Semantische Suche
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| Ad00341 06 004a/eng | Plants CXIX. Vol. VII. No. 2. THE FILAMENTOUS YUKKA. (Yucca filamentosa.) JL he Yucca is exclusively found in Ameri- clous Yucca, is originally of Virginia and ca, and comprehends many species, whicli, Carolina, where it is to be found on the as for the structure, accord together in so sandy shores of the rivers. It has but a much that the trunk, often arriving to the short trunk ; from the Ieaves grows up the height of ten in twelve feet, produces, on- " stalk, often five to six foot high, to which ly at the top, a tuft of long Ieaves, for stick the white flowers, inclining to yellow, the most part dented like a saw, from whose and formed like tulips. The Ieaves of this center shoots out a long and branched stalk, species hâve the singularity of being more forming tha most beautiful crown. For round, and of bearing, on their surface, that reason this fair american plant is also long and single filaments, which, before met with in several hot-hoùses. the Europeans imported their linen-cloth, \ were employed by the Americans in fabriThe species hère copied, or the fila- cating a stuff approaching the same quality. | |
| Ad00341 06 005a/eng | Worms XIV. Vol. VII. No. 3. THE WINDING SERTULARlA OR VESICULAR CORALLINE. (Sertularia volubilis, Linn. S. uniflora, Pallas.) About the trunk and tire branches of a red prickly coralline winds an other species of zpophytes, belonging to the genus Sertularia oxvesicular coralline, represented in its natural greatness in Fig. . 1. and magnified in Fig. . 2. of the annexed table. This ;winding seitularia has the appearance of a .plant, as well as all the plant-animais, inhabiting the Océan; but its substance is white, .horney, elastic, flexible and half transparent, rwhose united and subile filaments form an articulated , tortuous and filaceous stalk, .which serves as a shelter to particular polypes, adhering to it and dwelling in seperate cells (even hère indistingûishable) of thèse articulations, from whence they extend their armed fangs to catch their food. The little bells, with a dented border, on the long and articulated stalk$,of.the trunk of the sertularia, are open and transparent cases, looking like vesicles, which, in the hottest summerseason shoot out of the sertularia, and wherein form themselves oval burgeons, either cleaving to the principal trunk, or separated from if. From such burgeons issue new sertularia.s, which continue growing. The polypes of the sertularias feed upon the least and most tender microscopical worms, living in the sea-water. | |
| Ad00341 06 006a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 4. THE CATACOMBS OR SUBTERRANEAN SEPULCHRES OF ROME. The Catacombs, or subterraneous sepulchres, at Rome and their environs are famous for their antiquity as also for their great number. They consist of innumerable passages and Chambers, turning and winding, like a labyrinth, in the solid pozzolano of a hardened and vulcanicearth. In the earliest times of Rome thèse passages took their rise from the pozzolano du g out for the construction of buildings. At the time of the roman Republick and of the Emperors thèse innumerable sandpits were employed in burying poor people and slaves, upon whose corpses they would not bêstaw the funeral expences- At the time of cliristianity the acts of burying in the Catacombs augmented; there were interred the Christians, who had fallen as Martyrs in the persécutions. Part of the Catacombs, extending to a great distance near Rome, are exhibited in Figr. with the tombs partly open partly locked up. The closed sepulchres, eut in the walls of the Catacombs, hâve the outward appearance of Fig. . 4. — Fig. . 2. 3. and 5. represent many of them, which were examined after having been opened. They found therein the remains of human bones more or less preserverî. By the initial letters of the word of Christ it appears they belonged to Christians. In the sepulchre (Fig. . 3) reposed a Martyr, as may be judged by the preserved palm twig and hatchet. | |
| Ad00341 06 007a/eng | Misc. Subjects. CXXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 5. ETRUSCAN CATACOMBS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF TARQUINIA. In the présent Grand- dutchy of Toscany, near.the town of Corneto, where anciently was situated Tarquinia, one of the twelve capital-cities of Etruria, are to be found many catacombs, or subterranean sepulchralchambers. Tliey are carved in whitish limestones, being remarkable for their structure as well as for their variegated Ornaments. The descent to them is through square apertures. In one of thèse Etruscan catacombs (Fig. . 1.) the cieling is formed o£ four contiguous Squares, carved out of the rock with Recesses. The remains of the dead repo*ed either in nrns, or probably also on the banks round about the side- walls. The walls and friezes of thèse sepulchral - Chambers are covered with party-coloured symbolical pictures, alluding to the State of the soûls after deatb, according to the ideas of the Etrurians. On the frieze we therefore behold men devoured by wild beasts; * allusion to the punishments attending the cri.minai. . Other compartments of thèse catacombs (Fig. . 2.) rest on pillars carved out of the rock itself^ as well as the architectural recesses of the [cieling whence they gîve perpetuity to the whole. On the side- walls we likewise observe painted friezes of many Fig. ures, which offer abundant matter of discussion to the antiquary. Y> | |
| Ad00341 06 008a/eng | Quadrupeds. LXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 6. THE GIGANTICK BUFFALO. (Bos Arni.) A.oeoîig the animtlls hitberto .Utile' krsown separated Afeet frora each other. In Fig. ure the belongs the gigamick-Buffalc, 6.x Ar ni, vçhic.h, Arnils said.to participate of the"ox,..of thehoraccording to theaccounts of the English- se and of the stag." Though. it;be courageous men, lives in the mountainous régions of and strong, yet it is tamed and employed inriNorth - Hindostan as well:;-as in tke woods ding in the northern parts of the East-Indies. of North-Bengal. ;;An.,english offjcer men- For a great whjle the gigantick Buffalo tions such a Buffalo, he had found there, 14 was knovvn only by seuils dug .out;here and foot high .fröm. the hoof to the top of.the there, to which stick the huge horns. Such horns. It is black - coloured; a red - haired seuils of Ami are met with in several catuft sticks betwixt its huge horns, which are binets of natural hiïtory. | |
| Ad00341 06 009a/eng | Garments. XII. Vol. VII. No. 7. PERSIAN GARMENTS. The inhabitants of Persia are hère represented in their différent. garmenls. The Persians are lively, addicted to pleasures, and a little frivolous ; but for ail that more sociable and more compassionate strangers than their neighbours, the rude and distrustful' Turks. They are middlesized, rather lean than fat, but of a vigorous and healthy constitution. Though the Mahometan is the prédominant religion, yet they tolerate many other sects, as the Gebers, vvho adore the fire. From the simple dress of the Curdes, (Fig. . I.) a half savage, rapacious and mountaineer people of West-Persia, we make the transition to the garments of the Persians. Fig. 2. A Persian of a middle condition, in the summer-habit. The garments of the Persians are long, vvide, and party - coloured, after the oriental fashion., The rieh wear precious silkstuffs, richly bordered with gold, silverand gems. The Persian hère portrayed wearg a sîiirt of red silk, over it a wai.ucoat and a vvide surtout, .that' descends tili to the ancle, being girded with a shawl. The head is covered with a cap, formed like a turban. Fig. 3-4. Persian Women. The clothes of the persian women are more agreeable than those of the men. They do not eut the hair, but cover the head either with a shawl, in the shape of a Veil, or twist it like a turban. Over the smock, which is open tili to the middle of the body, they wear a gown descending to the knee, and adorned with loops of gold and silver. The wide breeches are closely quilted and lined from the top to the bottom. | |
| Ad00341 06 010a/eng | Worms XV. Vol. VII. No. 8. THE ALCYONIUM OR DEVIL'S HAND. (Alcyonium manus diaboli, Linn.) The Alcyonium, formedlike a hand, which by the marineis and inhabitants of the seashore is vulgarly called devil's band, thief's hand, hand o£ Judas, sea-hand, is a particular species of plant - animais, or zoophytes, belonging to the genus Alcyonium. It is composed of inflexfble and almost horney filaments, surrounded, in their fresh state, by ajuicy substance, in which, towards the exterior part, in the fingers or dents, are little caves or cells, serving as a continuai abode to pariicular polypes (he-re not copied) of a cylindrical Fig. ure, and furnished with many fringed fangs, round âbout the aperture of the mouth. The out-side of this plant-animal varies, as to the form, length and ihickness of the dents, as shews Fig. . i. compared with Fig. . 2. Besides both Fig. ures exhibit the natural greatness together with the cavities, shaped like a pipe, at the top of the points, where the polypes dvvell. These Alcyoniums are to be found on the coasts of Holland, France and England, where by growing they cleave to the inferior parts of stones, muscles and snails. | |
| Ad00341 06 011a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXXXIX. Tom. VII. No. 9. RUSSIAN IRREGULAR LIGHT HORSE. The annexed table exbibits several Christian .people, living under the russian donation and forming a light horse for the miy service«. Fig. 1 and 2. Donick Cosacks. Fig. 2. An officer of the donick Cosackst who are a brauch of the russian nation and à rude, martial, pastoral people, inhabiting thé shores of the river Don, whence their name dérives. Fig. 2. A common donick Cosack. Fig. 3. A Kalmuck. We behold hère copied a Kalmuck, (as his physiognomy at first sight shews) who, having passed to the Cosacks, at least see" mingly professes the Christian religion. Fig. 4. An uralick Cosack. The uralicke Cosacks dwell on the inferior river Ural, wheré they hâve a considérable fishery and breed of cattle. For the rest they pretty resemble their other countrymen. Fig. 5. A Cosack of the black Sea. The saporogick Cosacks, who formerl'y inhabited the shores of the Dnieper, from whence they vvere transferred to the Kuban, on the black sea, since the year 1775, not only serve as light horsemen, but also by Sea. Fig. 6. An Albanian. This Albanian or Arhaut belongs to the greek battalion established in the Crimea by the Russians. In war they serve both on horseback and on foot, by land and by sea. | |
| Ad00341 06 012a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXL. Vol. VII. No. 10. IRREGULAR RUSSIAN LIGHT HORSE. The présent table exhibits a séries of Asiatick peoples, as well pagans as mahometans, who are to be found, more or less frequently, amông the russian light horse. Fig. 1. A Circassian Prince. The Circassians who inhabit the province of Kuban, are descended frora the Tartars, arid form a mixt, well-shaped and martial people, subjected to particular little Princes, who, however, acknowledge the russian sovereignty. Such a Prince is hère copied in complète armour, with helmet, coatof mail, sabre, bow, arrows and pistols. Fig. 2. A common Circassian. The peasants, or common Circassians are ail together bondslaves to gentlemen. The whole country can raise an army of 1500 gentlemen, and about to,ooo warlike bondslaves. Fig. 3. A Mursa or Tartar gentleman. He is represented without arms, as an attendant of a Circassian Prince. Fig. 4. A Tartar of Nogaj. These vagabond and rapacious Tartars distinguish themselves by their physiognomy, which proves their breedmixed with the Mongols. They adorn their lances with fox - skins. Fig. 5. A Trukmanick Tartar. The Trukmatis inhabit seyeral countries, particularly the mos.t beautiful régions of Caupasus. Sucha one is hère represented. Fig. 6. Bashkirs. The Bashkirs are descendants of Bolgars, and consequently destitute of culture. They are a warlike people. Fig. 7. A Kirgise. The Kirgises are free, rapacious and rude Tartars, mixed with Mongols, and inhabiting the déserts, on the frontiers of Russia. They keep a considérable breed of cattle, particularly of horses, and are very savage. | |
| Ad00341 06 013a/eng | Mise. Subj. CXLI. Vol. VII. No. 11. VIEWS OF THE COAST OF JAPAN WITH JAPANESE VESSELS. Japan, of which we hâve got a clearer knowledge but tvvo centuries since, is a country composed of séveral great "and little islands, on the North-East-Coast of Asia, in the great Eastern Océan, being become long since the object öf European avidity on account of its abundance of gold and other producta. The Portuguese established themselves there in the middle of the sixteenth Century, but for having abused the kindness of the Japaneses they were expelled by them. Since that time the Dutch only, however under great restrictions, are permitted to trade in Japan; but tvvo attempts made prior by the English proved abortive. Nor did the last Russian enterprise of the same kind succeed. The Court of Russia deputed an Embassador to Japan in the year 1^03 together with the two ships expedited under the command of tbo Captain Krusenstern in order to circumnavigate the woild. But this Embassador was not admittéd to Audience, and the présents, hè brought with him,, were rejected. The tvvo following views of Japan are extracted from the masterly description of this voyage, published by Captain Krusenstern. Fig. 1. View of Megasaki, near the city of Nangasaki in Japon, where the Russian Embassador was shewn to his dvvelling-place; and the first visit of the Japanese interprétera, who in an open Sloop drovetowards the Russian ship, whereof we see hère only the stem. Fig. 2. The Russian Embassador went in two bo« ats or sloops, one of which is magnificently ado'med, 10 the mansion assigned to him in Megasaki. Hère we become acquainted not only with the garments of the Japaneses, but also with the structure of their vessels. | |
| Ad00341 06 014a/eng | Worms. XVI. , Vol. VII. No. 12. THE SERTULARIA FORMED LIRE A FIR. (Sertularia abietina.) This charming Sertularia is to be found in sea-fir. The subtil branches are adorned on the Mediterranean and in the North-Sea, ad- both sides with little cônes or jaggs, as a hèrïng to oisters or to sea-shells, as we see magnified pièce of it (Fig. . II.) more dishere one of them represented. Its Fig. ure re- tinctly shevys. This Sertularia is of a grej semblés much the fir-nuts, wherefore it is horn-colour, and generally arrives at the also called Sertularia shaped lihe a fir or height of 5 inches. | |
| Ad00341 06 015a/eng | Birds. LXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 13. RARE BIRDS. The fringe crested Cockatoo. (Psittacus fimbriatus.) ïemote climates offers us annually new spe{ «es, to which belongs also, this rare fringe Xa-our Picture-Gallery we frequently have crested Cackatoo, copied by the Englishm.an had occasion of observing the numerous Mr. Grant in his- voyage to New .Southgenus of the pariöts and of adrrnring a great Wales. Thé light gray plumage of the body many of tbem, which distinguish themselves is an excellent centrast to the deep-red head, ganicularly by the beautyful coiours of their whose inferior part is garnished as if with frinplumage. A more exact knowledge of the ges,whence the nameof this Caciatooproeeeds. | |
| Ad00341 06 016a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXLII. Vol. VII. No. 14. SCHOMADU, OR THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT PEGU. Pegu, formerly the capitai of the ancient Kingdom of the same name, is situated in the ulterior India, in the magnificent Birmahnic Empire. The inhabitantB of this city, like the Test of the Birmahns, profess the religion of the Buddha; they are very religious and hâve a great num ber of temple«. The chief one is the golden temple, called Schomadu, and represented in the annexed print. It is an immense édifice, formed iike a pyramidand consiructed of bricks and mortar; the outsirîe is embellished with several Ornaments, and supported by a double terrace. The Basil oï the Temple is Octogon teiminating above in a spiral line. The top is adorned with a great, gilded Balustrade and the foot surxounded by two rows of little pyramids, whereof the first row comprises 57, and the second 53. On both sides of the temple are wooden buildings for the monks or Bahaans; there il likewise to be found an abode for thepilgrims. TowaTd« the North hang three bells, which are struck with the attires of a stag, as often as a devotee arrives. Of the interior construction of the temple, the european travellers, vvho hâve been there, say nothing. | |
| Ad00341 06 017a/eng | Insects. LIV. Vol. VII. No. 15. RARE INSECTS. The great Water-Scorpion or aquatick bug of Surinam. (Nepa grandis. L.) Lhe genus of the water-scorpions, whose name merely dérives from the two fore • feet formed lilce cisars and adhèring to the head, is not at ail venomous and comprehends several indigenous and exotick species. Their four wings are placed in a state of repose. With the mouth, formed like a beak and placed below the head, they suck out the little insects dextrously caught by the fore-feet, which fold up like a pocket-knife. By the help of the other feet, which are instead of oar» to them, they swim with dexteiity on the ponds and marshy waters, where they dwell. In fair Summer-Evenings they likewise fly from one place to the other. Hère we see copied the great est specie« of the water-scorpions, which are met with in Surinam, (Fig. . H) flying, (Fig. . 2.) reposing. The body is two Inches and a half Long, pretty large and somewhat elevated above and below. The fangs provided before with crooks and the beaked teeth placed under the head, appear most disiinetly. | |
| Ad00341 06 018a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXLIII. Vol. VII. No. 16. THE ORGAN OF SIGHT ILLUSTRATED BY THE HUMAN EYE. This print exlnbits the whole structure of thè human eye, wbereof we see with us only the exterior part, as it were the window. Hère we behold very much magrnfied and in profile the exterior and anterior parts of this admirable structure, the more paiticular explication of which is contained in the commenta'ry. A.t présent we produce only ihe principal parts. Fig. 1. The Eye-hoïes or orbits of the eye, wherein the eyes are placed, over which are the eye-brovvs (Fig. . il.) together with the eye- lids (Fig. . 5.) tbat serve as a defence tö the eye. The eye itself is an oblong globe, composed of several membranes, which închuîe mQiiy humours. Behind is placed the optick nerve (Fig. . 13.) like a stalk. The exterior circumference of the eye is formed by the harcl membrane (Fig. . ifr.). To it.ç fore-aperture is adapted the transparent liomy tunicle (?\g. 20.). In the middle of the interior membrane is a hole (Fig. . 25.), calledthe Eye-ball or pupil. The most important and inmost membrane of the eye is the retina. (Fig. . 27.), the proper organ of sight. The humours contained in the Chambers of the eyes (Fig. . 32.33.) serve to.the first refraction of the incident rays, which, again refracted by the cristalline humour (Fig. . 30.) and by the vitreal one (Fig. . 29.) arrive at the retina (Fig. . 27.) upon which they cause the sensation of the object by way of vibration. The optick nerve transmits this sentiment to the brains, so that the soûl receives the idea of what we perceive. | |
| Ad00341 06 019a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXLIV. Vol. VII. No. 17. THE ORGAN OF HEARING, EXPLAINED BY MEANS OF THE HUMAN EAR. The structure of the human ear is almost as ingeniously fraraed as that of the eye, as at first sight shews the annexed print, where vve behold in Fig. . r. the ear in its natural greatness, but in Fig. . 2. greatly magnified. The ear is composed of the exterior ear, which forms the entrance of the organ of hearing. It is a cartilage, whereof we observe the exterior and interior border of the ear (Fig. . I. IL I. 2.). Near it we see the fore skiit of the ear and the hind one (Fig. . I. IL 4. et 5). The cavity between both is called the ear's cockle (Fig. . I. II. 6.). The earlap is the extremity of it. (Fig. . I. IL J.). In the interior there is the conduit of the ear (Fig. . 1. II. y.). Under the common skin of the head are concealed the parolid glands, which separate the wax. At the extremity of the conduit of the ear appears the lympanum (Fig. . I. II. 9.) which envers the barrel of the drum. On tins elastick skin are collected the bones of hearing, viz, the hammer (Fig. . I. IL ir.), the anvil (I. II. 14), the stirrup. In the interior is the labyrinth. There is likewise to be found the Cochlea of the ear, thus called (Fig. . I. II. 111. 22.). The three semicircular Channels (Fig. . I: II. III. IV. 19.) open with five mouthes. With tbe ear communicate two nerves, viz, the hard one, or the nerve of union of the face, and the soft one, or the acoustic nerve, properly said, with its branches (Fig. . IV. 29. 30) These are the principal organs of the ear. The commentary of this Picture-Gallery gi. ves a more particular explication. By way of the mentioned artificial structure of the ear we hear sounds, which probably comes to pass in the foüowing manner. The sound caught by the exterior ear and its élévations and cavities is transmitted to the conduit of the ear, whence it arrives | |
| Ad00341 06 020a/eng | Plants. CXX. Vol. VII. No. 18. RARE ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The imperial Napoleona. (Napoleonaea imperialis.) This rare and beautiful shrub forms the first species of a new genus of plants, first discovered by the french Naturalist Palisot Beauvois, in the month of December iftoj, inAfrica, in.the Kingdom of Oware, not far from the city of the same Name. On account of the resemblance of its interior blossom with the star of the légion of honour it has been denominated after the name of the Emperor of France, Napoleona. The imperial Napoleona, hère represented, forms a shrub 7 to 8 foot high, with long and sharp pointed leaves, vvhich, supported by short stalks, adhère to the branches. The fair and blue flowers stick close to the branches, and are formed of a double crown included into one another. In the interior one are the five large stamina, shaped like a riband. From this singular form, compared with the cross of the above mentioned order, dérives the name of this new genus of plants. | |
| Ad00341 06 021a/eng | Worms. XVII. Vol. VII. No. 19. SEVERAL KINDS OF ZOOPHYTES OR PLANT-ANIMALS. Fig. 1. The bristly Sea-pen. (Pennatula setacea.) The Sea-feathers, which in all seas are met with swimming about in summer on the surface of the water, are composed of a cartilaginous stalk, covered with a fleshy skin and spreading upwards in fibres like a pen. They form the abode of the little polypous. The sea-pens pass the winter at the bottom of the sea. The species exhibited hère belongs to the scarcer ones and gives the clearest représentation of this genus of Zoophytes. Fig. 2. The membranous Coralline. (Corallina membranacea.) The membranous Coralline hère represented is composed, like the other species of this genus, of a branched stalk, adorned with horny articulations and covered with a calcarious crust. The surface is füll of apertures or pores, which we behold in ä magnified State in Fig. . b. ed., and which serve as an abode to the little polypus. | |
| Ad00341 06 022a/eng | Insects. LV. Vol. VII. No. 20. GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES. Fig. 1. The dainty Butterfly. (Phalaena Noctua Libatrix. L.) X he yellowish green caterpillar (A.) of this beautiful nocturnal: Butterfly is to be found pn willpws in the month of August. It transforma itself in a black chrysalis (B.) out of which cornes this Butterfly. Fig. . (C.) exhibits the maie, and Fig. . (D.) the female. Theupperwings aie orange - coloured, reddish and brown. Each wing is adorned with two white- crofs liqes as likewise with double white poinis; the hind-part is indented. The inferior wings are pale brown, inclining to red, and edged with a large border. Fig. 2. The nuptial Butterfly. (Phalaena noctua pronuba. L.) The yellow caterpillar (a.) of this nocturnal Butterfly is met with on the mouse ear scorpion grafs {Myosotis Scorpioides) in the month of April. From this dark red chrysalis (b.) cornes forth the Butterfly (c. d.) aftèr four weeks. The upper - wing* are of a light gray colonr tending to brown; in the middle there is a spot formed like a kidney. The orange- coloured lower- wings, with black crofs bands, give an agreeable appearance to this nocturna*! Butterfly. | |
| Ad99998 04 003a/eng | Birds XLVII. Vol. IV. No. 1. HERONS OF DIFFERENT SORTS. Fig. 1. The Agami Heron. (Ardea Agami.) The Agami Heron, on account of its many colour'd plumage, belongs to the most beautiful Sorts of its species, inhabits Cayenne, and is commonly two feet seven inches long. The back, the back-part of the neck, the wings and the tail are dark blue; the belly, the thighs cover'd with feathers and the fore-part of the neck of a reddish brown; from the back of the head there hang six or eight taper nodding feathers of a dark blue colour. Flying bluish feathers clothe the sides of the neck, and behind the wings long flying light blue feathers hang down as far as the end of the tail. Fig. 2. The black Stork. (Ardea nigra.) The black Stork, which like the common white Stork lives upon amphibious animals and fish, inhabits many parts of Europe, and builds in the recesses of the woods upon high trees. The colour of the head and neck is a sort of dazzling mixture of green, violet colour, and brown with little white spots; the wings, the back, and the tail are colour'd in the same manner, except that there are no white spots in them. The belly is of a dirty white, the legs red. Fig. 3. The common Night Heron. (Ardea Nycticorax.) The common night Heron is met with in every part of Germany, but also inhabits other European countries, as well as Asia and America, and lives upon fish, frogs and other amphibious animals. It attains the height of one foot ten inches, and its plumage consists of a mixture of white, brown, and blackish-green feathers. From the back of its head there hang three white, long, taper feathers, which are us'd, particularly in Turkey as an omament of the headdress, and bear a high price. Fig. 4. The Cayenne Night Heron. (Ardea Cayennensis.) lives in Cayenne, resembles the common night Héron in size and manner of living, but is of a taperer make, and of a darker colour. Fig. 5. The Tiger-Bittern. (Ardea tigrina.) The plumage of this beautiful Bittern almost resembles a tiger's skin in colour, which is of a dark yellowish red, variegated with black spots and stripes, and hence it derives the name of Tiger-Bittern. Its height is about two feet and an half, it lives in South-America, chiefly in Cayenne and Surinam, and builds its nest upon the ground amongst the flags. Fig. 6. The zigzag Bittern. (Ardea undulata.) This little Bittern is only one foot one inch in height, and lives, like the last mention'd, in Cayenne, in South-America. Its whole plumage is a mixture of yellow, red, and grey, variegated with narrow zigzag black Stripes. Its beak is blackish, and its legs yellow. | |
| Ad99998 04 004a/eng | Plants LXXV. Vol. IV. No. 2. REMARKABLE PLANTS. Fig. 1. The fetid Stapelia, or Carrion-Flower. (Stapelia hirsuta.) In this plant we are presented with a remarkable phaenomenon; nature has given it a perfectly animal smell, like that of putrified flesh, whence the name of Carrion-Flower has been given to it. Its native country is the Cape of Good Hope, but it may be rear'd in Europe within doors, or in a hot-house, by the means of slips. The stem consists of several pyramidal branches join'd angularly together, of about the size of the little finger and full of juice. From the end of these branches proceeds the flower stalk, which bears a large wheel-shap'd blossom. It is divided into five hairy pointed leaves, the ground-colour of which is yellow shaded with dark red. These blossoms exhale a smell so very like that of carrion, that the common flesh-fly is deceiv'd by them, flies to them and lays its eggs upon their leaves. But the maggots when hatch'd cannot live upon the juice of this flower, and die in a short time of hunger. The fruit in the shape of a pod, in which the hairy seeds lie, arises from the blossom. Fig. 2. The asham'd Mimosa, or Sensitive-plant. (Mimosa pudica.) Not less remarkable than the Carrion-flower is the modest Sensititive-plant here represented; it belongs to the numerous class of Mimosae, which consists of no less than seventy five sorts. It grows wild in the Brazils, but is now often rais'd from seed by the Gardeners in hot-houses. It is a shrub of the height of 2 feet with woody stalks. On the long stalks of the leaves, which, as well as the hairy chief stalks, are dark red, are plac'd the quadruply-divided leaves like feathers. The blossoms of a reddish colour grow on separate stalks, and are of a globular shape. The most remarkable quality of this plant is its wonderful irritability. The moment the plant is even slightly touch'd, but particularly so on the little spots at the bottom of each leaf, it draws back as if offended, and each leaf which is touch'd shrinks separately. If you continue to touch it, and that with less precaution, the whole stalk falls, and continues for several hours in this laxness, ‘till it at Iength recovers itself, and rises again. | |
| Ad99998 04 005a/eng | Amphibia XII. Vol. IV. No. 3. REMARKABLE SORTS OF LIZARDS. Fig. 1. The monitory Lizard. (Lacerta Monitor.) The monitory Lizard inhabits some parts of America, the East-Indies, and the Cape of good Hope. For those countries it is a very salutary animal, being the chief Enemy of the Crocodile, announcing the approach of this tremendous beat by a piercing whistle, and thereby warning, as it were, man and beast, whence it derives its name. Its length is from 5 to 6 feet. The ground-colour of its body is dark brown with dazzling white rings and stripes. The five cloven toes of each foot are arm'd with sharp, crooked claws. It lives on fish, birds eggs, smaller Lizards, and is towards man quite harmless. Its flesh, which is by no means illtasted, is eaten by the Hottentots. Fig. 2. The Cockatrice. (Lacerta Basilicus.) The Antients talk a great deal of a venemous, misshap'd, dangerous Animal which was hatch'd from a cocks-egg, and which they call'd a Basilisk. But such an animal never existed except in the heads of superstitious stupid people. This Cockatrice or Basilisk, (for thus it is also call'd,) with which we present our readers, must not therefore be confounded with this fabulous beast, with which it has nothing in common but the name. On the contrary it is not only an harmless, but even an useful animal, as it lives entirely on insects. Our Cockatrice lives in SouthAmerica, and is from 1 1/2 to 2 feet long. Its colour is light brown. Along its back is a kind of comb cover'd with scales, which it can raise at pleasure, and thus chrow itself from branch to branch. By means of its long toes it can climb and run along the trees with great dexterity. Fig. 3. The flying Dragon. (Lacerta volans.) This flying Lizard, a small harmless animal, which is not much larger than our common lizard, has no other resemblance with that dreadful monster, which pass'd in the fabulous âges under the name of Dragon, than the name. The flying Dragon here represented inhabits Asia, Africa, and America, and lives upon Flies, Ants, Butterflies and other Insects. Between the fore and hind feet are the skinny wings, divided into six rays, by the means of which it flies from one tree to another, even to the distance of 20 or 30 paces; these wings assist it also extremely in swimming, so that it can seek its food on the earth, in the water and in the air. Underneath its throat it has three long pointed pouches, which it can blow up, by which it is also greatly assisted in flying. The wings as well as the whole body are closely cover'd with scales. | |
| Ad99998 04 006a/eng | Fish XXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 4. GERMAN RIVER-FISH. The four sorts of Fish here represented belong all to the species of Carps, which are universally recommended by their delicious meat, and of which we have been made acquainted with many sorts in the earlier volumes of our Picture-Gallery. Fig. 1. The Rud. (Cyprinus erythrophthalmus.) The Rud is found in the rivers and lakes of northern Germany, particularly in Pomerania, and Brandenburg, and in such numbers that even the hogs were in many of those parts formerly fatten'd with them, as purchasers were not to be found for all that were caught. Their length is about one foot, their breadth 3 or 4 inches, they live upon worms and water-infects. Their tender white meat is well tasted and wholesome. They are chiefly distinguish'd from all other sorts of Carp by their cinnabar-colour'd fins and tail, and the saffran-colour'd ring of their eyes. The back of a blackish green, the rest of the body is cover'd with silver-colourd scales. Fig. 2. The nosed Carp. (Cyprinus Nasus.) The nosed Carp is something bigger than the Rud, its head and body taperer, and is caught in the Oder, Weichsel, and the Rhine, of the weight of from a pound and an half, to two pounds. It is distinguish'd from all others of its species by the black skin of the inside of its belly, and is for this reason often call'd black-belly. For this reason too it is in many places not eaten, altho' the meat is wholesome and welltasted. The tail and all the fins (except the back-fin) are red; the back-fin is bluish. Fig. 3. The Vimbe. (Cyprinus Vimba.) This sort of Carp is met with in Silesia, Livonia and Prussia, where it mounts the rivers out of the Baltic. Its length is one foot, its meat white and well-tasted, and may be either eaten fresh, or pickled; when pickled and pack'd in small barrels it may be sent to any distance. The whole body as well as the fins are bluish, its belly cover'd with silber-colour'd fins. The head is pointed like a wedge. It is caugth with hooks or dragnets. Fig. 4. The Dobul. (Cyprinus Dobula.) This taper Carp is never more than one foot long, and is found in the Rhine, Main, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and many other German rivers in great numbers, but is eaten chiefly by the common peuple, at its meat is woolly and full of bones. It lives, like almost all other Carps, on worms and river weeds. It is very tender, and dies in shallow lakes and ponds, if hot weather continues any Iength of time. | |
| Ad99998 04 007a/eng | Shells III. Vol. IV. No. 5. SCARCE SHELLS. Fig. 1. The Hammer-Oyster. (Ostrea Malleus.) This Hammer or Cross-Muscle is of the Oyster kind, and is found in the India Ocean and in the South-Sea. Its double shells consist of three arms, which have been by some liken'd to a hammer, by others to a cross, whence it has acquir'd these different names. The length of the two side-arms, are commonly from 5 to 6 inches. In the deep cavity at the junction of the 3 arms lies the esculent oyster. This shell, which is of an ugly blackish, or greyish brown colour, was formerly much sought by collectors on account of its scarceness. They sometimes paid 1000 Dollars (150 L.) for it, but it never costs now at the highest more than 100 Dollars (15 L.) The Admirals. The Admirals, of which several sorts are here represented in Fig. 2. 3. 4. 5. belong to the trumpet shells, and are remarkable for their rough spotted ground. They all belong to the most precious shells and bear a very high price in the cabinets of natural curiosities. Fig. 2. The Cedo-nulli Admiral. (Conus Ammiralis Cedo nulli.) This Admiral is found in the South-Sea, and is the most beautiful and the dearest of all. As it is extremely scarce, it often costs from 300 to 400 Dollars. The gold colour'd shell spotted with white in an irregular manner is surrounded by a triple girdle consisting of several rows of small white prominences resembling strings of pearls. Fig. 5. [sic!] The Orange Admiral. (Conus Amm. Arausiacus.) Also a beautiful and scarce shell, which often costs 40 or 50 Dollars. An uncommon order and beauty reigns in its whole design. Across the broad orange colour'd rings run prominent brown and white strings of beads. Fig. 4. The American Admiral. (Conus Amm. Americanus.) Comes from America, is spotted with tilecolour'd red, yellowish red, and white, with several rows of white beads. It is less valuable than the other kinds. Fig. 5. The high Admiral. (Conus Amm. summus.) The high Admiral comes from the East-Indies, is brownish red and ornamented with yellowish minutely spotted girdles, and white spots. It sometimes cost 100 Dollars. Fig. 6. The royal Staircase. (Turbo scalaris.) The valuable shell, call'd the royal Staircase, is found on the coast of Coromandel, and costs often some hundred ducats. It consists of several white or reddish windings, which run detach'd upwards round a newel. White prominent ribs run across these. A hole goes through the whole length of the shell, through which one can see as far as the point of it. Its length is from one to two inches. Fig. 7. The barr'd Wreath. (Turbo clathrus.) resembles greatly in its whole fashion the royal Staircase, but differs from it essentially in that its windings and ribs do not run detach'd, but are united together. Its whole length is an inch, and its structure is that of a longer and taperer tower. It is often found in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and on the coasts of Holland. | |
| Ad99998 04 008a/eng | Birds. XLVIII. Vol. IV. No. 6. PARROTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. We have already seen in the 16th and 17th Numbers of the first Volume of our Picture-Gallery a variety of species of the beautiful Parrot-race. We are here made acquainted with some other sorts. Fig. 1. The blue and yellow Maccaw. (Psittacus Ararauna.) This large and beautiful Parrot inhabits most parts of South-America; it attains the height of two feet seven inches and an half. Its head, back, wings and tail are of a beautiful shining azure; the breast and belly are yellow. Its large back is black, as are its legs. Fig. 2. The Bankian Cacatoo. (Psitt. magnificus.) A bird of a very remarkable appearance which. the famous English Naturalist Sir Joseph Banks first brought from New-Holland into Europe. The ground-colour of its plumage is black. Bushy feathers surround its short beak which is of an olive yellow colour. These feathers as well as the upper part of the wings are spotted with yellow; broad crimson stripes run across its tail, which is shap'd like a fan. Fig. 3. The great red crested Cacatoo, (Psitt. Moluccensis.) inhabits the Molucca islands, is 17 inches long, entirely white, except the large crest at the back of its head, the lower part of which is red. Fig. 4. The Amboina Parrot, (Psitt. Amboinensis.) attains the size of 15 inches. Its head, neck and belly are deep red, the wings bluish green, the back and tail of a beautiful blue. It is met with in Amboina. Fig. 5. The Alexandrine Parrakeet, (Psitt. Alexandri.) lives in Africa and Asia, and is of the size of the last number. Alexander the great is said to have brought this bird with him from his Indian Expedition, and hence is deriv'd its name. Its plumage is chiefly light green, the throat black. A rose-colour'd ring surrounds its neck. Fig. 6. The horned Parrot. (Psitt. cornutus.) The beautiful horned Parrot inhabits New Caledonia, and is of the size of a Turtle Dove. On the crown of its head, which is crimson, are two long dark colour'd feathers with red points of the length of an inch and an half. They resemble horns, whence it derives its name. A yellow ring surrounds its neck. The rest of its plumage is green, of different shades. | |
| Ad99998 04 009a/eng | Plants. LXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 7. GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS. Fig. 1. The celery-leaved Crowsfoot. (Ranunculus sceleratus.) The celery-leaved Crowsfoot is a poisonous plant of about 2 feet high, and grows in wet ditches and marshy grounds. The juicy stalk divides itself into several branches, which form a kind of bush. The stalks of the leaves are short, close to the main stem; and branch out into three separate leaves, which are long pointed, and jagged at the sides. At the ends of the branches the small, yellow, five leav'd flower appears about May, and in the middle of this blossom an oval green fruit containing the seeds. The poisonous qualities of this plant are very great. Even the Effluvia arising from the plant when bruis'd occasions pain and stupefaction. The juice, when it touches the skin, occasions very virulent obstinate ulcers, which are difficult to cure. This juice taken inwardly occasions the most violent pain, and if taken in any quantity is even mortal. Water and Milk drunk copiously are the best antidotes. In some few cases it may be us'd in médecine, but always with the greatest precaution. Fig. 2. The Mezerion. (Daphne Mezereum.) The common Mezerion grows in many parts of Germany, in all shady woods except those of fir. It is a sbrup, which grows in its wild state only a few feet high; but in Gardens, where it is often transplanted on account of its agreable blossom, and useful bark, it atteins if attended to, the height of 12 and even 16 feet. Its peach-colour'd blossoms appear before the leaves in February and March, grow close to the branches without stalks, and have a very agreable odour. They bear oval red berries, which contain a stone, or seed, are ripe in July and then become blackish. These berries are poisonous. When eaten they occasion a violent looseness, which sometimes finalIy proves mortal. The Ianceolated leaves grow alternately on each side of, and close to the branches, and above the blossoms and fall off in Autumn. In Medecine the bark of the Mezerion is often us'd. It is laid externally upon the skin to excite blisters, being of a caustic nature; this is practis'd for inflammations of the eyes and for diseases arising from vicious humours. In Sweden the scrap'd bark is laid with success upon the wounds occasion'd by the bite of venemous snakes. The Painters prepare a red colour from the berries. | |
| Ad99998 04 010a/eng | Fish XXIX. Vol. IV. No. 8. GERMAN RIVER-FISH. We see here five sorts of Carp, which belong to the smallest of this kind, and are all to be met with in German Rivers. Fig. 1. The Gudgeon. (Cyprinus Gobio.) The Gudgeon inhabits rivers and small lakes, which are connected with one another. Its usual length is six inches, but is sometimes to be met with, a foot long. The upper part of the head of a brownish green projects beyond the under-jaw. The back is of a bluish black. The belly cover'd with reddish and silvercolour'd scales. The tail and back-fins are spotted with black. Fig. 2. The Bleak. (Cypr. alburnus.) The Bleak is from four to six inches long, and is to be found in most rivers and streams of Germany, where it multiplies prodigiously. Its white flesh is woolly and its taste not particularly good. The upper part of its body is olive-brown, the lower part silvercolour'd. The common artificial pearls are made of these silvercolour'd scales. The scales are taken off and rubb'd in clean water ‘till the colouring particles are dissolv'd in or rather mix'd with it. The water, when these particles are settled, is pour'd off, and they are mix'd with isinglass. This Essence of Pearls, as it is call'd, is laid on with a painting-brush on the inside of the glass pearls. The cavity is then fill'd up with pure white wax, a hole bor'd thro' it, and lin'd with Paper, and the artificial pearl is finish'd. Fig. 3. The punctuated Carp. (Cypr. bipunctatus.) This little carp is only three inches long, is fond of running water with a pebbly bottom, and lives like all other sorts of carp here represented on worms and water weeds. The Back is dark green, the belly silver-colour'd. Fig. 4. The Pink or Minnow. (Cypr. Phoxinus.) The Minnow is a taper little fish, not much bigger than the last mention'd, and its flesh is of a pleasant bitter taste. It is fond of clear Water, and is particularly common in Silesia and Westphalia, where it is call'd Grimpel. Its body is cover'd with slimy scales. Its blackish or dark blue back has several lighter spots. The greyish or bluish Fins have near the body a red spot. Fig. 5. The bitter Carp. (Cypr. amarus.) This is the smalleft of ail sorts of carp, and exceeds not two inches in length. It is despis'd by the fishermen on account of its diminutive size and its bitterness, and serves only as food for fish of prey. It is half as broad as it is long, its back of a yellowish brown, the tail and back fins greenish, and the belly fins reddish. It is fond of running water with a sandy bottom. | |
| Ad99998 04 011a/eng | Amphibia XIII. Vol. IV. No. 9. VARIETIES OF THE LIZARD. Fig. 1. The Stink. (Lacerta Stincus.) This sort of Lizard lives in most parts of Africa and Asia, and feeds on aromatic herbs. It is from 6 to 8 inches long, is entirely cover'd with scales, its colour light and dark yellowish-red mix'd with white. The colours grow paler when it dies. The head and tail are in a strait line with the rest of the body, so that one might take it at a little distance for a little fish. It lives as well in the water as on land. It was us'd in antient times as a corroborative for weak bodies, and it is put to the same use even at present in the East. It is taken dried as a powder, or boild when fresh and drank in the form of a decoction. On this account the common Egyptians industriously go after the Scinc, collect them and sell them at Cairo or Alexandria, whence they are further exported. The common Lizard. (Lacerta agilis.) Fig. 2. The Male. Fig. 3. The Female. The common Lizard inhabits chiefly the southern parts of Europe, yet it is also found in many parts of Germany. The address and quickness of its motions render this elegant little animal, which is by no means venomous, particularly agreeable; it is very fond of warmth, and hence it is chiefly found in spring, when it wakes at the first appearance of végétation out of its winter-sleep, lying on turf banks and dry places in the fun. But the moment they perceive any one, they glide frighten'd into their holes. Their food consists of flies and other little insects, which they are very expert in catching. They are also prejudicial to the beehives. The common Lizard is 6 inches long. Its head is triangular and flat. Each foot it provided with five toes, with crooked nails. The back of the male (Fig. 2.) in of a greyish brown, ornamented with three rows of black and white spots. The back of the female (Fig. 3.) is reddish brown and the belly yellowish. Fig. 4. The Stellion. (Lacerta Stellio.) The Stellion lives in many parts of Africa, in Egypt and Palaestine and at the Cape. It is 4 inches long and is entirely cover'd with little spikes. It is of a marbled brown, white, and greenish colour. The most particular circumstance attending this little animal is, that its excréments are collected in the neighbourhood of the Egyptian Pyramids, they are falsely call'd crocodiles dung, and are an object of commerce, as they are us'd in Turkey as paint, | |
| Ad99998 04 012a/eng | Miscellaneous Subjects XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 10. MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE TONGUE. The Tongue deserves all our attention, as well from the circumstance of its being the seat of a particular sense, the taste, as from its being a principal instrument of speech, since many letters cannot, without its assistance, be pronounc'd. It is composed of a variety of muscular fibres crossing each other, whence is deriv'd the ease with which it so quickly turns on all sides. Besides these, a number of tender ramifications of nerves, which terminate on the surface in a kind of highly irritable warts, run into the Tongue, and thro' their means we are sensible of taste. These are of three kinds: 1) rose-leav'd, 2) of the shape of flax-comb, 3) mushroom-shap'd. We will now examine them singly both of their natural size, and magnified, as they appear in a boil'd calfs- tongue, as they are thus more remarkable. Fig. 1. A small, boil'd Calfs-tongue of the natural size with its different skins and warts, or papillary membranes. We here see the different skins of the tongue lying one over the other, with the membranes, or extremities of the nerves. a and b shew the upper skin; at a are seen the roseleav'd extremities of the nerves, or papillary membranes, as they are call'd; at b the flaxcomb-shap'd; c exhibits the second skin lying under this first; d the third skin; e the fourth and finest skin; at f are seen the mushroom-shap'd extremities of the nerves. In Fig. 2, 3 and 4 we see these three different shap'd extremities of the nerves separately. Fig. 2. The rose-leav'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. At A we see one of these extremities of the natural size, as they are seen in Fig. 1 upon the tongue. At B it appears considerably magnified. The name of rose-leav'd is deriv'd from their somewhat resembling a five-leav'd rose. Fig. 3. The flaxcomb form'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. At A is seen a small piece of the tongue cut thro', with the extremities of the nerves which appear upon it, in the shape of a flaxcomb. At B we see them still more plain, as they appear thro' the magnifying glass. Their lengthen'd channels b penetrate the flesh of the tongue, receive at c several small veins, which arise at d out of the lower flesh of the tongue. Fig. 4. The mushroom shap'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. Here appear at A in their natural size, and at B magnified, the mushroom shap'd papillary membranes, taken notice of at f Fig. 1. The little warts, or papillary membranes noted at a a a are plac'd like small buttons on the upper coat of the tongue. At b is the branch of the nerve, which is otherwise enclos'd in the flesh of the tongue, uncover'd, the ramifications of which proceed respectively to the single papillary membranes. | |
| Ad99998 04 013a/eng | Birds XLIX. Vol. IV. No. 11. MANAKINS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. The Manakins, of which we see here six different sorts represented, are a numerous, beautiful species of wood birds. They are met with in South-America and the adjacent Islands, where they only inhabit the recesses of the woods, without ever appearing on the cultivated Land. They live on insects and wild fruits. In the morning they wander, in little flights of eight or ten together, from one part of the wood to the other. They resemble very much our titmice in their quickness and vivacity of jumping and seeking their food from branch to branch, but are generally of a larger size. Their singing, except that of the tuneful Manakin, is only an indistinct, inarticulate Chirping. The name of Manakin was given them by the Hollanders in Surinam. Fig. 1. The tuneful Manakin. (Pipra musica.) This Manakin is called tuneful for its sweet and pleasant singing, which many travellers prefer to that of our Nightingals. It lives in the woods of St. Domingo, and is commonly four inches long. Its beautiful plumage of black, dark blue, and orange colour'd feathers, is not less remarkable then its melodious Tune of Voice. Fig. 2. The blue backed Manakin. (Pipra pareola.) Is of a larger size than the tuneful. It inhabits the Island of Cuba, Brazil and Cayenne. The ground colour of its feathers is a shining black. On the back it has a kind of cover of light blue feathers. Its head is ornamented with a beautiful plume of crimson feathers which it can raise and lay down at pleasure. Fig. 3. The black capped Manakin. (Pipra manacus.) This little lively bird which is of the size of our sparrows, lives in the lofty woods of Guiana in South-America and feeds on insects, chiefly ants. Its feathers are white, grey, and black. Fig. 4. The black crown'd Manakin. (Pipra atricapilla.) The black crown'd or ash grey Manakin lives also in Guiana, but is of a larger size than the former species. The mixture of its feathers is grey and yellowish. Fig. 5. The gold headed Manakin. (Pipra erythrocephala.) Fig. 6. The red and black Manakin. (Pipra aureola.) These two little charming Manakins inhabit also Guiana. They never exceed the length of three inches. No. 4. is entirely black, except its gold colour'd head, whence the name is deriv'd. N. 5. is still more beautiful for its burning orange yellow plumage. Its bill and feet are red, the wings have a few white stripes. | |
| Ad99998 04 014a/eng | Fish XXX. Vol. IV. No. 12. FOUR KINDS OF PARTICULAR FISH. Fig. 1. The poisoned Grooper. (Scorpaena Scrosa.) The poisoned Grooper inhabits the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the North-Sea, or German Ocean. It is a dangerous Enemy to all other fish, preying continnally upon them; he also pursues and endeavours to catch the swimming water birds. Its length is from 4 to 6 feet. The many jags and prominences on and around its head give it a singular appearance. It has two brown horny excrescences on the scull above its eyes and two crooked bone-spikes grow out of its upper jaw. Its large mouth is surrounded with a regular row of pointed teeth and the under jaw is full of beard fibres. The belly is reddish, the back is red brown with brown spots. The fins are grey blue, and their quills yellowih, likewise brown spotted. In some parts of Italy it is eaten, and in Norway they prepare train oil out of its liver. It is caught with dragnets and hooks. Fig. 2. The Sea-Fox. (Chimaera monstrosa.) The Sea-Fox lives in the North-Sea, chiefly on the coaft of Norway. Its tail, winch at the end is as thin as the tail of a rat, is longer than its whole body, and hence its German name Seekatze is deriv'd. Its Iength is from 3 to 4 feet. It lives generally upon the Medusa or Sea blubber, and lobsters, but it goes also after herrings. On account of the smallness of its mouth it cann't consume any larger sort of fish. The belly is of a silver colour, its back is yellowish with brown spots. The seagreen eyes shine like cat's eyes, whence it is sometimes call'd Sea-Cat, From the clump of fibres on its head the Norwegian peasants call it also the King of fish. Its flesh is hard and not well tasted. The oil which is boiled out of its liver, is us'd in Norway for sore eyes, and also as a vulnerary balsam. Fig. 3. The cuckold Fish. (Ostracion quadricornis.) It belongs to the species, which for its hard coat of mail is call'd bone fish, and is remarkable for its two pair of horns, one of which grows above its eyes, the other under its belly. Its ground colour is reddish brown, with reddish grey spots in the form of nets. It inhabits generally the Seas of the East-and West-Indies. Fig. 4. The antennated Grooper. (Scorpaena antennata.) The antennated Grooper is also as remarkable as the above mentioned kinds. Full of prominences and cavities it belongs, as No. 1. to the species of Groopers. Between its eyes which ly veiy nigh one another, arise two gristly horns, that were compared with the antennae and whence this fish has got its name. Ten Quills of the back fin are white with brown spots and stand forth like spikes. The colour of the body is of a high yellow with brown stripes. White Quills run from the violet colour'd breast fins to the tail. It inhabits the Amboina Island. | |
| Ad99998 04 015a/eng | Plants LXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 13. PEACHES AND ABRICOTS. Fig 1. The Common Peach. (Amygdalus Persica.) The Peach-Tree which gives us that beautiful and relishing fruit, is properly a native of Persia, where it grows wild. It was first brought to the South of Europe and from thence transplanted into Germany, where it grows in Gardens, when cultivated with proper care, and shelter'd from wind and cold. In the northern parts of Europe even in the North of Germany it cannot be brought forth in open air, and is only reared in hot houses. The peach thrives best in France, Spain, Italy and the Greek Islands, but it grows also in the South and North of Africa, and in America. The tree raised from the kernel attains a height from 16 to 20 feet; but the wild peach stems are commonly improved by ingrafting; by which means they bear the greater and better tasted fruit represented in (A) of Fig. 1. The blossoms which are of a reddish colour (B) appear before the leaves in spring. The leaves are long, slender, pointed like willow leaves and intented on both sides. In the most parts of Germany the fruit is ripe in August. It is full of juice and its taste is an agreable wine acid. The stone (C) contains à kernel which has the size and taste of a bitter Almond, and proves mortal to sciuirrels and other little Quadrupeds. Besides the peach here represented the Gardeners rear a great number of other sorts which in fact are nothing else than varieties of the same species. Fig. 2. The Abricot. (Prunus Armeniaca.) The Abricot-Tree belongs to the class of Plum and Cherry Trees as may be seen by the shape and colour of its leaves. Its native country is Asia, especially Armenia. It came first to France and Italy, from whence it was brought to Germany. The Abricot is of a less tender nature then the peach, and therefore thrives very well in Gardens and Vineyards, when shelter'd from hard and lasting frosts. The five leav'd flower appears early in spring before the leaves. The sweet and juicy fruit represented (Fig. 2.) grows close to the stalk, and is ripe in July or August. The stone (C) contains also a kernel like an Almond. The Abricot grows from kernels, but the quality of the fruit is highly amelioiated, when branches of an improved sort are ingrafted upon wild Abricot, or Plum Trees. Cure and attention has also produced a great variety of Abricots. | |
| Ad99998 04 016a/eng | Amphibia XIV. Tom. IV. No. 14. TWO KINDS OF CROCODILES. In the 22th number of the I Vol. of our pictnre [sic] Gallerie we have seen the common or the Nile Crocodile, we are here made acquainted with two other sorts. Fig. 1. The American Crocodile. (Lacerta Alligator.) The Cayman, Alligator, or American Crocodile is from 30 to 40 feet long, and consequently of a much smaller size than the Nile Crocodile. It's also sooner frighten'd and in geneial more timorous, than that tremendous animal. It is foimd in the Rivers of the Southern and inland parts of America. Though they chiefly feed on fish, yet they pursue, especially when some o£ them are together, little Boats or Canoes with single persons. The skin is like a coat of mail, and divided into shields. Its colour is darkbrown above, and reddish yellow below. The long tapering head is cover'd all over with scales. Aîong the hack and on the outside of the hind feet runs a row of wedgelike prominences. The hind feet which like the fore feet have rive toes, are also provided with a fwimming fkin. The American Crocodile lays about 50 eggs in a Year. Many birds prey upon these eggs whereby the number of this dangerous animal is greatly diminish'd. Fig. 2. The Gavial or the Ganges-Crocodile. (Lacerta Gangetica.) The Ganses-Crocodile or Gavial attains the size of the Cayman. It is distinguish'd from all other Crocodiles by its long, beak-like Jaws. Hence it forms a particular species, and is often call'd the beaked Crocodile. Its fore feet are divided into four, the hind into five toes, the outer of which are without naiîs. Both sides of its neck are full of wart like prominences; the tail is furnish'd with a double comb of pues. Its teeth are all of the same size and length and very numerons. | |
| Ad99998 04 017a/eng | Roses I. Vol. IV. No. 15. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES. The Rose is a great Ornament in Gardens, and the favourite flower of half the world. The single Rose is a native of Germany, and grows wild in coppices and woods even on dry hills and mountains; but the double Rose which apparently like other flowers first came from Asia, requires more care in the gardens, and some forts can onîy be reared in hot houfes. We have Roses of différent colours and fliadings: the white, the yellow, the red; the flesh and fire-colour'd, the dark red, and the purple; the striped and the spotted Rôle, befides great varieties in form and size. Having collected and obferved ail the différent forts and having been folicited by a party of friends, I ihall infert a füll collection of Roses in the Picture-Gallery by in« troducing in each number one fheet wi. th some of their varieties drawn from nature; which I hope, will not displeafe my young readers. Fig. 1. The red Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia Germanica.) We have at present three forts of Centifolia: the red, the white, and the yellow or golden. The red one is a most beautiful flower as well for its form and fine pale-red colour, as for its the red Centifolia. fweet and exquisite fmelh It is known in every garden. The stalks of the leaves are pretty long, and furnish'd with a quantity of thorns and fix or eight fmajl oval leaves. The height of the bush is commonly 3 or 4 feet. The fulness of the flower hinders it from bearing fruit. The narae of Centifolia, (hundred-leav'd) is derived from the great number of leaves that constitute the flower. Fig. 2. The white Centifolia. (Rosa unica.) The white Centifolia-Rose is still a very rare flower in Germany; it came, only a few years ago, from England where a single plant sometimes coft two and three Guineas. Its beautiful ffructure, its tender, fhining white, the great flower, and the agréable odour which somewhat differs from that of the red Centifolia, make it a most delightful flower. It bas two fpecitlc particularises; The out« fide leaves of the bud are erlged with brown, and, when füll blown, the upper edge of the leaves is deeply notched in the middle. The bush attains commonly the height of the red Centifolia. | |
| Ad99998 04 018a/eng | Birds L. Vol. IV. No. 16. DUCKS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. Fig. 1. The red crested Duck. (Anas rufina.) x he red crefied Duck lives fin gl y and is never seen in floescs. It inhabits the fhores of the Cafpian Sea and varions ïakes of Tartary. In Germany it oecurs, but very feldom, in Silesia, Poland, and on the sides of the Danube. Its lenglh is two feet. The head and upper part of the neck is of a vermilion colour, and ornamented with a creft of bushy feathers which it raifes and lays down at pleafure. The Bill is light red: breast, belly, and tail are black, the hack and wings grey brown. Under the wings a large white spot is pereeived. The habits and manners of this folitary bird are hut iajperfectly known. Fig. 2. The long tailed Duck. (Anas glacialis.) The long tailed Duck is generally met with in the mofi: northern parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, hut is also found in Germany, especiaîly in very cold and frofiy Winters. ït is of a smallex size than the red crefted, and its plumage conflits only in a mixture of white and black feathers. Under the Eyes a tawny brown iiripe extends tapering downwards on the neck. The two middle feathers of the tail are black, and four inclies longer than the reft. This bird makes its nest with its own down which is as much valued as Eider down. Fig. 3. The Chinese Duck. (Anas galericulata.) This heautiful bird is an inhabitant of China and Japan. For the élégance of its feathers it is frequently kept in cages and felis at Q or 10 Dollars the pair. The bill is pale reddish; on the sides of the head is a fine mixture of white, yellow, and orange colours. From the hack of the head there hangs a creft of light feathers. breast, back, and the tapering tail are brown. Tlie upper quills stand erect, and form two particular wings of a yellow red colour, edged with white, which give the bird an elegant beautiful appearance. Fig. 4. The Summer-Duck. (Anas sponsa.) The Summer-Duck resides in différent parts of America, especially in Mexico and some Islands of the Weft-Indies; but in fummer it wanders to the North of America, wheie it performs the funetion of incubation in hollow trees. The glittering green and reddish creft of its head; its red spotted breast and the fine exquißte fhades of the reff, of its plumage render it a mofi: beautiful hird. The flesh is very délicat; and the plumage is used as an Ornament of dress hy the ludians. Fig. 5. The golden Eye-duck. (Anas clangula.) Is common in the North of Europe, Af:a and America. In Autumn it oecurs also some times ia Germany. From its quacking it is called in german the quacking Duck; its food conflits of small fish, frogs, and mice. It is remarkable for its fleetness in diving. Fig. 6. The buffle headed Duck. (Anas bucephala.) This species is found in différent parts of North America. It builds its nest upon trees by the sides of rivers and ponds. Tl. ey are excellent divers, and are able to fwim under water fora conliderable length of time. The gênerai colour of their plumage is black and white. Head and neck are glofled with a sparkling goldgreen and violet. | |
| Ad99998 04 019a/eng | Fish XXXI. Vol. IV. No. 17. GERMAN RIVER FISH. Fig. 1. The Gwiniad. (Salmo Lavaretus.) X he Gwiniad is an Inhabitant of the Eaft and North Seas as well as of the lakes in upper Auftria. It is about a foot long. It difters from ail other species of Salmon in the upper jaws which terminate by a foft fleshy point. The back is blue grey; th e belly hiver colour'd. Aline of 45clofely following spots feparates the colour of the upper from the lower parts. The scales are somewhat notched in the middle. The colour of the fins is yellowish, the flesh tender and welltafied; its food consists of feaherbs and waterweeds, worms and insects. / Fig. 1. [sic!] The Salvelin. (Salmo Salvelinus.) The Salvelin is a well tasted fort of Salmon. It is found in the lakes of the South Germany,. Auftrio, Bavaria and Salzburg, where it is caught with dragnets and hooks. It lives by preying on other small fish, as may be seen by its numérous fharply pointed teeth. The red brown back, and the hiver colour'd belly is ornamented with orange coloui'd spots. The breast and belly-fins are of a cinnabar colour, those of the back and ta il of a dark dusky blue. It weighs from two to fix pouuds. Fig. 3. The Heuch. (Salmo Hucho.) The Heuch is caught with dragnets and hooks in the Danube, and the lakes of Aufîria and Bavaria, but its flesh is not so well tasted as that of the former species. Its common length is from 3 to 4 feet. It is easily distinguish'd from ail its congeners by the black spots, with which ail its fins, except those of the breast, are marked. It preys on other small fish. Fig. 4. The Grayling. (Salmo Thymallus.) Attains a length from one to two feet. It inhabits chiefly the Eaft and North Seas, but mounts also the rivers that flow into them. It is remarkable for its large and pied dorfal fin. Its gênerai colour is blueish, the upper part of a deeper eaft than the lower. The belly and tail-fins are reddish brown. It lives on worms and fnails. Its tender well tasted flesh it esteemed excellent eating. | |
| Ad99998 04 020a/eng | Plants LXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 18. RASPBERRIES AND BRAMBLES. Fig. 1. The common Raspberry. (Rubus idaeus.) The common Raspberry grows upon bushes whose stems are 4 or 5 feet high. It occurs in almost all the woods of Germany except those of fir, but is chiefly found in mountainous and stony places. The pointed leaves which grow frorn 3 to 5 on one stalk, are on their inside of a dark, on the outside of a pale green colour. The white five-leaved flower appears about May. The red berries grow upon a prominent germe, and ripen in July or August. The Raspberry is extremely juicy, and has a relishing aromatical taste. The juice, mixed with Wine or Vinegar, forms a most refreshing beverage. In gardens, when raised from seed, or by the means of slips the berries grow much larger. Fig. 2. The common Bramble. (Rubus fruticosus.) The common Bramble-bush which with the Raspberry belongs to one class of plants, is also very common in the woods of Germany, especially on stony slopes and declivities where there are few trees. Its stems which are stronger than the former and richly furnish'd with thorns grow sometimes to the height of 7 or 8 feet; they generally bend their ends towards the ground, by which means several bushes together form a quick-set hedge which is not easily to be penetrated. The stalks are provided with five leaves. They are greater and stronger, and the leaves much more indented than those of the Raspberry. The five leaved blossom appears from May to June and the dark blue berries grow like those of No. 1. in a conic form round the prominent germe. They have also a very good and refreshing taste, but are somewhat more acid than the Raspberries. | |
| Ad99998 04 021a/eng | Amphibies XV. Vol. IV. No. 19. INNOXIOUS SERPENTS It is a common but falfe assertion, that al] kinds of Serpents andVipers are venoinous and mortiferous. Tliere are in fact différent tribes, wbich are more or less provided with poifonous qualities, but there are also various species entireîy innoxious; some of them may even beeafily tamed, and without the leafi: danger kept within doors. Impoftors and jugglers employ the m very often in their tricks and juggles, and make inexpert peuple believe, they are posselTed of a supernatural power of taming these Animais. In the annexed picture we are made acquainted with three of these harmless species. Fig. 1. The French Viper. (Coluber communis feu Franciae.) The French Viper is frequent in the South of France. It is commonly about 3 feet long. The coat of the animal is cover'd with scales, darkgreen on the back, and of a pale yellow caft on the belly; its tail terminâtes in a long thin point. It lives on lizards, frogs, and other small animals wbich it catches with its teeth. Within doors is may be rendered quite obedient and familiär. Fig. 2. The Serpent of Aesculapius. (Coluber Aesculapii.) This Serpent is, like the former, of a gentle and harmless nature, and may as eafily be tamed. It is found in Ttaîy, especially in the Environs of Rome, in Spain and the Greek Islands. The species was known to the ancients; and for its inolFenfive nature it was made the fymbol of Aesculapius the beneficent God of phyfic. Its length is commonly 3 or 3§ feet. It feeds like the french Viper on small animals. The ruft brown back is cover'd with. oval scales; on the sides a blackish stripe is perceived; the belly is white. Fig. 3. The striped Viper. (Coluber quadristriatus.) This species is met with in the Southern parts of France and Spain, especially in humid and moift places. It measures generally 3 or 4 feet. Its prevailing co'our is of a grey yellow. Four parallel stripes of black run down from the head to the beginning of the tail. They are also very easily tamed; and in Spain where they generally are suppos'd to be venomous, many tricks ar# played with these innocent animals. | |
| Ad99998 04 022a/eng | Roses II. Vol. IV. No. 20. DIFFERENT KINDS 0F ROSES. Fig. 1. The yellow Centifolia. (Rosa sulphurea.) JL heyellow Centifolia is also a mofî beautiful species of Roses; but, however common the Bush is, a fine füll blown flower is very feldom to be met with. Almost ail the Buds burst (as may be seen in the annexed figure) down to the italk before they unfold; they then wither, and are eaten by Worms and insects. The reafon of this may be, that the yellow Rose-bush can neither bear the heat or the Sun, nor great moifture; it requires a dry and fhady ground. The form and colour of this species is elegant and a true ornament of a garden, but the fmell of it is rather disagreahle. The bush is from 6 to ß feet high. Its fieras are flender, and füll of prickîes and small leaves. It never bears fruit. Fig. 2. The double purple Rose. (Rosa holoserica purpurea.) This elegant Rose lias différent naines. It is sometimes called the royal purple Rose, the purple-velvet Rose, the black or Pluto-Rose. It is one of the rare species and requires particular care to keep it in füll growth and beauty; for it eafiîy dégénérâtes into a common light red Rose. The magnitude and fulness of the flower, the dark velvet-like purple, inclining to black; the dazzling lufire which fpavkîes from the furface of the leaves, and the bright goldlike fiamina in the middle give it a beautiful and si ri« king appearance. The leaves are pretty large and pale gTeen, the fîems and fialks greenish with few prickîes. The bush is often very thick, but only 2 or 3 feet high, and fuffers much from froft and cold. It bears a great quantity of fruit, which (as fball be shown in one of the next numbers) is quite the faîne with that of the Hals double Rose. The fmell of this elegant flower is not strong, but very agréable. | |
| Ad99998 04 023a/eng | Birds LI. Vol. IV. No. 21. DIFFERENT KINDS OF WARBLERS. J. hte WarbWrS form a numerous trille of Birds ami the "bclly ïs of a yellow red coîour. The CÖnflßin | |
| Ad99998 04 024a/eng | Fish XXXII. Vol. IV. No. 22. SCALE FISH. Fig. 1. The Torsk. (Gadus Callarias.) The Torsk belongs to the Tribe of the Scale Fish and is a bout 3 feet long. It is a fish of prey as may be seen by the quantity of pointed teeth its mouth is armed with; it lives on other Fish, crabs, sea worms and insects. It frequents principally the Baltic sea where it is caught on the coasts and in the mouths of rivers with dragnets and large hooks. On account of its white, tender, and well tasted flesh it bears a bigh price and is considered as an exquisite dish of a rich and elegant table. Its brown and grey reddish back as well as the under parts are marked by numerous dull yellow spots. Fig. 2. The Whiting. (Gadus Merlanqus.) The Whiting is a well tasted species of the Scale fish, which occurs in the Baltic Sea and abounds in the German Ocean especially on the Coasts of England, Holland, and France, where it is caught in great quantities with the Ground-Line *). It measures from 2 1/2 to 2 feet. The principal colour of its back is of a pale silver grey, the back of a dull yellow. Fig. 3. The Coal-Fish. (Gadus Carbonarius.) The Goal-Fish derives its name from the elegant shining black colour which covers its head and neck when old and full grown. At the period of its Youth it is of an olive brown Colour. Its belly, anus, and tail-fins are black, back and breast-fins olive brown. It grows to a length from 1 1/2 to 2 feet and is frequent in the Baltic and North-Sea, especially on the coasts of England and Scotland. Its Flesh is not well tasted and only eaten by the poor. It feeds on small Fish. Fig 4. The Poor. (Gadus minutus.) This species of the Torsk is only about 8 inches long; it is also an inhabitant of the Baltic Sea as well as of the Ocean. It preys on Sea-worms and small crabs; its flesh is well tasted and frequently eaten;. the colour of its belly is a silvery grey, that of its back yellow brown.
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| Ad99998 04 025a/eng | Plants LXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 23. AMERICAN FRUIT. Fig. 1. The white Guaya. (Psidium pyriferum.) i. he white Guava or Guava-tree which bears a fruit limilar to a pair, is indigenous to the Islands of the Weft* Indies. ït attains common ly a height from iß to 20 feet, the item meafuring about a foot in diamètre. The leaves which grow oppofite to 011e another, are oval and füll of ribs witiiotit beiftg indented. The wbite blossom (B) appears in the third year and grows iingly on the fiaîks; the fruit (a) is about the size of a common pair; at si rit it is gren, but full grown it becomes yellow, mottled with red. It bas a good fmell and a strong but agreeable tafte. Beihies it is a very wbolefome and comf or table «our-ishment and is frequently eaten iß those. countries, fresb as well as boiled. Fig. 2. The rough fruited custard Apple. (Annona muricata.) This Apple-tree is aifo a product of various Islands of the Weft-fndies. Its oblong pointed leaves grow v/ithout any ordre on the fîalks; its flower-cup wbich consists of three leaves, is wbite on the outfide and of a reddisb colour on the bifide, and bas an agreeabie fmell. The fruit (B) is as big as a fift and bears the form of a beart. The outfide green peeî is as if it were divided into various scaly sbields which in their middle bave a little prickly protubérance. The pulp is füll of juice and not only of an excellent wine acid tafte, but it is also a very relisbing nourishment in those bot countries. For to eat it the outfide peel is taken of aad the pulp eaten with a fpoon. Fig. 3. The Mamei Sapote. (Achras mammosa.) This frnit is found on the isles of Cuba, Jarnaica and varieus other parts of South America. Its wbite blossom bas fix leaves. The fruit is three times as large as the annexed picture. It is of an oval sh. ipe and reddisb bro. wn colour. The red pulp wbich aloue is eaten, bas a fw. ee tish tafte, but is very aqueous and therefore not well tasted; it bas some kernels (B) which contain the feed. (c.) MameiSapote is the American dénomination. | |
| Ad99998 04 026a/eng | Miscellanies XXXV. Vol. IV. No. 24. THE SUBTERRANEAN HERCULANUN. In the reign of the Roman Emperour Titus and the year 79 after the Birtli of Jesus Chrift ons of the most terrible éruptions of the Mount Vefuvius happened. Heavy clouds of burning ashesand pumice-ftones ejected from the Volcano, ebanaed at first, day in night and then falling down like a devafting rain covered and deltroyed the wbole adjacent country. Herculanum a large town and Colony of the Ancient Romans ßtuated on the Sea-Sbore between Naples and Pornpejum was also buried by this terrible Catafirophe. The ràin of ashes and pumice fiones covered its streets and houfes, wbilethe infortunate inhabitants had hardîy time enouoh to fave themselves and their beit eliects; fréquent shovveTS soon after changed these ashes into a bard and folid fubltance, and a torrent of glowing Lava which streamed from the bursting Volcano towards the Sea, covered Herculanumvvith a bind of Stone-Cruft from 60 to ßo feed thieb. Thus this opulent town disappeared from the furface of the earth and some Centuries after tllis terrible event nobody knew where this flourishing town had been Gtuated; at lait the little town Porticî was huilt on the plain which covered Herculanum and it was only by chance that its fubterranean ruins-were discovered in the lait Century. P»ince d'Elhoeuf from the houfe of Lorrain built in 17*20 a counfrv houle near Porticî when a neighbouring peafant dig, c;ing, at the famé time a weil, found various precious pièces of inaible. The Prince bearing of It, bo-ugbt that pièce of ground of the peafant, dug deeper and found a great quantity of antiquities and statues of the greatest value; but the kingof Naples soon prohibited ail further fearchin-g, and it was only 30 years after, that the government permitted to dig, again. After having pierced the Lava to a depth. of Qo feet they discovered the streets of Herculanum and found an immenfe quantity of ltatues, antic Vafes, facrificial instruments and excellent Fresco pictures (paintingi on humid Lime) These treafures were taben out of the fubterr raneous town, as may be fee» Fig. 1. , r and put in the Royal Mu feu m-at PorticL As it was impoihble to uncover the wboîe Herculanum without pulling down Portici, paP* fages were dug througb the Lava by which me ans the ruins of tins famous town may be seen by Torch-ligbt. The first »nagnificent Tluilding dIscoverecîr was the Théâtre of which our picture Fig. 2. r offers the plan,. The inner part of this-édifice affords an excellent View of its Magnitude and superb décoration. It was large enougb to contain 10000 Men, and the fpectators arrived froma corridor, as the verti-cal opening (a) shows, througb seven doors (Z>) ) to-their fit* of Toplius> The walls were ornamented with statue* of nrarble that ßood in niches, and hurle» o£ brouce placed on prominent pedefrals. The Proscenium or the frage was deeorated with pillars. of the Co-rinthiari or der and flatus* of tlieiVlufes, | |
| Ad99998 04 027a/eng | Miscellanies XXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 25. POMPEJUM DISCOVEPED. Pompejum, a little Pioman town, was situated ncar Hercuîanum and 12 Italian miles from Naples. The explofion of the rnountVefuvius which in the Year 79 deftroyed Hercuîanum buried also Pompejum under a couch of lèverai feet of ashes and pumice stones. Some âges after, its situation was entirely unknown, and it was only in the lafl Century that some peafants by chance discovered it again. In the Year 1755 they began to dig, and, as the couch of ashes was but a few feet high, it was eafily removed from the gteateft part of the Town. The many vaîuable anliquides that were found, were lihe those of the Hercuîanum brought in the Royal Mufeum at Portici. The annexer! picture represents two principal views of the discovered Poaipejum. Fig. 1. The gate of the Town and the entrance into one of the streets. We perceive in the front the ruins of the Gate (aa) and through the gâte-way one of the streets of the ancient Pompejum. The houfes feem to be built against rocks (b) but it is only the stratum or couch of ashes which covered the town, and on the furface of which as may be seen (c) some modem houfes were built. The streets are only 12 feet broad; on the pavement of L. ava the oîd tracks are diftinctly feen. On the sides of the houfes runs an elevated footpath (d) for the Convenience of people going on foot. The houfes are finall and low, quadrangular, and commonly but one story high. The doors are large and give light to the forepart of the houfe, for towards the streets no Windows have as yet been discovered. The rooms were situated around an inner Yard, in the middle of which generally a fountain stood. Fig. 2. The Soldier's Quarter of Pompejum. In the Year 1772 the Soldier's Quarter was discovered which probably was called io, because it contained the Barracks and Parade of the Roman Garrifon. A row of Doric Columns of Stucco, 11 feet high furrounded an oblong fquare, (parallelogram) the covering ashes of which as may be seen (aa) are not yet entirely removed. Apparently it was the place where the troops were exercifed. Behind these columns there was a gallery, open towards the fquare and covered ou the top. The barracks or lodgings of the foldiers (bb) were contiguous to this gallery; in some of them roman armours were found; but one especially oflfered a pitiful aspect. It was the military prifon. Some of the Soldiers imprifoned at the time of the fatal cataftrophe, were forgotten in the gênerai confternation, and deprived of the power to escape were pitifully suffocated. Several fkeletous were found fitting in a row, the bones of their legs fiill loaded with heavy chains. | |
| Ad99998 04 028a/eng | Birds LII. Vol. IV. No. 26. WOODPECKERS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. In the 28th Number of the III Vol. of our Picture* GalSery we have seen some Woodpeckers natives of Germany» but there are also many and durèrent species of these birds which inhabit the other parts of Europe as well as the other quarters of the World. We are bore m a de acquainted with fix beautiful and variegated foreign species, Fig. 1. The black breasted Woodpecker. (Picus multicolor.) This species is an ir. habitant of Cayenne and Guiana where it is called by the Natives Tukumari. It is about 11 inches long; iscs head which is ornamented with a fine creft, and the neck are orange yellow; the breast is black; and the wings, back, and tail are of a dark brownred, spotted with black; the tips of the fanshaped tail are black and the feet lead coloured. It Îive3 like ail its congenere on the gênerai food of the Woodpeckers wbich conflits in worms and insects. Fig. 2. The Goa-Woodpecker. (Picus Goensis.) It is of a smaller size than the above mentioned and an inhabitant of Goa in Asia. The beautiful creft wbich hangs down from the bind part of it» head, is carmin-red. A fîripe of black runs from beneath the eye» down the back. The wings are fulvous and green. With its pointed bill it hollows the trees. Fig. 3. The Bengal Woodpecker. (Picus Bengalensis.) This beautiful Woodpecker lives in Bengal, It is frnaller than the précèdent species. The little red tuft of feathers on the bind part of its head, the white frripe un der the eyes, the green and yelîow back along with the spotted neck and wings give this bird a beautiful appearance. Fig. 4. The yellow-headed Woodpecker. (Picus chlorocephalus.) Is a Native of Guiana. Its breast and belly, back and tail are Olive» brown, marked by large white spots on the foreparts; neck and head are yellow, the top of the head is red. Fig. 5. The Nubian Woodpecker. (Picus Nubicus.) "We fee hère an A£rican Woodpecker and an inhabitant of Nubia. It meafuies above 7 inches. Ils body is brown, Ipotted and variega« ted with black-, white and yellow. Fig. 6. The yellow Woodpecker. (Picus exalbidus.) This species is called in Cayenne where it is very fréquent, the yellow Carpenter, because it buildà its néft in hollow trees cutting first through the bark horizontally and then piercing downwards a hole 1 or i | |
| Ad99998 04 029a/eng | Insects XXII. Vol. IV. No. 27. BUTTERFLIES. I. Day-Butterflies. T> J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.) J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.) Their body is füll of hair, their and mouth is furnisbed with pinchers and a fpiral fnout to fuck the juice of plants and flowers; but remarkable is the threefold transformation, to wbich these insects are subject before they become real butterfîies. From the eggs wbich the female lays, little wormlîke animals proceed wbich are called Caterpillars or Larvae. These Caterpillars live on certain plants and also sometimes on wood, tili arrived at their fui! growth, when they furround themselves with akind of borny web and change in the Chryfalis or Aurelia. In îhis Iituation they live without tiourishment in a dormant Rate, tili at laß, with some (pecies in a few weeks with others in two or fhtee years, the Butterfly issues, wbich, when full grown, pierces and strips the web, propagates its species, and soon after dies. The three principal ClaiTes of Butterflies are as follows: 1. The Day-Buttcrßies or Papillons, 2. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths. 3. The Fhalaena or Moths. We shall be made acquainted with them in this and the foliowing two Numbers. Dß, y-Butterflies. Of this Class 901 différent species are known. They only fly about during daytime, " when fîtting, they carry their wings erected and clofe to cach other; their threadlike antennae or feelers terminate m a conic form. In the annexed picture we iee three beautiful species in their natural size which are very fréquent in almost erery part of Germany. Fig. 1. The Camberwell Beauty. (Papilio Antiopa.) This butterfly ÇA) measures about 3 inche3 in breadth, and is generally met with about the fruit-trees, on whofe fweet juice it lives. The purple-brown indented wings are edged with a b. right yellow border. The black thorny Caterpillars (ß) , which 3Te marked by black spots, are commonly found on wilîows, birch and asp-trees and change in a black angular Chryfalis ÇC) from which the Butterfly in the fpace of a fortnight issues. Fig. 2. The Peacock Butterfly. (Papilio Jo.) The Caterpillar (h) of this butterfly is befet ail over with Imall fpines and as black as velveti They are found in great Quantifies on Nett'es. The angular, yellow green Chiyfalis(c) is variegated with fulvoua spots and commonly fîicks with the inferior point to the walls. After 12 or 14 days the beautiful butterfly Ça) cornes forth, marked with various spot3 in the form of the eyes of a peacock's tail. Fig. 3. The red admirable Butterfly. (Papilio Atalanta.) The différent colours of this butterfly ÇA) are black, purple-red, and white. It appaars often in fpring, but is abundantly found in the Month of August fluttering about the blofToms of beans and other plants. The thorny Caterpillar CE) is met with on nettles. The grey, angular Chryfalis (C) from which the butterfly issues aûer a fortnight, is also found hanging on the walls. | |
| Ad99998 04 030a/eng | Insects XXIII. Vol. IV. No. 28. BUTTER FLIES. II. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths. 1 he Sphinx or Hawk-Moths, of which at present 165 species ave known, are the fécond Class of Butteiflies. Tlieir wings are longer tlian those of the day butterflies and are deflexed wlien the infect is at reft. Their body is also stronger and their antennae are thick in the middle and somewhat tapering towards the point. It is onîy at day break, and during tvviligbt tliat they flutter about to fuck witli their fnout the honey juice of flowers continually humming and foaring in the air. During day time they reft quietîy and inactif on trees and walls. The caterpillars of this Class are large, beautifully pencilled, and provided with a kind of horn upon the ta il. Their transformation happens generally in the earth where the black or brown Chrvfalis l fallu darauti» remains the whole winter. In the following fpring the Butterfly appears. In. the annexed picture we are madeacquainted with two beautiful species of this Class along with their caterpillars and Chryfalis in their natural size. Fig. 1. The Death-Head. (Sphinx Atropos.) The Death-Head QA) is the largest species of this Class; it occurs in many parts of Germany, but is properly a native of Africa andAmelica; it is only known in Europe fince the introduction of potatoes; and the blue and yellowftriped caterpillars ÇB~) delight to fearch for their nourishment on the potatoe-herb where they generally are found in August and September, though they sometimes are also met with on Jasmin and Carrots. They change into the red brown Chryfalis (C) which paffes the winter under ground. This Butterfly was in former times a frightful animal to common people. The yellowish drawing on its breast was generally taken for a Death-head; its fluttering about in the middle of the night, and its noify humming, together with the plaintif tune which the rubbing of its hard breast-shields produces, were fufficient reafons to make people believe, that this innoxious infect was the harbinger of illness and misfortune and the fore*runner of plague, war, and famine. Indeed a ridiculous fable! Fig. 2. The eyed Hawk-Moth. (Sphinx ocellata.) The Caterpillar (b~) is yellow green, mar» ked by a quantity of white stripes dispofed in a transverse direction. It is frequently found on willows and lime-^trees, on alders, oaks and beeches from which it is eaßly shaken off. The Caterpillar changes under ground, into a black Chryfalis (c). The superior wings of this Butterfly Ça) are marbled with red and grey, and edged in a finuous form. The inferior wings are of a pink colour, marked with eyes of blue and black. | |
| Ad99998 04 031a/eng | Insects XXIV. Vol. IV. No. 29. BUTTERFLIES. III. Phalaena. 1 lie third and mofr. numerous Class-is tliat of The Phalaena of which tili no\7 1529 species are known. When fitting, they let their wings hang downwards like the Sphinx. Their Antennae are somewhat like briftles and decreafing in size from the bafe to the apex. Except forne few species they only fly ahout in the night. Their fluttering is aukward and heavy but quiet and without humming. During day thne they fit stiîl on walls and trees as well as on the grass. The Gaterpiliars are covered with hair and go generally in the night in quest of nourishment. In their transformation the Caterpillars furround themselves with a filklike weh; for which purpofe nature has provided them with a tough juice Corning forth from an opening underneath their mouth; from this juice they Ipin the fine thread of which the Chryfalis coniilïs. They îy sometimes for 2 or 3 years in their web be» fore they change into Butter P ies. The annexed picture shows three différent species in their natural size. Fig. 1. The great Tyger-Moth. (Phalaena Caja.) The superior wings of this species (A) are of a Coffeebrown colour, marked by feveral white ‘(tripes uniting at the bafe; ths inferior wings are of a scarlet colour variegated with black and bîue spots. They are met with the whole fuminer through. The bîack and hairy Caterpillar (B~) lives on nettles, fallet and différent other pbants, and is jaioft frequently found in Juîy on turfy places. Its Chryfalis becomes'a felty web from its fpin»ing all the hair into it. Fig. 2. The Goat-Moth. (Phalaena Cossus.) The large, red Caterpillar (h) of the GoatMoth is especiaîly remarkable. Tt inhabits the trunks of wilfows, oaks, and ahlers and lives on wood. It is very noxions, gnawing the trees with its sharp pinchers in various directions. It défends itself against its enemies with a red juice which it fpouîs with véhémence from its Mouth. It pierces, ail wooden chefts or boxes and can only be kept in glass or. earthen pots. In the third year it covers itself in the trees with a skin of hue chips and changes in the brown rmd yellow Chryfalis (V) which at the tune of ripeness pierces the skin and appears in the new form of the Goat-Moth (a) , which is of a grey and blackish colour. » The french phyfician Lionet who diffected some of these Caterpillars with on aftonishing diligence, discovered 4041 Muscles, befides an enormous quantity of blood-and other Veffels. Fig. 3. The little Emperor-Moth. (Phalaena Pavonia minor.) The Caterpillar (B) of this Butterfly is in Germany frequently found on Rose-bushes, oaks, beeches, etc. It is green and beautifully pencilled with e qüantity of fulvous stars, which gives it an elegant appearance. ît (pins its Chryfalis QC) into a black and yellow longitudinal web in the form of a pair. The Butterfly (Ä) is of a reddish grey and yellow, edged with white; on each of its wings it has a black and white spot in the form ef an eye. | |
| Ad99998 04 032a/eng | Rose III. Vol. IV. No. 30. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES. Fig. 1. The Little Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia minor.) The Unie Centijolia is one of the most pretty and elegant fnecies of Roses. Portugal is faid to be its native country. Mr. Blandford at leaft brought it first from there to England, where it is still called : Blandford-Rose. It bas quite the round form and délicate colour of the large Centifolia, but instead of growing so isolated and fingly, it commonly forms a bunch of J or Q (Towers on one staîk. Its wood is green and bas only a few prichles. On account of its great fullness it beats very fei dorn fruit. The bush is 7 or ß feet bigh. Fig. 2. The French Rose. (Rosa turbinata.) This species is not only ufefuî, but also a great ornament of an elegant gard'en; for, planted with intelligence and eukivated with care o it bas the particular advantage to grow to the heigbt of iQ feet againfi: espaliers or pales, and coniequently furnishes the beft means to decorate walls and arbours. It bas différent names, and is called: sometfmes the Suggar-Rose, Vinegar RoseT the French Rose etc. The flowers which appear in Juin and July, are large, open, and of a bigh colour, but their fmell is not so agreeable as tîiat of the large Centifolia. It flourislies abundantly and has plentiful leaves of a pleafant green, with very few prickles. Its flower cups are somewhat fimilar to tunnels and generally divided in two parts, the upper of which is fmoothr the louer füll of minute prickles. It very fekîom bears any fruit t for the buds soon waste away and peaish. | |
| Ad99998 04 033a/eng | Birds. LIII. Vol. IV. No. 31. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SHRIKES. VV e have seen various Speeres of Shrike9 in Number 47 of die III. Vol, of our picture Galierie; we are hère made acquainted with fix other Speeres, foine of wbich are beautifully pencilled. Fig. 1. The jocose Shrike. (Lanius jocosus.) This slender and lively Bird is of the size of a common lark, and inhabits différent parts of China, Ben gai and the coaft of Coromandel. The colour of its back and wings is yellow brown; its breast and belly are of a dirty white; beneath the eyes and tail it is marked with Rose coloured spots, and on the hind part of its head some feathers of a brown colour form a loofe creft. Fig. 2. The Rock-Shrike. (Lanius infaustus.) Ax. the firfi hght this Species as well as the jocofe Shrike feem to belong to the kind of throftles, but their crooked bill is an evident proof of their being of the Shrike-race. This species is jto be found on the Mountains of Tyrol and Swizzerîand, in France and Iraly. On account of its turreful finging it is frequently kept in cages, its length is generally 7 J inches; the colours of its feathers are yellow-red, blew and brown. Why this bird in German and Latin is cal]ed the Unhappy, is unkn. own, but probably superst. ition has iuggefîed the Idea. Fig. 3. The blak-headed Shrike. (Lanius melanocephalus.) This beautiful Inhabitant of the southern Islands, which only foine of the late Travellers brought to Europe, is ahout 6 inches long. Its principal colour is olive green except the tail which has a large black band aeross, and yellow ends. Fig. 4. The crested Shrike. (Lanius Canadensis.) measures about 6 inches and lives in Canada, The long brown-red feathers of its head form a hanging creft. It3 breast is of a yellow leather-colour, the belly dirty white, the back tawny, and the wings black, crofTed by lèverai Üripes of white. Fig. 5. The blue Shrike. (Lanius bicolor.) A beautiful species which is only to be met with in the Island of Madagascar. It generally lives on insects. Its size is larger then that of the crefted Shrike meafuring about 6 § inches in length. The upper part of its body is azuré; breast and belly are of a fhining white; bill and feet of a blakish colour. Fig. 6 The pied Shrike. (Lanius doliatus.) measures also about 6 f inches. The whole Bird is neatîy pencilled with undulated white and black stripes. It is an Inhabitant of Cayenne. |
