the Scale fish, which occurs in the Baltic Sea and abounds in the German Ocean especially on the Coasts of England, Holland, and France, where it is caught in great quantities with the Ground-Line *). It measures from 2 1/2 to 2 feet. The principal colour of its back is of a pale silver grey, the back of a dull yellow.
Fig. 3. The Coal-Fish. (Gadus Carbonarius.)
The Goal-Fish derives its name from the elegant shining black colour which covers its head and neck when old and full grown. At the period of its Youth it is of an olive brown Colour. Its belly, anus, and tail-fins are black, back and breast-fins olive brown. It grows to a length from 1 1/2 to 2 feet and is frequent in the Baltic and North-Sea, especially on the coasts of England and Scotland.
Its Flesh is not well tasted and only eaten by the poor. It feeds on small Fish.
Fig 4. The Poor. (Gadus minutus.)
This species of the Torsk is only about 8 inches long; it is also an inhabitant of the Baltic Sea as well as of the Ocean.
It preys on Sea-worms and small crabs; its flesh is well tasted and frequently eaten;. the colour of its belly is a silvery grey, that of its back yellow brown.
  • ) The Ground-Line is a strong-cord of horsehair between 40 and 50 fathoms long to which at the distance of every two feet a quantity of hooks is fastened with different bait.
Ad99999 04 025a/engPlants LXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 23.
AMERICAN FRUIT.
Fig. 1. The white Guaya. (Psidium pyriferum.)
i. he white Guava or Guava-tree which bears a fruit limilar to a pair, is indigenous to the Islands of the Weft* Indies. ït attains common ly a height from iß to 20 feet, the item meafuring about a foot in diamètre. The leaves which grow oppofite to 011e another, are oval and füll of ribs witiiotit beiftg indented. The wbite blossom (B) appears in the third year and grows iingly on the fiaîks; the fruit (a) is about the size of a common pair; at si rit it is gren, but full grown it becomes yellow, mottled with red. It bas a good fmell and a strong but agreeable tafte. Beihies it is a very wbolefome and comf or table «our-ishment and is frequently eaten iß those. countries, fresb as well as boiled.
Fig. 2. The rough fruited custard Apple. (Annona muricata.)
This Apple-tree is aifo a product of various Islands of the Weft-fndies. Its oblong pointed leaves grow v/ithout any ordre on the fîalks; its flower-cup wbich consists of three leaves, is wbite on the outfide and of a reddisb colour on the bifide, and bas an agreeabie fmell. The fruit (B) is as big as a fift and bears the form of a beart. The outfide green peeî is as if it were divided into various scaly sbields which in their middle bave a little prickly protubérance. The pulp is füll of juice and not only of an excellent wine acid tafte, but it is also a very relisbing nourishment in those bot countries. For to eat it the outfide peel is taken of aad the pulp eaten with a fpoon.
Fig. 3. The Mamei Sapote. (Achras mammosa.)
This frnit is found on the isles of Cuba, Jarnaica and varieus other parts of South America. Its wbite blossom bas fix leaves. The fruit is three times as large as the annexed picture. It is of an oval sh. ipe and reddisb bro. wn colour. The red pulp wbich aloue is eaten, bas a fw. ee tish tafte, but is very aqueous and therefore not well tasted; it bas some kernels (B) which contain the feed. (c.) MameiSapote is the American dénomination.
Ad99999 04 026a/engMiscellanies XXXV. Vol. IV. No. 24.
THE SUBTERRANEAN HERCULANUN.
In the reign of the Roman Emperour Titus and the year 79 after the Birtli of Jesus Chrift ons of the most terrible éruptions of the Mount Vefuvius happened. Heavy clouds of burning ashesand pumice-ftones ejected from the Volcano, ebanaed at first, day in night and then falling down like a devafting rain covered and deltroyed the wbole adjacent country. Herculanum a large town and Colony of the Ancient Romans ßtuated on the Sea-Sbore between Naples and Pornpejum was also buried by this terrible Catafirophe. The ràin of ashes and pumice fiones covered its streets and houses, wbilethe infortunate inhabitants had hardîy time enouoh to fave themselves and their beit eliects; fréquent shovveTS soon after changed these ashes into a bard and folid fubltance, and a torrent of glowing Lava which streamed from the bursting Volcano towards the Sea, covered Herculanumvvith a bind of Stone-Cruft from 60 to ßo feed thieb. Thus this opulent town disappeared from the furface of the earth and some Centuries after tllis terrible event nobody knew where this flourishing town had been Gtuated; at lait the little town Porticî was huilt on the plain which covered Herculanum and it was only by chance that its fubterranean ruins-were discovered in the lait Century. P»ince d'Elhoeuf from the house of Lorrain built in 17*20 a counfrv houle near Porticî when a neighbouring peafant dig, c;ing, at the famé time a weil, found various precious pièces of inaible. The Prince bearing of It, bo-ugbt that pièce of ground of the peafant, dug deeper and found a great quantity of antiquities and statues of the greatest value; but the kingof Naples soon prohibited ail further fearchin-g, and it was only 30 years after, that the government permitted to dig, again. After having pierced the Lava to a depth. of Qo feet they discovered the streets of Herculanum and found an immenfe quantity of ltatues, antic Vafes, facrificial instruments and excellent Fresco pictures (paintingi on humid Lime)
These treafures were taben out of the fubterr raneous town, as may be fee» Fig. 1. , r and put in the Royal Mu feu m-at PorticL As it was impoihble to uncover the wboîe Herculanum without pulling down Portici, paP* fages were dug througb the Lava by which me ans the ruins of tins famous town may be seen by Torch-ligbt. The first »nagnificent Tluilding dIscoverecîr was the Théâtre of which our picture Fig. 2. r offers the plan, . The inner part of this-édifice affords an excellent View of its Magnitude and superb décoration. It was large enougb to contain 10000 Men, and the fpectators arrived froma corridor, as the verti-cal opening (a) shows, througb seven doors (Z>)
)
to-their fit* of Toplius> The walls were ornamented with statue* of nrarble that ßood in niches, and hurle» o£ brouce placed on prominent pedefrals. The Proscenium or the frage was deeorated with pillars. of the Co-rinthiari or der and flatus* of tlieiVlufes,
Ad99999 04 027a/engMiscellanies XXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 25.
POMPEJUM DISCOVEPED.
Pompejum, a little Pioman town, was situated near Hercuîanum and 12 Italian miles from Naples. The explofion of the rnountVefuvius which in the Year 79 deftroyed Hercuîanum buried also Pompejum under a couch of lèverai feet of ashes and pumice stones. Some âges after, its situation was entirely unknown, and it was only in the lafl Century that some peafants by chance discovered it again. In the Year 1755 they began to dig, and, as the couch of ashes was but a few feet high, it was easily removed from the gteatest part of the Town. The many vaîuable anliquides that were found, were lihe those of the Hercuîanum brought in the Royal Mufeum at Portici. The annexer! picture represents two principal views of the discovered Poaipejum.
Fig. 1. The gate of the Town and the entrance into one of the streets.
We perceive in the front the ruins of the Gate (aa) and through the gâte-way one of the streets of the ancient Pompejum. The houses seem to be built against rocks (b) but it is only the stratum or couch of ashes which covered the town, and on the furface of which as may be seen (c) some modem houses were built. The streets are only 12 feet broad; on the pavement of L. ava the oîd tracks are diftinctly feen. On the sides of the houses runs an elevated footpath (d) for the Convenience of people going on foot. The houses are finall and low, quadrangular, and commonly but one story high. The doors are large and give light to the forepart of the house, for towards the streets no Windows have as yet been discovered. The rooms were situated around an inner Yard, in the middle of which generally a fountain stood.
Fig. 2. The Soldier's Quarter of Pompejum.
In the Year 1772 the Soldier's Quarter was discovered which probably was called so, because it contained the Barracks and Parade of the Roman Garrison. A row of Doric Columns of Stucco, 11 feet high surrounded an oblong fquare, (parallelogram) the covering ashes of which as may be seen (aa) are not yet entirely removed. Apparently it was the place where the troops were exercifed. Behind these columns there was a gallery, open towards the fquare and covered ou the top. The barracks or lodgings of the foldiers (bb) were contiguous to this gallery; in some of them roman armours were found; but one especially offered a pitiful aspect. It was the military prison. Some of the Soldiers imprisoned at the time of the fatal cataftrophe, were forgotten in the gênerai confternation, and deprived of the power to escape were pitifully suffocated. Several fkeletous were found fitting in a row, the bones of their legs fiill loaded with heavy chains.
Ad99999 04 028a/engBirds LII. Vol. IV. No. 26.
WOODPECKERS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
In the 28th Number of the III Vol. of our Picture* GalSery we have seen some Woodpeckers natives of Germany» but there are also many and durèrent species of these birds which inhabit the other parts of Europe as well as the other quarters of the World. We are bore m a de acquainted with fix beautiful and variegated foreign species,
Fig. 1. The black breasted Woodpecker. (Picus multicolor.)
This species is an ir. habitant of Cayenne and Guiana where it is called by the Natives Tukumari. It is about 11 inches long; iscs head which is ornamented with a fine creft, and the neck are orange yellow; the breast is black; and the wings, back, and tail are of a dark brownred, spotted with black; the tips of the fanshaped tail are black and the feet lead coloured. It Îive3 like ail its congenere on the gênerai food of the Woodpeckers wbich conflits in worms and insects.
Fig. 2. The Goa-Woodpecker. (Picus Goensis.)
It is of a smaller size than the above mentioned and an inhabitant of Goa in Asia. The beautiful creft wbich hangs down from the bind part of it» head, is carmin-red. A fîripe of black runs from beneath the eye» down the back. The wings are fulvous and green. With its pointed bill it hollows the trees.
Fig. 3. The Bengal Woodpecker. (Picus Bengalensis.)
This beautiful Woodpecker lives in Bengal, It is frnaller than the précèdent species. The little red tuft of feathers on the bind part of its head, the white frripe un der the eyes, the green and yelîow back along with the spotted neck and wings give this bird a beautiful appearance.
Fig. 4. The yellow-headed Woodpecker. (Picus chlorocephalus.)
Is a Native of Guiana. Its breast and belly, back and tail are Olive» brown, marked by large white spots on the foreparts; neck and head are yellow, the top of the head is red.
Fig. 5. The Nubian Woodpecker. (Picus Nubicus.)
"We fee hère an A£rican Woodpecker and an inhabitant of Nubia. It meafuies above 7 inches. Ils body is brown, Ipotted and variega« ted with black-, white and yellow.
Fig. 6. The yellow Woodpecker. (Picus exalbidus.)
This species is called in Cayenne where it is very fréquent, the yellow Carpenter, because it buildà its néft in hollow trees cutting first through the bark horizontally and then piercing downwards a hole 1 or i
Ad99999 04 029a/engInsects XXII. Vol. IV. No. 27.
BUTTERFLIES.
I. Day-Butterflies.
T> J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.)
J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.)
Their body is füll of hair, their and mouth is furnisbed with pinchers and a fpiral fnout to fuck the juice of plants and flowers; but remarkable is the threefold transformation, to wbich these insects are subject before they become real butterfîies. From the eggs wbich the female lays, little wormlîke animals proceed wbich are called Caterpillars or Larvae. These Caterpillars live on certain plants and also sometimes on wood, tili arrived at their fui! growth, when they furround themselves with akind of borny web and change in the Chryfalis or Aurelia. In îhis Iituation they live without tiourishment in a dormant Rate, tili at laß, with some (pecies in a few weeks with others in two or fhtee years, the Butterfly issues, wbich, when full grown, pierces and strips the web, propagates its species, and soon after dies. The three principal ClaiTes of Butterflies are as follows: 1. The Day-Buttcrßies or Papillons, 2. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths. 3. The Fhalaena or Moths. We shall be made acquainted with them in this and the foliowing two Numbers. Dß, y-Butterflies. Of this Class 901 différent species are known. They only fly about during daytime, " when fîtting, they carry their wings erected and clofe to cach other; their threadlike antennae or feelers terminate m a conic form. In the annexed picture we iee three beautiful species in their natural size which are very fréquent in almost erery part of Germany.
Fig. 1. The Camberwell Beauty. (Papilio Antiopa.)
This butterfly ÇA)
measures about 3 inche3 in breadth, and is generally met with about the fruit-trees, on whofe fweet juice it lives. The purple-brown indented wings are edged with a b. right yellow border. The black thorny Caterpillars (ß)
, which 3Te marked by black spots, are commonly found on willows, birch and asp-trees and change in a black angular Chryfalis ÇC)
from which the Butterfly in the fpace of a fortnight issues.
Fig. 2. The Peacock Butterfly. (Papilio Jo.)
The Caterpillar (h)
of this butterfly is befet ail over with Imall fpines and as black as velveti They are found in great Quantifies on Nett'es. The angular, yellow green Chiyfalis(c)
is variegated with fulvoua spots and commonly fîicks with the inferior point to the walls. After 12 or 14 days the beautiful butterfly Ça)
cornes forth, marked with various spot3 in the form of the eyes of a peacock's tail.
Fig. 3. The red admirable Butterfly. (Papilio Atalanta.)
The différent colours of this butterfly ÇA)
are black, purple-red, and white. It appaars often in fpring, but is abundantly found in the Month of August fluttering about the blofToms of beans and other plants. The thorny Caterpillar CE)
is met with on nettles. The grey, angular Chryfalis (C)
from which the butterfly issues aûer a fortnight, is also found hanging on the walls.
Ad99999 04 030a/engInsects XXIII. Vol. IV. No. 28.
BUTTER FLIES.
II. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths.
1 he Sphinx or Hawk-Moths, of which at present 165 species ave known, are the fécond Class of Butteiflies. Tlieir wings are longer tlian those of the day butterflies and are deflexed wlien the infect is at reft. Their body is also stronger and their antennae are thick in the middle and somewhat tapering towards the point. It is onîy at day break, and during tvviligbt tliat they flutter about to fuck witli their fnout the honey juice of flowers continually humming and foaring in the air. During day time they reft quietîy and inactif on trees and walls. The caterpillars of this Class are large, beautifully pencilled, and provided with a kind of horn upon the ta il. Their transformation happens generally in the earth where the black or brown Chrvfalis l fallu darauti» remains the whole winter. In the following fpring the Butterfly appears. In. the annexed picture we are madeacquainted with two beautiful species of this Class along with their caterpillars and Chryfalis in their natural size.
Fig. 1. The Death-Head. (Sphinx Atropos.)
The Death-Head QA) is the largest species of this Class; it occurs in many parts of Germany, but is properly a native of Africa andAmelica; it is only known in Europe fince the introduction of potatoes; and the blue and yellowstriped caterpillars ÇB~) delight to fearch for their nourishment on the potatoe-herb where they generally are found in August and September, though they sometimes are also met with on Jasmin and Carrots. They change into the red brown Chryfalis (C) which paffes the winter under ground. This Butterfly was in former times a frightful animal to common people. The yellowish drawing on its breast was generally taken for a Death-head; its fluttering about in the middle of the night, and its noify humming, together with the plaintif tune which the rubbing of its hard breast-shields produces, were fufficient reafons to make people believe, that this innoxious infect was the harbinger of illness and misfortune and the fore*runner of plague, war, and famine. Indeed a ridiculous fable!
Fig. 2. The eyed Hawk-Moth. (Sphinx ocellata.)
The Caterpillar (b~) is yellow green, mar» ked by a quantity of white stripes dispofed in a transverse direction. It is frequently found on willows and lime-trees, on alders, oaks and beeches from which it is eaßly shaken off. The Caterpillar changes under ground, into a black Chryfalis (c). The superior wings of this Butterfly Ça) are marbled with red and grey, and edged in a finuous form. The inferior wings are of a pink colour, marked with eyes of blue and black.
Ad99999 04 031a/engInsects XXIV. Vol. IV. No. 29.
BUTTERFLIES.
III. Phalaena.
1 lie third and mofr. numerous Class-is tliat of The Phalaena of which tili no\7 1529 species are known. When fitting, they let their wings hang downwards like the Sphinx. Their Antennae are somewhat like briftles and decreasing in size from the bafe to the apex. Except forne few species they only fly ahout in the night. Their fluttering is aukward and heavy but quiet and without humming. During day thne they fit stiîl on walls and trees as well as on the grass. The Gaterpiliars are covered with hair and go generally in the night in quest of nourishment. In their transformation the Caterpillars furround themselves with a filklike weh; for which purpofe nature has provided them with a tough juice Corning forth from an opening underneath their mouth; from this juice they Ipin the fine thread of which the Chryfalis coniilïs. They îy sometimes for 2 or 3 years in their web be» fore they change into Butter P ies. The annexed picture shows three différent species in their natural size.
Fig. 1. The great Tyger-Moth. (Phalaena Caja.)
The superior wings of this species (A)
are of a Coffeebrown colour, marked by feveral white ‘(tripes uniting at the bafe; ths inferior wings are of a scarlet colour variegated with black and bîue spots. They are met with the whole fuminer through. The bîack and hairy Caterpillar (B~)
lives on nettles, fallet and différent other pbants, and is jaioft frequently found in Juîy on turfy places. Its Chryfalis becomes'a felty web from its fpin»ing all the hair into it.
Fig. 2. The Goat-Moth. (Phalaena Cossus.)
The large, red Caterpillar (h)
of the GoatMoth is especiaîly remarkable. Tt inhabits the trunks of wilfows, oaks, and ahlers and lives on wood. It is very noxions, gnawing the trees with its sharp pinchers in various directions. It défends itself against its enemies with a red juice which it fpouîs with véhémence from its Mouth. It pierces, ail wooden chefts or boxes and can only be kept in glass or. earthen pots. In the third year it covers itself in the trees with a skin of hue chips and changes in the brown rmd yellow Chryfalis (V)
which at the tune of ripeness pierces the skin and appears in the new form of the Goat-Moth (a)
, which is of a grey and blackish colour. » The french phyfician Lionet who diffected some of these Caterpillars with on aftonishing diligence, discovered 4041 Muscles, befides an enormous quantity of blood-and other Veffels.
Fig. 3. The little Emperor-Moth. (Phalaena Pavonia minor.)
The Caterpillar (B)
of this Butterfly is in Germany frequently found on Rose-bushes, oaks, beeches, etc. It is green and beautifully pencilled with e qüantity of fulvous stars, which gives it an elegant appearance. ît (pins its Chryfalis QC)
into a black and yellow longitudinal web in the form of a pair. The Butterfly (Ä)
is of a reddish grey and yellow, edged with white; on each of its wings it has a black and white spot in the form ef an eye.
Ad99999 04 032a/engRose III. Vol. IV. No. 30.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. The Little Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia minor.)
The Unie Centijolia is one of the most pretty and elegant fnecies of Roses. Portugal is faid to be its native country. Mr. Blandford at leaft brought it first from there to England, where it is still called : Blandford-Rose. It bas quite the round form and délicate colour of the large Centifolia, but instead of growing so isolated and fingly, it commonly forms a bunch of J or Q (Towers on one staîk. Its wood is green and bas only a few prichles. On account of its great fullness it beats very fei dorn fruit. The bush is 7 or ß feet bigh.
Fig. 2. The French Rose. (Rosa turbinata.)
This species is not only ufefuî, but also a great ornament of an elegant gard'en; for, planted with intelligence and eukivated with care o it bas the particular advantage to grow to the heigbt of iQ feet againfi: espaliers or pales, and coniequently furnishes the beft means to decorate walls and arbours. It bas différent names, and is called: sometfmes the Suggar-Rose, Vinegar RoseT the French Rose etc. The flowers which appear in Juin and July, are large, open, and of a bigh colour, but their fmell is not so agreeable as tîiat of the large Centifolia. It flourislies abundantly and has plentiful leaves of a pleafant green, with very few prickles. Its flower cups are somewhat fimilar to tunnels and generally divided in two parts, the upper of which is fmoothr the louer füll of minute prickles. It very fekîom bears any fruit t for the buds soon waste away and peaish.
Ad99999 04 033a/engBirds. LIII. Vol. IV. No. 31.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SHRIKES.
VV e have seen various Speeres of Shrike9 in Number 47 of die III. Vol, of our picture Galierie; we are hère made acquainted with fix other Speeres, foine of wbich are beautifully pencilled.
Fig. 1. The jocose Shrike. (Lanius jocosus.)
This slender and lively Bird is of the size of a common lark, and inhabits différent parts of China, Ben gai and the coaft of Coromandel. The colour of its back and wings is yellow brown; its breast and belly are of a dirty white; beneath the eyes and tail it is marked with Rose coloured spots, and on the hind part of its head some feathers of a brown colour form a loofe creft.
Fig. 2. The Rock-Shrike. (Lanius infaustus.)
Ax. the firfi hght this Species as well as the jocofe Shrike feem to belong to the kind of throftles, but their crooked bill is an evident proof of their being of the Shrike-race. This species is jto be found on the Mountains of Tyrol and Swizzerîand, in France and Iraly. On account of its turreful finging it is frequently kept in cages, its length is generally 7 J inches; the colours of its feathers are yellow-red, blew and brown. Why this bird in German and Latin is cal]ed the Unhappy, is unkn. own, but probably superst. ition has iuggefîed the Idea.
Fig. 3. The blak-headed Shrike. (Lanius melanocephalus.)
This beautiful Inhabitant of the southern Islands, which only foine of the late Travellers brought to Europe, is ahout 6 inches long. Its principal colour is olive green except the tail which has a large black band aeross, and yellow ends.
Fig. 4. The crested Shrike. (Lanius Canadensis.)
measures about 6 inches and lives in Canada, The long brown-red feathers of its head form a hanging creft. It3 breast is of a yellow leather-colour, the belly dirty white, the back tawny, and the wings black, crofTed by lèverai Üripes of white.
Fig. 5. The blue Shrike. (Lanius bicolor.)
A beautiful species which is only to be met with in the Island of Madagascar. It generally lives on insects. Its size is larger then that of the crefted Shrike meafuring about 6 § inches in length. The upper part of its body is azuré; breast and belly are of a fhining white; bill and feet of a blakish colour.
Fig. 6 The pied Shrike. (Lanius doliatus.)
measures also about 6 f inches. The whole Bird is neatîy pencilled with undulated white and black stripes. It is an Inhabitant of Cayenne.
Ad99999 04 034a/engPlants. LXXX. Vol. IV. No. 32.
MEDICINAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Senna. (Cassia Senna.)
J. he Senna-leaves which are îsnown and ufed every-where as a purging remedy, coine from the Senna, a busb of 3 or 4 feet high, which feldom laits above a Year. Tins busli grows frequently in Syria, Arabia and Egypt; especially in Egypt it is a very important article of commerce, and the beft Senna cornes from Alexandria to Europe. The Senna thrires also by Culture in différent parts of Italy and the South of France, but the leaves are with regard to their virtue much inferiour to those of Egypt, and the only préférence they bave, is, that they are to be bad frefber. The small oblong leaves grow clofe and oppofite to one another on the thin stalks. The ycllow five leaved flowers QA~) form along with their stems a kind of ears; and the oval feeds îye, feparated one from the other by particular husks in the green pods (jB). The leaves contain a thickisb, strong fmeïling volatile Oil wbich may be extracted by infufion and this oil alone produces the purging virtue in the leaves. In order to make the opération stronger, the Senna-leaves muff not be boiled; for in boiling the oil évaporâtes; only bot water muß be poured over them and the décoction ufed.
Fig. 2. The Quassy wood. (Quassia amara.)
The ÇuoJJy-wood is also well known, and certainly for its falubrious virtues of great consequence. It forms a busb of a middîe size and is to be found in différent parts of South America especially in Cayenne and Surinam, where it grows wild though not very fréquent on the sides of the rivers. The oblong pointed leaves grow by three or four pair on the ilalks, which have winglike prolongations on both Sides ÇA). The five leaved scarlet flowers fiand like bunches clofe to one another ÇB~). The root of this busb (c) which becomes sometimes as thick as an arm is ufed in Medicine. A Negro called Quaffi or Cuaih first discovered its médicinal viitues and from him the Bush is still in medicine called QuaJJîa. The root is very üght and loofe but pretty compact; it contains a bitter StufFwhich may be extracted even by cold water, and which in difFerent especially nervous difeafes is ufed with good effect. Far the genuine Quaffy, which is pretty dear, very often another kind is fubftituted which is much inferiour in its qualities.
Ad99999 04 035a/engInsectes. XXV. Vol. IV. No. 33.
DAY-BUTTERFLIES.
ncontré aussi e, ont marquées i> v--ri les ailes in;vi?e. Lacl, f. ie cendre (l)
v--ri les ailes in;vi?e. Lacl, f. ie cendre (l)
« es banian«, so uf»-Laty, d'argent s'afoèt té poiatae, Ct oût. mbé. ius.)
a u coup tu fors» fenouil, excepté de voiles et tout plus pâle, c'a A, noires en forme bout desrlenxaîchancrees et matde croiflantetde i chenille nue et du cérifier aigre, les poiriers. Lois a che aux arbres
11e même «t M
Ad99999 04 036a/engMiscellanies. XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 34.
OBELISKS OF THE EGYPTIANS.
opo'ii, * I*F?*, *«%**** »«Nia «*. $ 5S JUS. ‘«"»fw-Wità *fa confacrê il. a "viron -oofl îjs »t lepalais royalpar »t aroir «op à st *eu\ Uoc de «p/f
ledit Sixte V, tt e lun'lit Architecte, Jean du Lateran, du Cirque h Vol. IV. No. 34. uni, d'une f(n'e it de 78 pied* En ron 1« lit apporte m cirque nouvelle r renwfé par le = ixte V. auoeite OBELISKS OF THE EGYPTIANS. / -____________ JL he Obelisks are like the Pyramids and Cata« coiubs or touibs remarkable Monuments of the bold architecture of the ancient Egyptians. The Word Obelisk wbich is of greek origin, dénotes a bigh column, having ufually tour lides and reifen ing upwards by degtees. In ancient times WÎien Egypt was governed by itsown kings, inany of Obelisks exifted wbich thole iovereigns bad erected on the (ides oi temples, before their palades, or on large pubJick places, in order to transmit their naines to pofterity. They were fron; 50 to 1-50 feet bigh and generally of one pièce of a reddish Granit; a few were made of marbîe, the Quanies are yet to be seen in Upper-Egypt, w h ère thoufands of hands loofened and worked those immenle malTes of stone. Very few of these Obelisks were plain or polisbed; on the molt of thein Hieroglyphs or characters, representing différent toois, utenfi!s or animals were engraved 2 inches deep. These characters together, formed a language in images or wiitiug in picture which at that timewas underf'tood, but in our days has proved impoilible to be unraveiled, Not long before the beginning of the Chrifiian Aéra when the Romans fubjugated Egypt, some of the Emperours ordered feveral of thejigreatest snd fineft Obelisks asfplendid columns to be brqught to Rome. Three of the most magnïficient, and stil! exifting in Rome, are represented in the annexed picture.
Fig. 1. An Obelisk brought toRome by order of Augustus.
This Obelisk wbich without its pedeital is 73 feet bigh, is eut out of one pièce of marble and ornameuted writh a numlnr of Hieroglyphs. It has been îemoved thRome from Heliopolis the ancient capital of Egypt under the reîgn of Augustus; but when the northern Barbarians invaded Rome, this Obelisk was fubverted and broke in three pièces. ït remained in the rubbish tili the reign of the Roman Pope Sixtus V. , when in the Year i58ö it was erected again by the Architect Fontana, near la Porta dei Popolo.
Fig. 2. An Obelisk dedicated to the sun and removed to Rome by Constantius.
This Obelisk was erected in Heliopoli9 about 3000 Years ago by the king Ramefïes before bis palace. 20000 men are faid to bave worked at it. It is 100 feet high and hewn of one pièce of Granit. Conitaritine the Greafhad it conveyed down theNile as far as Alexandria, but bis early death hindered the further transport. Gonftantius his son bad it afterwards brougbt to Rome and erected in the courfe. This Obelisk was also deftroyed by the northern invaders and put up again by Sixtus V. before the Church of St. John of Lateran, under the furvey of the aforefaid architect.
Fig. 3. The Obelisk of the Circus of Nero.
This Obelisk is quite plain and of one pièce of reddish Granit; without its pedeftal it is 73 feet high. Nero had it brought to Rome in order to place it in the new built Circus. The northern invaders deitroyed it like the others, but in the reign of the above mentioned Pope it was also dug out of the rubbish in the Year i$Q6 and erected in the middie of the place before St. Peter' » Church.
Ad99999 04 037a/engBinds. LIV. Vol. IV. No. 35.
FOREIGN BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Panayan Hornbill. (Buceros Panayensis.)
The Hornbills form a proper tribe of birds which is confined to Africa and some parts of Asia. They are remarkable for the hornlike protuberance on the upper bill. The unproportioned bill is very light.
The here represented Hornbill which is of the size of a raven, was first discovered by Sonnerat in the Isle of Panaya. The colour of its plumage is of a greenish black; the bill is brown with transverse wrinkles of orpiment colour.
Fig. 2. The Arakari Toucan. (Rhamphastos Aracari.)
The Arakari belongs to the tribe of the Toucans or Peppereaters. As the Hornbills are only found in Asia or Africa, the Toucans are only met with in the southern parts of America; they are remarkable for the unproportioned, large membranaceous bill. The Arakari inbabits Surinam and Cayenue, and measures generally 16 inches in length; the bill is 4 inches, and 1/2 long. Its back and wings are dark green; across the yellow breast runs a red band. The blackish feet are provided with 4 toes two before and two behind. They live on different fruits.
Fig. 3. The Brasilian Motmot. (Rhamphastos Momota.)
This bird is about the size of a mag-pie; it lives solitary in the deepest recesses of South-America and feeds on insects. Its strong bill is on the edges indented like a saw. The lower parts are of a reddish leather colour, the back is dark green.
Fig. 4. The green Toucan. (Rhamph. viridis.)
is 14 inches long and generally found in Cayenne; on account of its variegated plumage it belongs to the class of beautiful birds. The large hollowbill is 3 inches et 1/2 long and yellow-striped with black. Head and neck are of a shining black, breast and belly yellow. The colour of the back and tail is green.
Fig. 5. The cinereous Wattle bird. (Glaucopis cinerea.)
Of this particular kind of birds the here represented species alone is as yet known. It in» habits New Zealand and is remarkable for the carunculated wattles near the bill. The principal colour of this bearded bird is a dark ash colour. It lives on berries and insects, which it gatherg running about on the ground.
Fig. 6. The lesser Ani. (Crotophagus Ani.)
Of this kind only three species are known, which constitute a particular tribe distinguishing itself by a strong crooked bill the upper part of which is sharply edged. The leffer Ani is black and about 13 inches long. Ils food consists of maggots, the caterpillars of insects and the feeds of différent plants. It inbabits the interiour parts of Africa. The immenfe nests of Grass wbîch they generally build in community upon the Acacia trees, resemble at a distance a thatched roof. In this common nest every female builds her proper cell where it hatches. Travellers counted very often 800 or 1000 of these cells in one nest.
Ad99999 04 038a/engBirds. LV. Vol. IV. No. 36.
REMARKABLE BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The magnificent Maenura. (Maenura superba.)
New-Holland this remarkable large Island of the South-Sea which in its extent almost equals Europe, is in regard to natural history a true land of wonders, as the duck billed Platypus (see No. 80. of the III. Vol. of this Picture Galleiy) and various other strange animals and birds, lately found in it, sufficiently prove. Some time ago the elegant wonderful bird hère represented, was discovered by someEnglishmen on a journey into the inner parts of the Island. It is the magnifie ent Macnurawhich apparently belongs to the tribe of thebirds of Paradise. lt is about the size of a common hen; the principal colour of its body is blackish changing into red-brown on the wings; the thighs are covered with long blackish feathers; and the head is ornamented with a loofe creft of hair-like feathers \ but what deferves the most admiration in tins elegant bird, is its tail, from the. middle of which two large feathers proceed bending towards one another and beautifulîy pencilled with orange-coloured arches of the ut» most élégance. Between these two large feathers two leffer ones arife which bending outwards are of a blueish grey colour; and numbers of tender hairlike feathers which resemble the fibres of leave», accomplish thi» wonderful ßructure. The nourishment and manner of living of this extraordinary bird is as yet entirely unknown.
Fig. 2. The Taylor-bird. (Motacilla sartoria.)
In the East-Indies the little birds and their young-ones are continually exposed to different dangers. Monkeys and serpents climb up the trees, and creep and wind themselves through the branches in order to overtake the mothers with their harmless broods. Wise nature therefore protects the little defenceless birds by various ingenious instincts; and they build generally their nest on the end of bending branches where the animals of prey can not follow them. But still artfuller is the little nest which the here represented Taylor-bird (A) also an inhabitant of the East-Indies, builds. It choses for the purpose a fallen leaf which it sows by the help of its bill with the tender fibres of plants round the green leaf on a tree (B) so, that the whole form is an open bay. In this, when properly lined or filled up with cotton and feathers, the female lays its four little white eggs; and thus defended against ail dangers, it quietly hatches its young.
Ad99999 04 039a/engPlants. LXXXI. Vol. IV. No. 37.
COMMERCIAL-PLANTS.
, lte"r du fr, eue, aime mie, ‘isscs ei "x aux «1 esterraiUli foujour, petiot Ps e" &»«. k arouS« ‘J, £at. "‘«tffrà. ‘H au Lt-ranitt ui Fait que ce& léiablederom. uerleffpcsceson Kn Eoypteon le fuc mielleux : à Ja prépara* : brun, tacheté rages rie marne vient que
Fig. 1. The Liquorice. (Glycirrhiza glabra.)
-J-he Liquorice grows wi'd in Spain, France, Italy and the southern parts of the Asiatick lluflia; by culture it also became indigenous in varions parts of Germany, elpecially in some tracta of Franconia and Suabia, where it is cultivated in great rpiantity. ^ In Pbyßck it is ufed a* a refolvent, especially m cougbs.
Fig. 2. The Carob-Tree, or St. John's bread. (Ceratonia siliqua.)
The common Carob-Tree equals in size the ash-tree. It is most -common in Spain, Sicily, Egypt and the Island Candia or Creta and schrive» beft in a stony foi)
The leaves (ß)
are evergreen, thick and fmooth, and grow by pairs on the fîalk». The littîe red flowers (Ä)
grow like cluIt thrives beft in a fandy, yet not poor foil; the root is about th-thickness of a thumb, the stalks wbich giow, 5 or 6 feet bigb, wither in autumn, but germinate again in fpring. The, . T -, vio l-e, t. -b i nxe, f l o w ne r s (a)
a p rp e\ a' r i n J a i l y-ibl?e t w e e n ". h. e. r s o Jr a r[a p e, . s, . o n, t b e b r a n cch e sr, w i t, h, o u t p Arosp)
err\ thxe p l u Tm y l e a v, e s, a n d a r e, r o l l o w, . e, d b y h 1t t;l e h i-u s k1s 1 1 " lt a, l K s, . 1 n e. h u s k l i k e f, r u it o r ö t. J o h n sth. r e :a d)
\ \. t >«) C, o. *)
«) C, o. *)
!. w, h i c n c o n t. a i n t h1e J e, n t i!-J. i k e. i. e. , e. d s. r i, i's. '" o, r a n u s, k, y c o1l ou, r a n «d g r o
wbich thrîves under ground, is little fla. t feeds are as hard as frone». properly the ufeful part of the plant. It contain» a twmt stuiF wbich is ufed in différent difeafes, TLe fruIt îs on account of it8 fweet *nd we11 The outline colour of the root is tawny; the in-*^d Pu1P an a8ieable (ooâ and ^'1«™
The Name St. Johns breacl dérives from an old faying, that John the Baptift lived on it in the defert. jretendait
Ad99999 04 040a/engInsects. XXVI. Vol. IV. No. 38.
TWO KINDS OF SPHINX OR HAWK-MOTHS.
K", 0i8
(juipaffe que veri le p^. « (0 «clôt Se, Solives jaunâtre, «s ailes inférieu« si s leurmiUaD«, i^f. Ptpmueiit utr« ail)
ifw ecf» trou^fei re.
Fig. 1. The great Oleander Sphinx. (Sphinx Nerii.)
A he grent Oleander -Sphinx which 16 hère fepresented in its natural size, is undoubtedîy one of the moit beautifulHawk-Moths, we are acquainted with. Its colour consists of dark green, reddisli, white and violet stripes and spots which are variegated like marble in a most elegant manner. The green yellow Caterpillar ÇA)
is also beautifully pencilled with white spots and firipes; its neck is ornamented with eyes of bine and white. It lives as far as we know, only on the leaves of the common Rose-bay or Oleander, a shrub of 6 or 8 feet high, which grows wild in the Eafi Indies, but in Germany only thrivea in hot houses; on these shrubs sometimes in very hot fummers this caterpillar is found and efîeemed as a great curiofity; the Sphinx produced from it i» purchafed at a high price by the amateurs and reckoned to be a true ornament of their collection». The great Ghryfalis (E)
which is of a light brown and yellow colour lies without being covered with any web or texture under ground.
Fig. 2. The spotted-Elephant Sphinx. (Sphinx Euphorbiae.)
The Caterpillar (a)
is frequently met with in July and August on the gromwell-leaved fpurt*e (Euphorbia Efula)
on which alone it livés. Its principal colour is black; on the back runs a red firipe, and the sides are marked with white spots in regulär rows. ê The Caterpillar as well as the Ghryfalis and the Sphinx itself are drawn after life in the an» nexed picture. Soon after its birth the caterpillar fpins itself into a fine web under a loofe ground and changes into the Ghryfalis (b)
wich is of a grey-brown colour. The Ghryfalis remains the whole winter in its husk and it is only in the following fpring that the variegated Sphinx (V)
iilues. Its upper wings are of a yellow and dark olivafier colour edged with a white border, the lower wings are pink -coloured, changing into black towards the root. In the month of June the spottetJ Eléphant Sphinx is found during twiligbt about the honey fuckle and other shrubs in flower. Fluttering it fucks with its fnout the juice of th
Ad99999 04 041a/engMiscellanies XXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 39.
REMARKABLE GROTTOS.
Fig. 1. The Grotto of Pausilippo.
Fig. 2. The Dog's Grotto near Naples.
Cletrouveunr0ffif: "«. Elle rfi 1, e d'environ 9pj, U sVlev« continue!, -tte vapeur ell'i us cette vapeur étut a ne elle ne coune'j is d'i
Ad99999 04 042a/engMiscellanies XXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 40.
HORSE-RACES IN ENGLAND.
ercnce e* « mû, O e même. reen 3o lieux dif. es Pîa^« Cesses, Jj mou> quefçoe-tro-, st ia 1« loa toi« ‘e sa foaioeM (Ja renia« * quefçoe-tro-, st ia 1« loa toi« ‘e sa foaioeM (Ja renia« *
Fig. 1 fuch an English Race-Horfe is represented; the sue of his eyes and the large open noltrils prove hisArabiau origin, his slender legs show at the fuit iîght the racer. Thefv horfes are of différent colours, but their discriminating character is swiftneis, fpirit, holdness and ßrength, The molt famous are engraved and their virtues celebrated in puhlick papers. Their pedigrees are as regularly kept as those of the horfes in Arahia. They feil very often at an enormous price and there are instances of iooo pound Sterling. (more than 6000 Dollars.)
and more being paid for a racer. Their extreme swiftness is fuppofed to equal the wind. The famons Childers (ufually called ßying Childers)
which died about 40 Years ago, leaped in one second 82 ^ feet, and ran the xace-ground of Newmarket, famons for the great races which are held there in Apiil and October, in 6 minutes 40 féconds, though the ground measures ^ of a German mile or 4 English miles.
Fig. 2. The Horse-Race.
Horfe-Races are held in fummer in 30 différent places of the kingdom where the foft and fandy race-grounds are carefully kept in order. On the spot where the horfes fet out, is the Stewards box which is occupied by thtfe officers du» ring the wîiole race Hère the horfes are re^iltered and the betts which are iometimes very high, regularly laid down. The grounds are circuler or oval and the racers return to the spot where they fet out. The horfe which paffes the fàrst the ßarting polt, gains the si rit heat, or courfe, whereupon the faddles are taken off and the horfes cleaned, -an hour after they fet out for the fécond heat; if the horfe which gained the fi'ft heat, arrives again before the others at the starting poff, he wins, and the race is finished; if not, a third heat or run enfues. The riders are called Jockeys and are generally of a very light weight. Those that ride together, are weighed with the faddles and bridles of their horfes, which they buckle round their waift, and those which are too light, put so much of small shot in their pockets, tili their weight equals that of the others. The races last generally two or three days, and very often 40 or 50000 fpectators ineet on these occafions.
Ad99999 04 043a/engBirds. LVI. Vol. IV. No. 41.
TREE-CREEPERS AND HUMMING BIRDS
Fig. 1. The Wall-Creeper. (Certhia muraria.)
X jbe WâZl-creeper or spider-catcher belongs to the tribe of the tree-crepers and dérives its name from its creeping on the walls, as the common creeper does on the tree«, in quest of spiders and other insects whicli they both live upon. This beautifnl bird is of a folitary dispofition and found lonely in Italy, France and the middle parts of Germany. It builds its rieft in hollow trees or the rifts of walls, but especially in Church-yards and the hollow fkulls in the Charnel -houses, whence it is also sometimes called in Germany the death's bird. It is about the lïze of a fparrow.
Fig. 2. The darkgreen Treecreeper. (Certhia obscura.)
This pretty bird is met with on the SandwichIslands in the Pacifick Océan or Southfea. Its beautiful dark-green feathers are in great request among the islanders who ufe them in their diess. It is highly remarkable for its falcated bilî and iîs tougue which is befet ail over with haïr like a brufh and serves to fetch the insects ont of the tree-rifts or to lu ck%the honey of the fîower-cups.
Fig. 3. The blue brasilian creeper. (Certhia cyanea.)
This species ihhabits generQÎty the southern parts of America and is on account of its glittering black and blue feathers one of the most beautiful birds of those parts of the world. It also feeds upon insects and the juice of flowers.
Fig. 4. The Cardinal. (Certhia Cardinalis.)
This fine-coloured creeper is found upon the islands of the South-fea and dérives its name from the brillant high red colour of its plumage, the beauty of which is Mil more augmente:! by the black feathers of its wings and tail. It does not, like the other creepers, live on insects, but entirely upon the juice of flowers.
Fig. 5. The elegant Humming-bird. (Trochilus ornatus.)
Fig. 6. The ruby-headed Hummingbird. (Trochilus moschitus.)
We know from N. 9. of the I, Vol. of our Picture-Gallery the Humming-birds as the smalleft and most beautiful kind of birds. They consist of 70 différent species, which are only found in the hot régions of America, in the East-Indies and Afrika. They live on the honey which they extract with their tender bills from the flower-cups. The hère represented species which are only three incites long, are especially remarkable for their beautiful plumage. That of Nr. 5. is called the elegant on account of the beautiful crefts that adorn its Cheeks and the top of its head. N. 6. is nained the ruhy-headed, because its head and neck glitter like a ruby. Both the species occur only in South-Amerika. étfâM.
Ad99999 04 044a/engPlants. LXXXII. Vol. IV. No. 42.
COMMERCIAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The wild Endive or Succory. (Cichorium intyhus.)
1 he Succory is a médicinal plant which grows wiid in Germany near the roads and high ways, uron the balks and mountains. ]t haï a narrow notched leaf and a starlike flower. It is a bieimial plant vvhofe leaves as well as roots have for a krng rime been eaten as vegetables, but. not long i'ince its root is beconre very remarkable i'rorn beifig ufed al* most génerally in the room of coffee. For this purpofe the Succory is now fi-equenily cultivated in gardons as well as in the iïeld where ils root becomes îhicker and mor>e pulpous. In Antumn it is taken out of the ground, cleaned, cul into frnaii pièces and after being roafted and ground like Coffee, it is kept for fale in leaden boxes. In this manrer the Succory is become at oreTent a considerable article of trade in Germany and is principally carried on by some great manufacturers in the lower Saxony.
e pulpous. In Antumn it is taken out of the ground, cleaned, cul into frnaii pièces and after being roafted and ground like Coffee, it is kept for fale in leaden boxes. In this manrer the Succory is become at oreTent a considerable article of trade in Germany and is principally carried on by some great manufacturers in the lower Saxony.
Fig. 2. The Pepper-Mint. (Mentha piperita.)
The Peppcr-mint grows wild in England; but in Germany, thongh ail other kinds of mint are met wiih evcry where, it is only cultivated in the gardens where it stands the hardeft wmter. It forms a low fhrub whoTe stalks grow about a foot high. On the point of the stalks the white blueish flower appears like a corn-ear. The green leaves are poiï'effed of a fragrant fine il and a burning arornatick tafte whence it dérives its médicinal Virtue of strengthening the stomack, which is so strong, that, when taken, au agréable warmth is felt immediately through the whole body.
Ad99999 04 045a/engWorms. V. Vol. IV. No. 43.
ZOOPHYTES.
‘n the'Ioweft degree of tlic Animal création staud the Polypuffes, -which are also called Zoophytes, because they form as it were, the link betweeu the animal and the vegetable Création. Many species of these water-animais live in strong téguments which they never quit. VVe are hère made acquainted with some of them.
Fig. 1. The magnificent Tubular Coralline. (Tubularia magnifica.)
The Tubulär-Coralline is a kind of gelatinous worm found in the fea as well as in rivers. It is provided with feathered arms and refis with its lower end in a horny tube. One of the largest and most beautiful species is the magnificent tubulär coralline which is represented in Fig. 1. It is met with in hollow rocks on différent isles of the YVeftIndies. The tubulär indented body terminâtes in a great quantity of red and white feelers or antennae which the worm, >\vlien ail around him is quiet, extends îike a starlike iîovver; but at the leaft danger it retracts its antennated tuft from above and draws back into its rock.
\vlien ail around him is quiet, extends îike a starlike iîovver; but at the leaft danger it retracts its antennated tuft from above and draws back into its rock.
Fig. 2. The Dead-Man's hand. (Alcyonium digitatum.)
The dead maris hand or dead maris toc is a foft fpongy or corklike body whofe furface is füll of little openings, through which the polypuffes that inhabit it, come forth. The hère represented species which is found on the coasts of England, dérives its name from the likeness it has with a man's finget or toe. They are found upon différent objects as for instance that of the picture is refting upon au Oyfter. Their reddish-grey furface is covered with little octagonal stars, as it appears very diftinctly in (b) which is drawn after an enlarged scale; from these star-like openings the polypuffes issue. They have eight arms (c) which on both sides are feathered or provided with fhort fibres.
Fig. 3. The Rugged Coralline. (Sertularia scruposa.)
These Corallines consist of horny or stom husks which are knotted like branches and also inhabited by polypuffes. They constitute a very numerous race. The species which is represented in its natural size in Fig. 3. might at the first look very easily bë taken for a little tender plant, but when enlarged or looked at with a microscope the whittish, stony, and knotted Iiusk appears. It is very fragile and divided in its infide into différent (‘mail cells which serve for habitation to a kind of small pohpuffes that come ont throughthe openings of ihe flat sides.
Ad99999 04 046a/engMisc. Subj. XL. Vol. IV. No. 44.
REMARKABLE VOLCANICK OBJECTS OF THE LOWER ITALY.
Fig 1. The Solfatara.
1 lie Solfatara is a narrow valley near Naples about 500 paces broad and 800 long. It lies between craggy rocks, and probably ows its oi'igin to a funk Volcano. It is, as it may be laid, the great manufacture of Nature for Ammoniac and Suiphur wliich by the beat of the fubterraneous fites are hère continually produced in abu'ndaiice. The ground is every where warm, in some places quite hot. Hère and there thick fuîphrtreous vapours break forth from the clefts especially those of the opening N. 3. at the end of the valley are forced out with great noife; they generali)" rife to a great height in the air, and fhine at night. Upon the sides of these openings fhoots the Amoniac and Sulphur or Briirrstone which is gathered and manufactured in the building N. I. at the other end of the valley. The whole ground of the Solfatara is white and consists of différent minerais. It trembles and founds when walked upon; but lying on the sround one hears a noife like that of boiling vvater. On the north of the valley these fubterraneous waters fall in a low and dark ground into a stinking brook. On the Eaft a small pond is feen, where the water is conltantly bubbling like boiling water though the heat is far inferiour to that uf boiling vvater. Ail these phenomena are effected by the fubterraneons lires which continually struggle under ground, though they nevèr break out into fiâmes.
Fig. 2. Profpect of Stromboli.
Stromboli is one of the small isles of Lipari between Naples and Sicily. The whole island consists almost entirely of a high conick mountain which rifes from the fea and whofe fummit N. I. is burning like a Volcano and emitting fmoke and fiâmes beyond the reach of hiftory and tradition. THough this little island appears wafte and defolate at a diftance, yet approaching its coaft, one feon perceives some feattered liutts, orchards and vineyards, so that the inhabitants whofe number amounts to about 1500, may be faid to live above and betwixt frre and fiâmes. Familiär with the danger they feem to defy it, for sometimes the fiâmes break out on lèverai places between the houles and gardens at the foot of the mountain. (N. 2.). The mufeadine and malmfey-wine which grows upon this hot-bed of Nature, is quite excellent.
Ad99999 04 047a/engRoses. IV. Vol. IV. No. 45.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES.
Fig. 1. et 2. The half double purple Rose. (Rosa holoserica purpurea flore semipleno.)
, . » V e have mentioned this beautiful species of Roses in the descriptioii of the double purple Rose in N. 20. of this Volume. Bein g of the famé kind, it has the famé leaves and wood, but its bufh îs st ronger and faller, and its flowers are more brillant than those of the double purple Rose; befides it has the following peculiar quality which no other kind of Rose is poffeffed of. In the evening the flowér fhuts itself Hals, and the gre. en leaves fhrink together, opening and displaying its füll luftre'with erected leaves at noon when the fun fhines; consequently it falls towards evening in th'ë flumber of vegetables which \ve perceive in various other plants. In the annexed picture it is represented in both its st&tes. In Fig. 1. w, e perceive it in -its füll luftae. of the -Noon and in Fig. 2. \ve fee the fîovver-leaves almolî fhut, the g-reen stalk-leaves flackly hanging down, and tke whole flower as if it were, in its flumber.
Ad99999 04 048a/engBirds. LVII. Vol. IV. No. 46.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF BUNTINGS.
I he nwnierous race of Buntin'gs contains about eight; di fêtent [pedes, some of which e?p(. Lö öther countries a-re beautiful. Thej all live upon feeds. uni insects. In Germant 9 Species onlj are known, of which the folio wing are the most reniai; ib e.
Fig. 1. TheYellow Hammer. (Emberiza citrinella).
, The yellow Hammer or Bunting isknown everv where, Kving m fummer in the gai aivl in wintér near the villages arid farms. It. is about the Bze of a fparrow and its yellow plumage renders it a pretty bird. In fpring it raifés its chearful voice before ail other birds.
Fig. 2. The Grey Bunting. (Emberiza milliaria)
The grey "Bunting is the largest rpecies. Its dark brown feathe-rs give it 119 pretty appearance. It live* lonely in the fîelds or on he roads and. is rather a !az\ bird, for it very often lïts still upon a frone or a clod for some hôurs together. It builds its nest in the grass under some bufh. In Autumn it paffës into warmer eôtintries, but also very often reinains in Germany and is frequently causht with the yellow Hammers. Its fief h is very tentier and well tasted.
Fig. 3. The Reed-sparrow. (Emberiza Schöniclus.)
Tï is muco, lèss in Eze than the preceeding species. Its plumage is of a disagreablë "brown -nd grev. It lives in Öocks in the reed banks of raarfhes and feeds upon Water-infects and reed-feeds. It dérives its naine from the resemblahce it bears to a fpafrdw. It lias a fliriii voice aud mates very often a créât noire iri reedy marfhes especially when many are bôîlected together. In winter it paiïes into Italy but cornes hack again to build its lieft in fpring. Its flesh is very well tasted.
Fig. 4. The Ortolan. (Emberiza hortulana).
The Ortolan is not so common in Germany as it is in the southern parts of Europe, in Italy, Grèce, and especially on the island of Cyprus, where it is found in great abundance living in the Millet-fields. It is rekable on account of the delicacy of its fleih which is generalis considered to he the heft 1 of ail the bird's fief h. In Italy andCyprus man] thoufands are caught and fent in chests and tubs into other Countries where they are fold at a high price. The Ortolan sometimes eats itself in one day so fat that it refemhles a lump of greafe.
Fig. 5. The Cirl Bunting. (Emberiza claeathorax).
This beautiful species is more fréquent in the warmer parts of Europe for iufiance in îi dy and France, than it is inGermany which it also leaves very early in Autunin. It lives on caterpillars and différent feeds. Its flesh is very well tafteu-.
Fig. 6. The Snow-Bunting. (Emberiza nivalis).
The Snoio-Bunting or Snow-B;'rd is an Inhabitant of the coîder parts of Europe and Asia, even as far as the Polar-regions, and only strays into Germany as a bird of passage in very cold winters, its frze and colour is equal to that of the yellow hammer, and also it live. on the faine nouriihment. On account of its well tasted flelh il is very much fought after, and frequently fold for the Ortolan.
Ad99999 04 049a/engPlants. LXXXIII. Vol. IV. No. 47.
DIFFERENT SORTS OF FRUIT-SHRUBS.
Fig. 1. The common Blea-berry. (Vaccinium myrtillus).
T-» he common Blea-berry or B1ack-Whort is a low fhrub which scareely grows one foot high'; it thrives beft under the heath in thinniih pine-and firwoods. lis blossom is reddish-white and its dark blue berries are polfefied of a pungent yet agreeable tafte. The berries are eaten raw as well as boiled; when dried, they are frequently uferl to die and strengihen the light french red wine. For this purpoie great quantities of these berries are annually exported into France, e. specialiy by Harnburgh and Bremen where they conltitutea considerable commercial article.
Fig. 2. The red Bilberry. (Vaccinium vitis idaea.)
The red B'iherryox Whorile-berry -Shrub grows in the woods of Germany, very often mixed, and on the famé spot with the Bleaberry-fhrnb to which it bears great relemblance, with the only différence of being more délicate and scareely attaining the height of a fpan. The berries and juice are of a light-red colour; the latte* is aromatick but taftes fû fharp that the berries canuot be eaten when raw; boiled and preferved in fuggar they afford an agreeable whole some and relishing dish which usually is eaten with roafted méat. In Ruffia and Sïberia a very strong but agreeable and comfortable beverage is prepared from the juice.
Fig. 3. The Cranberry. (Vaccinium exicoccos.)
The Cranberry, Moorberry, or Mossberry is only to be found in the northern countries as for instance in Lapland, Ruffia and Sibiria where it grows creeping under the mots in marfhy places and turfmoors. Its little blossoms (Fig. a.) as well as its berries (Fig. b.) are red, but the berries tafte so four and aftringent that they cannot be eaten when raw. In Sweden and Ruffia they eat thempreferved or? make a strong beverage of them.
Ad99999 04 050a/engFish XXXIII. Vol. IV. No. 48.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF HARNESS-FISH.
1 nature providcd différent kinds of Fish with a bony or scaled coat of mail to défend them against the attacks of their ennemies. Four of these armed water-inhabitants are represented in the annexed picture.
Fig. 1. The Harress-pike. (Esox osseus.)
This pike is found in the rivers and lakes of the Eaf'f-and Weh-Indies. It grows to a length of 3 or 4 feet and lives upon olher fish. Un aecount of its well tasted flesh it is frequently eaten. BeTides it is reinarkable for its figure. The two jaws are tapering like a bill and befet with teeth of uncomon fharpness; and the wholebody is covered with afirongcoat of féales which fecures it against its ennemies. The [cales are of three différent forts: on the top of the back they are of a heart-like form, on the sidesthey are fqnare, and on the lower parts rhombick; the first fpokes or rays of the fins are provided with very strong stings.
Fig. 2. The Guacari. (Loricaria plecostomus.)
This beantiful orange, -tawny fish is met with in the waters of South-America. The Upper part of the head is bony, the lower part broad, foft andwrinkled. The sides of the body are covered with four xows of hard feutiform (cales, every one of which is armed with a sting that terminâtes in a fharp point. Its large fins are ornamented with light and darkbrown spots. foot. Its whole length is about i
Ad99999 04 051a/engAntiquities. VIII. Vol. Im. No 49.
THE CIRCUS OF THE ANCIENT ROMANS.
treur> qui fan* nadikc souries d^rWsfe IpW, qui fe, ar les oniara « ‘;' voyons ici est de Jrttein portaient S autour du corps pour la plupart Romains de si les chars KÜ par derrière et «ire chevaux dans portaient le uàriça, Celui q\û premier la courte ie premier 1 iriale, »tînt. :, une oi'fr rîeCIiar. a an chat m l'était le. « bélier edeferyétaitaîtachar; ilTervaiten lar leger. >ur couronne. Ufit up--1 ilWu HP i he Anrients held their races not in the open fiel i as the English cio at prêtent, but within magaifif'ent publick buildings which furrouuded the large open couife, and which were only accomodated for the purpofe of publick grime?. Thel'e place? were generally called CircuJJes. of the annexed pictîire represents a Circus, feveral ûf which exifted in ancient Rome.
qui fan* nadikc souries d^rWsfe IpW, qui fe, ar les oniara « ‘;' voyons ici est de Jrttein portaient S autour du corps pour la plupart Romains de si les chars KÜ par derrière et «ire chevaux dans portaient le uàriça, Celui q\û premier la courte ie premier 1 iriale, »tînt. :, une oi'fr rîeCIiar. a an chat m l'était le. « bélier edeferyétaitaîtachar; ilTervaiten lar leger. >ur couronne. Ufit up--1 ilWu HP i he Anrients held their races not in the open fiel i as the English cio at prêtent, but within magaifif'ent publick buildings which furrouuded the large open couife, and which were only accomodated for the purpofe of publick grime?. Thel'e place? were generally called CircuJJes. of the annexed pictîire represents a Circus, feveral ûf which exifted in ancient Rome.
ur couronne. Ufit up--1 ilWu HP i he Anrients held their races not in the open fiel i as the English cio at prêtent, but within magaifif'ent publick buildings which furrouuded the large open couife, and which were only accomodated for the purpofe of publick grime?. Thel'e place? were generally called CircuJJes. of the annexed pictîire represents a Circus, feveral ûf which exifted in ancient Rome.
Fig. 1. A Circus of the Ancient Romans.
1. The Circus was an oblong-fquare building and on one of the narrow sides femicircular; its infide was furnished all around with fionebenches and feats for the fpectators, and encorupaffed a large open place deftined for the charriot-and horfe-race', for the gladiators and wreftlers-for the combats of wild beafts and other publick games. , On the outille were différent halls, avenues, and galleries, but also un the narrow part of the infide fa) were various hails J'hut up with gâtes, where the chariots, horfes and wild beafts were kept tili the games began. In the middle of the courle and in a longitudinal direction was a wall, 12 fèet broad and 6 feet high (c) whofe top was ornamanîecî. with little temples, altars, obelisks, pyramids, conick towers'and statues especially those of Neptune and C)bele; and which was called the fpina, (the fpine) on the two ends of îhis élévation or eßrade Aood thîee high cories of stone clofe to each other. (d) Round these cônes which were called metae and which served them also for starting pofts, the racers were obliged to turn seven times. At (B) was a white Line in the courle, called creta schalk) where the race began. At fe) was the great gâte or outrance in to the circus, above which the box of the Lmperour or Coniul was situated and from which the fignal for the beginning ol the race was given.
Fig. 2. A Quadriga.
The chariot-räcers were divided into various factions, which difiinguished themselves by the différent colours of their dress', the hère reprefeuted was of the green faction; they wore ieather-girclles round the wailt and arms and were generally Equestrians or other young noble Romans; they drove, standing in the low chariot which, was open behind, The chariot was na med B/ga, Triga or' Quadriga from the nurnber of the horfes which, were yoked clofe to each other. He that first lïnished the seventh turn round the fpina and arrived first at the Meta which was oppofite to the Em. erour's box, jumped upon the meta, and received as Victor a palm-twig, a wreath, crovvn or the like.
Fig. 3. The pole and Yoke of the Chariot.
Not onlv the chariot and wheels were decorated with elegant carvings, but also the pole was generally adorned with a rarn's head oi bronze. To the pole the double yo>e of iron was faf. ened which layed over the backs of the two pole horfes, and which beingbuckled below, served at the famé timeto Rapport the pole and to draw the light chariot.
e of iron was faf. ened which layed over the backs of the two pole horfes, and which beingbuckled below, served at the famé timeto Rapport the pole and to draw the light chariot.
Fig. 4. A crowned Victor.
At the chariot-races the victor not only jreceived a palm-twig, wreath orcrown, but also medals were stamped in his honour; and eu'ii the heads of his horfes were adorned with palm-twigs as the ancient Medal (Fig. 4.) shows.
Ad99999 04 052a/engPlants. LXXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 50.
REMARKABLE COMMERCIAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Caoutchou. (Hevea guianensis.)
J he Caoutchou is the ramarkable tree that provides us with the elaftick gum or Indiarubber as it is generally called, which in the year 1736 was first brought to Europe by the famous traveller de la Condamine, It grows in South-America and constitutes a particular genus of plants. Its trunk grows above 60 feet high and about three feef. in circumference, Its leaves are threelobed and grow on long stalks upon the end of the branches, and the little yeilowish flowers appear in cluftres belween the stalks. The fruit consists of a large and very hard feecl-café of three cells (Fig. b.) every one of which contains two or three grey grains of feed. (Fig. c.) When the bark of the trunk is fût, a railkwhite juice cornes for'. h, which after its fluid is evaporated in the air, con ‘enfes inîoa totigh refin and yields the elaftick garn that at first vie. v appears to be brown lealher, and which, be it ever so much protraclecl or extended, imrnediately contracts again. With this gum which at first is irery fort and in consequence easily takes any form, the Americans cover little eaïthen flâtks, and after having dried the covering at the fire, they brealk the earthen mould within, and fhake the pièces out of the neck of the flafk; hence we generally receive the elaftick gum in the form of little flafks.
Fig. 2. The Egyptian Mimosa. (Mimosa nilotica.)
The Egyptictn Mimosa or Acacia is the tree that fupplies us with the well known Arabian Gum. ït grows wild in the arid parts of Arabia, Egvpt and Africa. The tree attains a conl'idérable height; its tender pennated leaves are formée! like those of the Acacia (Fig. a.); its flowers are y'ellow and round like a bail (Fig. b), and the long, brown, and indented hufk conîains the oval feeds or beans. The Arabian Gum issues hère and there from the bark and forms itself on the outfide cruft into pièces of the size of a Walnut, like the gum on our cherry-trees. Its colour is white, yellow, or broAvn; it diffolves very easily in Water and cornes from the Levant to Europe. It is ufed in Medicine as well as in painting and filk-manufactures, and constitutes therefore a very ufeful corn mercial article.
Ad99999 04 053a/engBirds. LVIII. Vol. IV. No. 51.
REMARKABLE BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Royal Tody. (Todus regius.)
This beautiful bird is an inhabitant of SouthAmerica. It is remarkable for its uncommonly flat bill whence its German name is derived. This bird feecls feemingly upon insects, but its manner of living is little known. It is about 7 inches long.
Fig. 2. The Largebilled Tody. (Todus macrorhynchus.)
This kind is larger than the former and. measures 8 inches. It is also met with in South-America. Its plumage is of a fhining black and red, and the white feathers which hang over its wings, give it a beautiful appearance. beautiful european birds. It builds its rieft on the higli banks of large rivers and migrâtes in little flocks of 10 or 12 as far as the frontiers of northern Germany. Its flesh is very' well tasted.
Fig. 3. The common Bee-eater. (Merops apiaster.)
lives in Europe ând occurs even in Germany. It is about 12 inches long and on account of its lively colours one of the most
Fig. 4. The Nubian Bee-eater. (Merops Nubicus.)
This kind is still handfomer than the above mentioned but a little less in size. Its native countries are Egypt and Nubia.
Fig. 5. The Cayenne Bee-eater. (Merops Cayennensis.)
This bird is found in South America especially in Cayenne. Its principal colour is a dirty green, iti>‘ tail and quillfeathers are of a reddish yellow. The Bee-eaters belong on account of their plumage to the class of the finelt birds. Flg. 6. They inhabit the warm régions of ail parts of the world. They live commonly upon bées and. wafps whence they are called Bee-eaters.
‘ tail and quillfeathers are of a reddish yellow. The Bee-eaters belong on account of their plumage to the class of the finelt birds. Flg. 6. They inhabit the warm régions of ail parts of the world. They live commonly upon bées and. wafps whence they are called Bee-eaters.
Fig. 6. The Caddaejr or green Bee-eater. (Merops viridis.)
This beautiful bird lives in the East-Indies and is the Imalleft of the Beé-eaters. Its throat and belly are green marked with yellow spots, its back and tail are brown. The two middle feathers of the tail are longer than the reft but very narrow.
Ad99999 04 054a/engFish. XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 52.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MACKARELS.
i he Mackarels belong to the dais of the beft eating and most délicate fish. Their size is vevy différent, but they ail inhabit only the warm feas.
Fig. 1. The Royal Mackarel. (Scomber regalis.)
This beautiful fish is feveral feet Ions:. The colour on its back is of a dark purple but on the si de s and belly it fhines like fil ver, which with the black eyes and the bright yellow ring about them gives the fish a very handfome appearance. The fishermen reckon it for a good booty.
Fig. 2. The Breastscale. (Scomber Sarda.)
This kind is less in size but as well tasted as the former. Its back which is of a lighthlue Colour, is ornamented with a great number of dark brown Ipots which bear the form of the crefeent and give the fish a beautiful appearanc e.
Fig. 3. The Pilot. (Scomber ductor.)
Is of a larger size than the above mentioned kind. It has a thick bluntish head which like the whole body has a dark blue colour. Its fins are blue and yellow. On the sides two rows of yellow scales run in a regulär feries.
Fig. 4. Plumier ‘s Mackarel. (Scomber Plumierii.)
The famous Naturalift Plumier discovered first this kind of Mackarels in the Eaft-Indian Seas whence it dérives its name. It is of the whole tribe the smallelt in size but very prettily pencilled. Its back is dark afh-blue and three bands of the famé colour run acroJ's its body.
Ad99999 04 055a/engPlants LXXXV. Vol. IV. No. 53.
MEDICINAL PLANTS.
Fig. 1. The Manna-Ash. (Fraxinus ornus.)
The Manna, a known gentle purgative, is the concreted juice of an afh-tree which is called the Manna-afli. It grows wild in the southern parts of Germany but its proper native countries are Naples, Calabria, and Sicilia. It is a low tree and very seldom exceeds the height of 16 or ï8 feet. Its leaves are white; its blossoms grow in bunches and have a very fweet Imell, In order to gather the Manna horizontal incisions are made in the barsc of the tree from which the juice oozes the whole summer through into hollow leaves which for that purpofe are tied on the branches and where it hardens and dries. In Calabria and Sicilia it constitutes a considerable commercial article to the King who lias the Monopoly and for whom alone it is. gathered. The fmèll as well as the tafte of the Manna is difagreeably fweet.
Fig. 2. The Sarsaparilla. (Smilax Sassaparilla.)
The Sarsaparilla is a weak and feeble bush which grows in the marshy countries of South-America either creeping on the grouncl or winding itself round the trees. Its stalks are befet with small prickles; its leaves are oval, pointed, and deeply indented; its blossoms are white (Fig. c.) it bears dark red brown berries which grow in bunches (Fig. b.) but are not to be eaten. Its root who le phyfical virtue is known, is a knot (Fig. a.) ab ont an inch thick which divides itself into long fibrous branches under the surface of the ground. It is the only ufe. « ful part of the whole plant; it is digged out, anddried, and constitutes a pretty dear article of commerce.
Ad99999 04 056a/engAntiquities. IX. Vol. IV. No. 54.
CROWNS OF THE ANCIENTS.
The Greeks and Romans used différent kinds ûfO. rowns 10 reward thoie who gained a victory or rendered aiïotHér important fervice to their country. Every kind of these crowns or publick marks of honour bad its peculiar form and its particular materials of which it was m ade.
Fig. 1. et 2. The Beam-Crown.
The Ream Crown was of gold. It was omamented with nprigbt fianding rays of gold which denoted the beams of the l'un or the deifying of any great man. The Generalg wbo returned in tiiumph from a noted victory or a gained conquest, were crowned with it at their entrance in Rome. Sometimes they wore it npon their beim et of Iteel which generally was decorated with a golden griffin.
Fig. 3. et 4. The Laurel-Crown.
This Crowrn was a wreath of Laurel which the victorious Generals in their triumph wore either on their head or round their belmet. The Laureate-Crown was the gênerai lïgn of victory, and the victors in the publick games, the wreftlers andraeers, as well as the poets and ârtifts who gained the prize, "were crowned writh it.
Fig. 5. The Citizen-Crown.
was a wreath of oak leaves and properly the bigheft military reward or mark of honour which a Roman citizen could receive for faving the life of a fellow citizen, or rendering a great i'ervice, when the common welfare was in danger.
Fig. 6. The Siege-Crown.
was given to a warrior who bf his personal valeur clelivered a befieged town from the ennemy. It consisted of Grass and Grass-llowers wdiieh generally were taken from the walls of the delivered town.
Fig. 7. The Wall-Crown.
This Crown was of gold, embellished with little pinnacles. It was beftowed upon the warrior who in an affault got iïrst upon the wall of the befieged towrn. To the famé purpofe served
Fig. 8. The Camp-Crown.
which was also of gold but omamented with palillados. It was given to the warrior who first broke through the intrenchments of an ennerny's camp.
Fig. 9. The Vessel Crown.
was of Gold. Its ornament consisted of roftrums with iron points. It was the reward of an Admiral that returned victorions from a sea-battle.
Ad99999 04 057a/engMiscellanies. XLI. Vol. IV. No. 55.
TELEGRAPHS.
The Telegraph is a machinery which is ufed at present especially in military bufiness and warlike undertakings, to* give a certain and fpeedy notice to a great diftance.
The art whicli is called Telegraphy, is ancient, but the contrivance o£ the present machine is nevv, and invented by the French, who particularly in the last war employed it with the greatest advantage. The fïrst Telegraph was erected at the Louvre in Paris; the fécond at Lisle in Flandres, and immediately proper correspondance was carried on.
Fig. 1. The Telegraph of the Louvre in Paris.
This figure represents the outfide view of the Telegraph. Through the ceiling of a small room whofe fide-walls consist ail around of Windows, paffes a strong pole, on the top of which the machine is erected and managed with cords, or strings. The Telegraph itself consists of a board or rather frame about 9 or 12 feet long and 14 inches broad. On the two ends of it two other boards of the fnme breadth b, ut only Hals as long are joined. The whole machine is linked together with hinges and provided with cords, by which the variousparts aremoved, and the différent angles and other figures produced which in Telegraphy are adopted for Letters or the lignification of words. Better shews
Fig. 2. The Telegraph of Lisle.
the interiour mechanism and contrivance along with the obfervatory. Upon the roof stands an Officer who with a good Télescope obferves the next Telegraph in motion. This officer dictâtes to a Secretary that fits under him ail his obfervations from word to word. When the report is finished the Secretary dictâtes to the Machinist who manages the Telegraph, every motion and figure which is neceffary, and in this manner a received report is inflau tly dêïiveyed to the next Telegraph.
Ad99999 04 058a/engBirds. LIX. Vol. IV. No. 56.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MARSH-BIRDS.
Fig. 1. The Chesnut jacana, or spurwinged Water-hen. (Parra jacana.)
This bird inhabits the marshy grounds of di-America e;;pc. ciaily the fhores of ri. vers and Jakes. It-il about 10 or 12 feet long and of adarkbrown or ebeiJlBtCoîom'j en aocount of two little liuirns or fpurs which grow on ii;p [ffoïîd joint of its w'mgs, it is called fpurwinged. Iti extraordinarily long toes enable il to march over the fens and 18 feek for aequatick worms an si isfecti which it lives upon. Ils flesh il very well lasted.
Fig. 2. The Spotted jacana. (Parra variabilis.)
This kind il geuerally moi with in Brafil, Gl iana, an'! St. Domingo« It il variegated and heauîifully pencilled. Its size is less to that of the chernut jacana; water worms and insects are its food. –
Fig. 3. The Afrikan jacana. (Parra africana.)
Lives only in Africa; itis abont the size of the meniioned kiiïd. , and of a light cinnamon colour. Its extremely long toes, quite unsuitable to the elegant shape of its body, give it a peculiar appearance.
Fig. 4. The Land-rail. (Rallus crex.)
The Land-rail which sometimes is called the Land-hen or Daker-hen, is indigenous to Germany but also fournd over Europe, Asia, and North-America. It resembles the Quail in figure and colour but is much superiour in size. This bird has often been taken to be the leader of the quails on their migrations and therefore in some parts also called the King of quails, but this opinion is erroneous as it belongs immediately to the tribe of the rails. It is found on marshy meadows and corn-fields; and lives upon worms and grass-hoppers. It does not fly well, but runs the better and in summer it is heard from evening to night. Its flesh tastes well.
Fig. 5. The Philipine Rail. (Rallus Philippensis.)
Is found on the Philipine-Islands It is larger in size tilan the Land-rail and bcanii fully pencilled. It lives upon the famé food with other marfh-birds and its méat is reckoned extreniely good.
Fig. 6. The white Sheath-bird. (Vaginalis alba.)
The Slieath -bird equals the size of a pigeon. It is white and conftitûtes a particulir tribe among the marfh-birds. Iti lliick bil] is covered with a fheaih which up to the > is füll of litt le warts. Et abonnai on the coasts of New-Zealand and îhe islauds or the fouth-fea. Its food coilfiîf(8 of camion and fhellfishs; its flesh is not to be eaten.
Ad99999 04 059a/engPlants. LXXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 57.
POISONOUS PLANTS.
e quelques mi. onrprêe, ou 1 la vérité l'omtel'e n'en est pas se garder d'elle e chez nous, fréquemment iw Lontueuîes etprifl101. BW/«» îds pofttïi» 5 campasi!« at affo e ses feuilles v«a tue hommes'mains c'est aussi m»
Fig. 1. The Common Laurel or Cherry-bay. (Prunus laurocerasus.)
JL he common Laurel is a very large bufh of c or 6 feet high; its leaves are handfome, evergreen, and gloffy like those of the baytree; the flowers are white and ocloriferous; its dark blue cherry like fruit grows in clufters. It is frequently found on the fhores of the black-fea, but thrives alto in open air in the milder climate of thefouthernGermany. The fruit which, as may be obferved in (Fig. a.) contains a stone, is not eatable. The flowers and leaves have an agreeable tafte like that of a bitter almond, but are poifonous and a few drops of the oil or water diftilled from them, arefuffîcientto kill a man or an animal in a few minutes.
Fig. 2. The purple Fox-Glove or bell flower. (Digitalis purpurea.)
The pur pie fox-glove is an ornament ot our gardens but being a poifonous plant; \ve ought to be the more upon our guard against it as is indigenous to Germany and abundantly found in hilly countries and woods as well as on rocks. The stalk of the plant is very strong; it grows about 3' or 4 feet high, and bears a quantity of finebell-flowers. Its fmell occafions stupefaction and the feeds as well as the juice of the flowers and green leaves areafharp and mortiferous poifon to men and animals; but in the hand of a fkillful phyfician and ufed with proper précaution, they afford a strongly cperating medicine.
Ad99999 04 060a/engMiscellanies. XLI. Vol. IV. No. 58.
GLACIERS OF THE ALPS.
The lake of ice on the Mount Montanvert.
The Alps of Switzerland are the higheft élévation in the ancient world and contain the famous Mon:blanc which is the higheft point of the globe in Europe, Asia and Africa, and vvhofe élévation is only surpassed by the immen se Chimboraço in South-America.
These Alps offer to our view on account of their particular situation the greatest beauties and most curions subjects in natural hiftory; they contain mountains which rear their lofty heads, overspread with ice, above the fkies. — Between these Mountains lakes, immenfe rocks, bottomless abyffes, Valleys and fields of ice varv with fources which J fwell to great rivers, and rivulets which falling down from the higheft rocks are diffolved into duft and difappear in the air; whilft v, :i!ies covered with verdure, fertile paftures and other won dors of natura border the great chain of these mountains.
One of the most remarkable objects of the alps are the Glaciers.
Glaciers are called the immenfe Valleys of ice which rest between the points of rocks; or those fields of ice which lay on the higheft mountains.
One of the greatest and most remarkable glaciers is the lake of ice on the foot or Montanvert. It is a long valley quite filled up with ice; it may be overlooked from the height where the little hut is represented, and resembles a lake instantaneously frozen not i:x the midst of a violent storm but after the wind had ceafed and the waves loft their roughness. These waves ofice are interfectedby numerous large and deep transverse crevices, whofe infides look Mue and which are very dangerous to paffengers.
On each side of these pointed rocks lesser glaciers rest and in the hind part of the picture we perceive the great Jurassis, which is one of the loftieft mountains of the alps and çntirely covered with fnow.
The mountain itself on which in the fore part of the picture the society is represented is a very fertile alp which borders these tremendous ice-rocks.
Ad99999 04 061a/engMiscellanies. XLII. Vol. IV. No. 59.
GLACIERS OF THE ALPS.
The Valley of Chamouny.
The Valley of Chamouny is the most beautiful and most remarkable Valley not only in the Alps of Switzerland but perhaps in the whole World; for hère are to be found some of the mostfublime exhibitions of nature in her most awful and tremendous form interfected with so many romantick and picturesque scenes, that one is struck with amazement at first perceiving them. Having the form of a cradle and the bending of a bow it is almost seven hours long. It is incompaffed by Itupendous mountains and rugged rocks whofe heads touch heaven and whofe narrow valleys filled up with glaciers, exhibit the most delightful landscape that can be conceived. At some diftance Mont-Blanc, the higheft mount in ihe ancient world, whofe fummits and sides are covered to a considerable depth with eternal ice and snow, elevates its head above the clouds; as we fhall better fee in the next picture.
The superb glaciers which are perceived between the fummits and sides of the granitrocks, generally proceed from the Lake of ice described in the former picture. Under these maffes of ice numerous fources and rivulets rife which rival the brightness of criftal; even the river. Arveiron which waters the whole valley, il'fues like a filver-ftream from an ice grotto of a Glacier.
Very often a thunder-like noife is heard in the valley which is produced by the fragments of ice falling down from the tops of these Glaciers. The ice though in some parts about 100 feet deep, continually thaws at the bottom and hence the quantity of water proceeds which inceffantly pouring forth gives rife to many large rivers. The furface of the ice is not frnooth nor very fiippery, but rather rough and therefore easy to be passed.
Ad99999 04 063a/engAntiquities. X. Vol. IV. No. 61.
MUSICAL INSTIRUMETS OF THE ANCIENTS. Pipes, Sistrums and Cymbals.
The ancient Greeks and Romans had, as well as we, différent kinds of mufical Instruments which consisted partly of string-instruments, as Lyre?, Guitars, Pfalteries, partly of wind-instruments as Pipes, Flûtes, and Horns. The first served to accoinpany their tunes and longs at the divine iervice and facrifices; thc latter to which also Siftrums and Cymbals were added, were ufed in the feftival procefficns of Bacchus and Cybele, or with other warlike musick at the folemn publick entries of the triumphers. Tn the annexe! picture we are made acquainted with the différent pipes, fiftrums, and cvmbals.
Fig. 1. 2. 3. Sistrums, Tabors and Bells.
Fig. 1. A ring of iron-plate with feveral incitions, in which little round brass-plates were suspended and continually shaken.
Fig. 2. A brass-ring on which fix-or more bells of harmonical tones were fastened in fuch a manner thaï they coüld ca. sily turn round. They were commonly ufed by the~daneers who moved them regularly according to the tune of their dance.
Fig. 3. An iron-ring like Fig. 1. on its outfide füll of little brass-bells and covered on one fide with parchement. These were also ufed by the dancers who beat and fbook them according to the time of their musick.
Fig. 4. Cymbals.
They were made of brass and likewife ufed by the dancers who beat them one against the other.
Fig. 11. The Sistrum
was of an oval form or a dilated femi-circle with brass-wires accross, which played in their holes.
Fig. 12. The Triangle and
Fig. 13. The great Cymbal.
both these instruments were beaten with drumfticks"
Fig. 10. The Sambucca
was properly a Hals triangle strung with fii'ings iike a havp or pfaltery.
Fig. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Simple and compounded pipes.
Fig. 5. The simple pipe.
Fig. 6. The double pipe.
Fig. 7. The crooked pipe.
Fig. 8. The double flute on which sometimes a hörn was put to strenghten and deepen its tone.
Fig. 9. The Pan's-Pipe or Syrinx. This pipe consisted of seven reeds of différent length tieft in one row. The player pafled with his lips over th# upper opening» or holes, Many of these instruments are still used.
Ad99999 04 064a/engAntiquities XI. Vol. IV. No. 62.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE ANCIENTS. Lyres and Guitars or Lutes.
The present picture shews us the Lyres and Guitars or Lutes of the Ancient Greeks and Romans in différent îorms. The Lyre is perhap. s the most ancient Infirument known. The tune of its invention is beyond the reach of hiftory.
The shell of a turtle or the scull of an animal into which a pair of ox-or goat-horns or a couple of tree-branches were stuck, a pièce of wood fastened accross thèse horns and stringed with gut or wire-ftrings, were perhaps the firlt ingrédients of the Lyre, which afterwards by art has been so much embelliihed with gilding and other decorations.
Thus the différent forais of the Lyre represented in Fig. 1. 3. 4. 5. J. 8» and 10 took their rife.
In later times the Guitar, represented in Fig. 2, 6, and 9, proceeded from the Lyre and soon became a more finished instrument; it was provided with pegs and a belly and commonly stringed with seven harmonious strings. Its tone therefore was stronger and more melodious than that of the Lyre.
The Greeks and Romans ufed the Lyre with the odes art their facrifices, banquets and feafts, or whenever one of their poets and bards fung a hymn or fong in publick, and hence that part of poetry which contains airs, or single stanzas, is still callcld Lyrick Poetry.
Ad99999 04 065a/engPlants. LXXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 63.
EXOTICK PLANTS.
The tuberous Cyperns. (Cyperus esculentus.)
This plant is become remarkable in Gevmany fince its small tuberous root has been recommended and ufed in ihe room of coffee. It belongs to the grass gender and is also sometimes called: Cyperus-Grass. It is a native of the Orient especially of the Levant and Egyptt where is grows wild.
Fig. 1. shews this plant in its natural size, when Hals grown, and resembling to a common grass-fhrub. Its copious capillaceous roots are füll of little white knots which, when full grown, become those knobs (Fig. a et b) that commonly are called the luberous cypemsoxsometimes Earth-Almonds.
In Fig. 2. the plant appears in its full growth with the tuberons roots which are taken ont of ground like potatoes. The knobs are commonly covered with 5 rows of scales or rather hufks which lie one upon anolher like tiles, as may be seen in Fig. a. et b. where they are represented in their natural size.
They have an agréable taste very much like almonds and are eaten either raw or roafted. In Italy a very good beverage and différent dishes are prepared from them. When roafted like coffee they afford a beverage fimilar to coffee. Hence they not only have been recommended and made ufe of in the room of coffee but the plant is also frequently cultivated and begins to constitute an article of trade.
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