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	Übersetzungüberprüfung	Beschreibungstext
Ad99998 06 084a/eng		Garments. XI. Vol VI. No. 82. PERUVIAN INCAS. The ancient Peruvians in South - America were a nation tolerably well civilized They had hereditary kings, who, as well as all the royal princes, were called Jncas, hein g regarded by the Peruvians as sons of Gods, off - springs of the sun, under the Fig. ure of which they adored the supreme deity. These Incas, whose families at present have almost been extirpated by the Spaniards, who conquered Perù, enjoyed a preeminence of reputation and honour, as we can judge by what has been before mentioned. Even now - a. aavs much reverence is paid to their memory, the present Peruvians still continuing to represent them symbolically, on solemn processions, though dressed in more precious and modernized garments than these princes used to wear at the time of their splendour. The annexed view exhibits such an allegorical representation of modern time?. We behold an Inca with his consort in their modern habit oF parade, which in. some particulars differs from the ancient one, as they are represented still now à days, on great solemnities, for the remembrance of ancient times, to the Peruvians, who do not belong to their descendants.
Ad99998 06 085a/eng		Miscell. Subj. CXXIII.. Vol. VI. No. 83. TURKISH TOMBS. To the modern Greeks and Turks death, according to the usual manner of antiquity-, does not appear under aspects of fear and terror, they rather consider it as a state of sweet repose, without aversion. For that reason ihey bury their corpses in open coffins, trimmed with precious stuffs ; they dreis the dead body in the best clothes of the deceased, covering him with flowers. Thus they commit the last remains to graves situated without the towns, on high • ways or upon hills surrounded by cypresses. These sepulchers, which frequently serve as publick walking - places, are of the most charming forms, consisting in open chests of white marble, (Fig.. II.) near which arise pillars decorated with symbols relative to the sex and rank of the deceased. The turban signifies a man; a kind of urn a woman; a rose denotes a girl. Within these chests, filled with light earth, they plant flowers, that are cultivated with religious care by the relations of the deceased. Richer Turks get built whole funeralhalls, (Fig.. i.) which consist either of open arches, bearing a cupola, or are locked up and enlightened from above. The annexed view likewise exhibits buildings of greater compass, provided with open vestibles, where the Mahometans perform their devotion.
Ad99998 06 086a/eng		Worms XIII. Vol. VI. No. 84. THE ECHINOID ASTERIAS. In Vol. III. No. 94- °f our Picture• Gallery we already became acquainted with the admirable Medusa's head sea star, belonging to the genus Asteria or star - fish. The annexed table exhibits an other extraordinary species of these animals, viz, the echinoid Asterias. It is a native of the Indian seas, which sometimes arrives at so considerable a size, as to measure more than twelve inches in diameter. From the body depressed and covered with a coriaceous crust arise twenty rays, that are spinous as well as the body. The mouth of this animal consists of the aperture, which we behold in the midst of the body. Most beautiful specimens of this curious animal were formerly: preserved in the Leverian Museum at London. —
Ad99998 06 087a/eng		Misc. CXXIV. Vol VI. No. 85. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL AT LONDON. The cathedral church of St. Paul, which we see here represented from the side of the Thames, is one of the most beautiful buildings of modern architecture. It stands in the centre of the great metropolis of the british empire, being reared in the place of an ancient gothic cathedral, that was almost entirely destroyed by the terrible fire of 1666. The celebrated Architect, Sir Christopher Wren, formed his plan of it partly on the Model of St. Peter's Church at. Rome This immense edifice was reared in 35 years, the foundation being laid on the 2i£t- of June 1675 and the building completed in 1710, at the expence of 4,420,512 dollars of Saxony. This Cathedral is in the form of a erosi. The outside is adorned with three magnificent entrances and two ranges of pilastres. Above the principal entrance stand two steeples; the chief ornament, however, i» the stately dome, rising in the centre. The dome rests on 32 columns supporting a gallery surrounded by a balustrade, the ascent to which from tl»? bottom is by 534 stepsi 0»er the gallery rises the magnificent cupola with a second gallery, on the top of which stands a little turret or lanthorn terminating in a gilded ball and cross. — The inside of St. Paul's is so far from corresponding in beauty with its exterior that it is only decorated with conquered ship'« flags and two statues and monuments erected in honour of Johnson and Howard. The annexed view exhibits likewise a remarkable procession consisting of the Lord Mayor's going by water to Westminsterhall, with great pomp, in barges splendidly decorated. This procession takes place annually on the 9'h. of November, being the day on which the new chief magistrate enters upon the duties of hit office.
Ad99998 06 088a/eng		Plants CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 86. FAIR EXOTIC SHRUBS. The dwarf rosebay. (Rhododendron ponticum.) This beautiful shrub is met with in the Orient as well as in several parts of SouthSpain, particularly in the environs of Gibraltar, and in the orange-houses of Germany. Cultivated with due care it forms a shrub like a tree of 5 a 6 feet of height. The oblong and pointed leaves are ever green; they have a shining surface; on the inferior part they arc. lighter green, traversed by strong veins and crooked towards the extremitv. They cleave together in great numbers towards the top of the branches. The stalk is extremely short. In the months of June and July on the points of the branches there appear red blossoms of five leaves, that stick together like clusters, which recommend this shrub as an embellishment of gardens. At first sight it resembles the Oleander, but on beholding it more attentively we easily find out the difference. The dwarf rosebay comprehends eleven kinds, which chiefly are found on high mountains, or Alps, whence their name derives. In the native country of this shrub some kinds are employed in medicine on account of their astringent virtue.
Ad99998 06 089a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXXV. Vol. VI. No. 87. THE GIANTS-CAUSEWAY IN IRELAND. The isle of Staffa and Final's care in Scotland are not superior in beauty to the magnificent Giants- causeway, situated on the northwestern coast of Ulster, in the county of Antrim in Ireland. It is naturally formed of innumerable pillars of basaltes which arise perpendicularly, having been regarded in former times by superstitious people as a work of spirits and giants. Those pillars of basaltes (which are reckoned 30,000) form a kind of promontory gradually declining towards the sea aud terminating in a causeway, which by means of the pillars proportionately broken off forms an even way. This causeway has about 600 feet in length and 120 to 14.0 in breadth. The single pillars have 12 to 15 inches in diameter, being quadrangular, sexangukr and octangular, but for the most part sexangular, as the present table shews, on one side elevated and on the other fluted, whereby the single parts of the pillars join together like the vertèbres of the back-bone, thus supporting themselves in an upright direction.
Ad99998 06 090a/eng		Misc. Subjects CXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 88. THE BLAST OF WHEAT. The blast of corn, which frequently impairs the produces of harvest, is a sickness of the corn-plants, which is not discernible untili the ears begin to bud. Wheat is most frequently attacked by this sickness of blast, that consists in the grains not being duely ripe, whence instead of containing a white and mealy substance, they are filled up with blackish grains consisting of dust and stinking in their fresh state, whereby at length the whole car is soiled, when the blighted wheat-grains buTst and the blasting fies out. P. I is a blasted wheat grain in its natural greatness. Fig.. 2. and 3. considerably magnified, b b b in both Fig. ures there are the tops steiilized by sickness, a a. Fig.. 2. the pistils deformed by sickness. 'Fig.. 3: shews the interior of a blasted wheat-grain. Fig.. 4. exhibits a number of magnified grains of the blasting. Every grain is composed of several other lumps accumulated together, which we discern through the microscope on moistening the blast. Fig.. 6. shews the form of single grains of the sound and immature wheat-flour, when it is wettish. The blasting of wheat is but a particular kind of mushrooms consisting of dust and belonging to the genus blast, comprehending many species. To the same genus is likewise ascribed the pretended rust of corn. In Fig.. 5. we behold the form of the grains of the rust of bailey greatly magnified.
Ad99998 06 091a/eng		Misc. Subjects CXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 89. RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF SAGUNT IN SPAIN. In the South of Spain, between Valencia and locked themselves up with their relations Barcellona, is situated the city of Murviedro, in the houses which were set on fire, thus where there are the ruins of ancient Sa- delivering themselves as free citizens to the giuit, whose remains we behold in Fig.. I. flames with their preciousEffects. The Romans an;l II. of this table. vindicated the Saguntines in the second war with the Carthaginians by expelling The city of Sagunt is famous for the them from amidst the ruins of the demoPerseverance beyond all example with which lished city, which they rebuilt more magthe inhabitants, the allies to the Romans, nificently than before, and yet Sagunt, a defended themselves against the Carthagi- second time restored to all its splendour, nians under the conduct of Hannibal after was again destroyed by the Barbarians dutne first war with the above mentioned na- ring their invasion in the fifth century, the tion. Tha Carthaginians after a siege of only evidences of its former grandeur being «ight months having at length taken the city the remains, particularly those of the theaby assault, and the rapacious soldiers being tre, part of which we behold in Fig. I. in permitted by Hannibal to plunder it tho- the fore-ground. Under the succeding doroughly he was astonished at finding not- minion of the Goths Sagunt was rebuilt hing but destruction and mint. The in- once more but with less beauty. The rehabitants of Sagunt had ra;her die than mains uf that time are probably those, of itfrvive the foil of their liberty; those, the citadel. (Fig.. H.) tli;t bad not fallen gloriously in fi'gthing
Ad99998 06 092a/eng		Misc. CXXVlll. Vol. VI. No. 90. CELTICK MONUMENTS OF CARNAC. In the western parts of France, near the castle of Cornac, in the department of Morbihan, along the sea-shore, in a mournful desert of downs, there are found the following remarkable monuments of antiquity, deriving from the Celts, who anciently inhabited that part of Gallia. In those sandy p loins, wholly destitute of rocks, the traveller meets with rough blocks of stone, which, being supporled only by their own weight without a basis, are supposed to have been erected by human efforts in a very bold manner. The number of these blocks of stone, which arise perpendicularly, still amounts to 4000, the use of which proves difficult to be explained, though, most propably, they refer to the religious customs of that ancient people. The groupes of stone which we see (Fig. - II.) seem to be still more nearly related to certain science;, containing perhaps observations on the starry sky.
Ad99998 06 093a/eng		Misc. Subjects. CXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 91. VIEW OF THE GREAT SQUARE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO IN AMERICA. In the place of the present city of Mexico, which lias been built hy the Spaniards after the conquest of that country of the new world, anciently was situated the city of Tenochtitlan, the residence of proper kings of the ancient inhabitants. This city having been taken by the Spaniards and wholly destroyed, after a persévérant siege in 1521, Cortez, the leader of the Spanish army, ordered a new city of Mexico to be founded after the european fashion, which contains about 140,000 inhabitants, not being inferior to any one of the most celebrated cities of Europe. We behold here represented the great square (la plaza i:iajvr) where in former times stood the gr&a temple of Mcxitili, or the God of war of the primitive (inhabitants of America afterwards thus called. Now-a-days this place is adorned with the magnificent equestrian statue of Charles IV., King of Spain, constructed of metal by the celebrated Spanish artist Don Manuel Dolsa, and reared in Mexico in 1203. The place round the statue is paved with freestones of porphyry, surrounded by a balustrade and locked up with four gates. Behind the principal place in the center of our figure we behold the stately cathedral church (2), part of which (3) is entirely built in the moresk style. On the left of the cathedral church we view the palace simply built, which is the seat of the Viceroy of new Spain.
Ad99998 06 094a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXXX. Vol. VI. No. 92. THE FOUNTAIN CALLED TOP HANÈ AT CONSTANTINOPLE. This remarkable and magnificent fountain, situated in Top-.Hanc, one of the suburbs of Constantinople, whence its name derives, has been lately copied for the first time by the germ an artist Melling, architect to the Sultana Hadidge, the distrustful Turks seldom permitting something to be copied from their publick buildings. This monument is notable because it gives a perspicuous idea of the st)le and art of decorating of the Mahometans. The Sultan Mikmud caused this fountain to be built in 1733 as a work of beneficence, in order to provide this part of Constantinople with good water as well as with a place for performing the religious washings that are in use among the Turks. The inferior part of the edifice is incrusted with white marble, the surface of which being most elegantly adorned with several gilded volutes, ornaments and sentences of the Alcoran, the holy book of the Turks. Notwithstanding there are to be found no Fig. ures of men or animals, which is prohibited according to the turkish faith. Above the inferior part of the building, that has 25 feet in square and a spring on each of these four sides, stands out a pentice of 16 feet which gives the most agreeable shade. A vaulted roof adorned with 16 turrets terminates the whole in an elegant manner. Near the fountain we see some Turks occupied by their holy washings and next to these a group of turkish women. In th« fore-ground drives a turkish coach all over furnished with lattica - windows, wherein th« women of the Turks take the air.
Ad99998 06 095a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXXXI. Vol. VI. No. 93. REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS. The petrified Sea-Palm or Pentacrinit. (Pentacrinites Helmintholithus portentosus. L.) of antiquity, tacriliit. belonging systematically to the same genus called Encrinus. The animals of this order keep the midst between the coralloid animais and the Sea-stars, living always under _/ entacrlnits are petrified forms of animals the profoundest gulfs of the sea, partly in the belonging to the class of the Zoophytes or torrid zone, partly in colder regions, where Plant-animals, consisting of a manybranched by way of their flexible stalks they adhere and tufty substance that sticks to a membe- close to the ground. In many countries of red and branchless stalk of several feet in Europe the petrified sea - palms are to be length. For the present we know but two found enclosed and vanished by growing in or three species of Zoophytes which are near- the lime-stones.
Ad99998 06 096a/eng		Misc. Subjects. CXXXII. Vol. VI. No. 94. REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS. Petrified Sea-Lilies or Encrinits of Antiquity. (Encrinites HeImintholithus. Encrinus L.) Encrinits or Sea-lilies are petrified kinds of plant-animals of former ages, looking in some manner like the sea-palm, still living in the profundities of the sea of the Antilles, and probably belonging to the same genus Encrinus. Fig.. i. exhibits a sea-lily, many-branched and closed, with the stalk of many articles, by way of which the living zoophyte kept close to the bottom of the sea. Fig.. 2. is an Encrinit of many arms, without a stalk, both of them being provided with round joints. Fig.. 3. shews the closed main-body, formed like a Fig., of an other kind of Encrinits, whose joints are pentagonal, as the basis exhibits, that stuck to the stalk. The other Fig. ures are partly single joints of sea-lilies, which are commonly called by several names, viz: St. Cuthbert's beads, trochytes, astroites etc., partly they-are pieces, formed like a pillar, of such stalks consisting of many articles that rise one above another (6. 7.) being usually called Entrochites, star stones. In many regions of Germany and of other foreign countries the petrified Encrinits are met with in several kinds of lime-stones.
Ad99998 06 097a/eng		Plants CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 95. MEDICAMÉNTAL PLANTS. Fig. 1. The common Elecampane. (Inula Helenium. L.) ±he common or genuine Elecampane is an useful plant, which grows wild in several parts of Europe and in some regions of Germany, being cultivated on fields for its utility as also in gardens for ornament. The long and thick roots, that have a strong and bitter taste, are partly dried, partly employed in medicine in several dissolutions. They likewise form thereof a salutary wine and beer of the same name. The root, mixed with pot-ashes and bill-berries, produces a blue colour. From the root ismes a stalk, of 3 in 4 feet in height, furnished with large and dented leaves, at the top of which, in the months of July and August, appear the yellow and scentless flowers formed like a star. Fig. 2. The common Soapwort. (Saponaria officinalis. L.) This salutary plant, 2 in 3 feet high, that grows uncultivated in Germany along the roads and in hedges, bears white blossoms inclining to red, during the summermonths. The leaves as well as the root have soapy and solutive principles that offer an approved remedy agiinst many diseases. For ornament it has been transplanted in te gardens, where by way of culture a variation of it has been produced with clusters of double flowers.
Ad99998 06 098a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 96. THE MORAI, OR BURYING-PLACE, OF THE ISLE NUKAHIWAH IN THE SOUTH-SEA. In the South-sea is to be found a group of isles, first discovered in 1595 and known under the name of isles of Marquesa or Mendoza. Amoügst the northern ones is also situated the isle of Nuhakiivak, with which we more nearly became acquainted by means of the last voyage round the world, undertaken by the Russians for discovery's sake, under the guidance of the Captain of Kmsenstcrn. The inhabitants of this island are well-shaped, healthy, and of a vigorous constitunon; their carnation resembles that of the Europeans. They adorn the whole body with pricked Fig. ures, which they rub into the flesh with a dark-blue earth, whence ihey never vanish. These islanders of the South - sea are not in the least of a sweet temper; on the contrary they are malicious and vindictive in such a manner that they devour their captivated enemies. Except a small scarf, they are stark-naked. Their habitations are only cottages composed of bamboo • reed. Alter many ceremonies theyr commit the dead to their burying - places, or Morais, whereof every family has a particular one. The Russians, who circumna« vigated the world, obtained the permission of visiting such a Moral, the image of which we view in the annexed table. This Moral was situated in a romantic region, on a hill; in a coffin was exposed a corpse. Outwardly stood some deformed idols carved in wood; close to these they beheld pillars, consisting of cocoa-leavet, and environed by stuffs of white cotton. The whole referred to religious customs.
Ad99998 06 100a/eng		Insects. LIII. Vol. VI. No. 98. FESTOON ORANGE BUTTERFLY OF CHINA. (Papilio Bernardus. Fabricii.) On a copied nrancn °f a japan and chinese plant, called Japan Rose, we behold a great diurnal Butterfly, fairly designed, that is a native of China and Japan. The prime colour of its fore - wings is fiery - red, laciniated with a yellow cross - fascia, and with a lavge and black border. The hinrlwings, likewise fiery - red, are tailed, and elegantly spotted with black eyes and white central point». The upper Fig. ure exhibits this Butterfly in the state of reposa, with the bearing of its clapt wings, whose inferior side is finely adorned. This exotic Butterfly belongs to the eye-spotted ones, among which, however, there is none in Germany, that equals this chinese Butterfly in the greatness and beauty of the louring.
Ad99998 06 101a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXXXr. Vol. FL No. 99. RUSSIAN HORN-MUSIK. This Musick, invented in Russia in 1750, by a native Bohemian, called Maresch, has such a dignity, grandour, sweetness and plenitude of sounds, as are not to be found in any Musick whatever, even not in the organs, to which, however, it bears the greatest resemblance. This Musick being the more extraordinary because every horn has but one tone, a brief description of it will prove much interesting both to connoisseurs of Musick and to those, who are strangers to it. The annexed table gives an intuitive representation of it. The region exhibits a forest where one sees the imperial corps of russian hunters, divided in four files, and placed on an eminence, with their hunting-horns. In the first file stands the treble, in the second the counter-tenor, in the third the tenor, and in the h most the bass. Every one holds in his hand a little musick-book, upon which he is to fix his eyes steadfastly, in order to give the tone in the very nick of time. He therefore is obliged to count exactly all the other sounds, till it comes to his turn to wind the horn. His whole art, which surely is not easy in allegros and trills, contists in making just stops. In the other hand he has the brazen or copper-horn. In the front, before the treble, or in the first file, stands the Master of the musical chapel, who has placed the partition before him, on a desk. He keeps in his hand a little staff, with which he not only beats the time, but also every fourth. The basses, on account of their bigness, rest on little pedestals, constructed for that purpose. The Horn-Musick is composed of about forty persons, every one of whom has one horn or two. Those horns, that give the lowest bass-tones, have 5 in 7 feet in length. This measure diminishes proportionally so that the least ones arrive only to the length of one foot. There is nothing more touching than to hear a choral-song, or adagio, performed on this instrument; there is nothing more merry than to behold an allegro blown there-upon, when a Musician, with two horns is often changing them, in a swift time. Though the instruction of such a Virtuoso requires an extraordinary patience yet the Russians, who generally have great talents for Musick, very soon become accustomed to observe the time.
Ad99998 06 102a/eng		Plants CXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 100. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The purple-coloured Rudbeckia. ( Rudbcckia purpurea. L.) The purple-coloured Rudbeckia is a beautiful ornamental plant, which grows wild in North-America, on the mounts of Virginia, Carolina and Florida, being likewise cultivated in our gardens for ornament, on account of its singular appearance. It has been thus denominated in honour of the deserving Swedish botanist, Olaus Rudbeck. This plant shoots a stalk of 3 in 4 feet in height, to which alternately stick the long-pointed and dented leaves. The large and beautiful purple flowers, that adhere to the top of the stalk, are formed like rays, hanging loose together with the leaves cloven on the extremity.
Ad99998 07 003a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXXXVI. Vol. VII. No. 1. PERSIAN CURIOSITIES. Persia,. anciently celebrated among the Countries of Asia, still belonss, on severat flccounts, to the rernarkable' empires of that part o£ the world. The annexed print exhibits.: ;-:.' i Fig. 1. View of the city of Shiras. Shiras, the capital city of the province of Farsistan, or 'of Persia properly thus called, is situated in an extensive and beäutifill valley; but novv-a-däjs its ancient spleridour is greatly göne to decay. It is surrounded with walls arid lias six gâtes ; the houses, cohstructed of bricks', hâve a bad appearance, but nevertheless Shiras lias a beautiful Basar or customhouse, as well as other public buildings. This city is likewise famous for its excellent wine, called \vine of Shiras, which is renown'd ail over Asia. Fig. 2. Tomb of the persian Poet Hafiz. Arts and sciences were flourishing ïn former centuries in the Éast as well as in Persia. Among the celebrated men of that country they also name the Poet Hafiz, who was born in Mosselly, near Shiras, and died there in 1340. We behold hère represented his tomb variously distingulshed. It is situated in the center of a large square burjing ground, resemblirtg a garden. At the entrance are two great lions, opposite, in a l'atticed enclpsure are the tombs of Hafiz, of two of his disciples, and of a Prince of the royal blood. Ail four are formed like coffîns of stone, on each side surrounded with sto» nés, six foot high, where upon are engraved several passages of the Alcoran. The persian Sovereign, Kerim - Khan, çaused this tomb to be embellished, an édifice with rriany rooms having been reared behind it. Close by there is the sepulchre of Saadi, an other celebrated persian Poet.
Ad99998 07 004a/eng		Plants CXIX. Vol. VII. No. 2. THE FILAMENTOUS YUKKA. (Yucca filamentosa.) JL he Yucca is exclusively found in Ameri- clous Yucca, is originally of Virginia and ca, and comprehends many species, whicli, Carolina, where it is to be found on the as for the structure, accord together in so sandy shores of the rivers. It has but a much that the trunk, often arriving to the short trunk ; from the Ieaves grows up the height of ten in twelve feet, produces, on- " stalk, often five to six foot high, to which ly at the top, a tuft of long Ieaves, for stick the white flowers, inclining to yellow, the most part dented like a saw, from whose and formed like tulips. The Ieaves of this center shoots out a long and branched stalk, species hâve the singularity of being more forming tha most beautiful crown. For round, and of bearing, on their surface, that reason this fair american plant is also long and single filaments, which, before met with in several hot-hoùses. the Europeans imported their linen-cloth, \ were employed by the Americans in fabriThe species hère copied, or the fila- cating a stuff approaching the same quality.
Ad99998 07 005a/eng		Worms XIV. Vol. VII. No. 3. THE WINDING SERTULARlA OR VESICULAR CORALLINE. (Sertularia volubilis, Linn. S. uniflora, Pallas.) About the trunk and tire branches of a red prickly coralline winds an other species of zpophytes, belonging to the genus Sertularia oxvesicular coralline, represented in its natural greatness in Fig. . 1. and magnified in Fig. . 2. of the annexed table. This ;winding seitularia has the appearance of a .plant, as well as all the plant-animais, inhabiting the Océan; but its substance is white, .horney, elastic, flexible and half transparent, rwhose united and subile filaments form an articulated , tortuous and filaceous stalk, .which serves as a shelter to particular polypes, adhering to it and dwelling in seperate cells (even hère indistingûishable) of thèse articulations, from whence they extend their armed fangs to catch their food. The little bells, with a dented border, on the long and articulated stalk$,of.the trunk of the sertularia, are open and transparent cases, looking like vesicles, which, in the hottest summerseason shoot out of the sertularia, and wherein form themselves oval burgeons, either cleaving to the principal trunk, or separated from if. From such burgeons issue new sertularia.s, which continue growing. The polypes of the sertularias feed upon the least and most tender microscopical worms, living in the sea-water.
Ad99998 07 006a/eng		Miscell. Subj. CXXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 4. THE CATACOMBS OR SUBTERRANEAN SEPULCHRES OF ROME. The Catacombs, or subterraneous sepulchres, at Rome and their environs are famous for their antiquity as also for their great number. They consist of innumerable passages and Chambers, turning and winding, like a labyrinth, in the solid pozzolano of a hardened and vulcanicearth. In the earliest times of Rome thèse passages took their rise from the pozzolano du g out for the construction of buildings. At the time of the roman Republick and of the Emperors thèse innumerable sandpits were employed in burying poor people and slaves, upon whose corpses they would not bêstaw the funeral expences- At the time of cliristianity the acts of burying in the Catacombs augmented; there were interred the Christians, who had fallen as Martyrs in the persécutions. Part of the Catacombs, extending to a great distance near Rome, are exhibited in Figr. with the tombs partly open partly locked up. The closed sepulchres, eut in the walls of the Catacombs, hâve the outward appearance of Fig. . 4. — Fig. . 2. 3. and 5. represent many of them, which were examined after having been opened. They found therein the remains of human bones more or less preserverî. By the initial letters of the word of Christ it appears they belonged to Christians. In the sepulchre (Fig. . 3) reposed a Martyr, as may be judged by the preserved palm twig and hatchet.
Ad99998 07 007a/eng		Misc. Subjects. CXXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 5. ETRUSCAN CATACOMBS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF TARQUINIA. In the présent Grand- dutchy of Toscany, near.the town of Corneto, where anciently was situated Tarquinia, one of the twelve capital-cities of Etruria, are to be found many catacombs, or subterranean sepulchralchambers. Tliey are carved in whitish limestones, being remarkable for their structure as well as for their variegated Ornaments. The descent to them is through square apertures. In one of thèse Etruscan catacombs (Fig. . 1.) the cieling is formed o£ four contiguous Squares, carved out of the rock with Recesses. The remains of the dead repoed either in nrns, or probably also on the banks round about the side- walls. The walls and friezes of thèse sepulchral - Chambers are covered with party-coloured symbolical pictures, alluding to the State of the soûls after deatb, according to the ideas of the Etrurians. On the frieze we therefore behold men devoured by wild beasts; allusion to the punishments attending the cri.minai. . Other compartments of thèse catacombs (Fig. . 2.) rest on pillars carved out of the rock itself^ as well as the architectural recesses of the [cieling whence they gîve perpetuity to the whole. On the side- walls we likewise observe painted friezes of many Fig. ures, which offer abundant matter of discussion to the antiquary. Y>
Ad99998 07 008a/eng		Quadrupeds. LXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 6. THE GIGANTICK BUFFALO. (Bos Arni.) A.oeoîig the animtlls hitberto .Utile' krsown separated Afeet frora each other. In Fig. ure the belongs the gigamick-Buffalc, 6.x Ar ni, vçhic.h, Arnils said.to participate of the"ox,..of thehoraccording to theaccounts of the English- se and of the stag." Though. it;be courageous men, lives in the mountainous régions of and strong, yet it is tamed and employed inriNorth - Hindostan as well:;-as in tke woods ding in the northern parts of the East-Indies. of North-Bengal. ;;An.,english offjcer men- For a great whjle the gigantick Buffalo tions such a Buffalo, he had found there, 14 was knovvn only by seuils dug .out;here and foot high .fröm. the hoof to the top of.the there, to which stick the huge horns. Such horns. It is black - coloured; a red - haired seuils of Ami are met with in several catuft sticks betwixt its huge horns, which are binets of natural hiïtory.
Ad99998 07 009a/eng		Garments. XII. Vol. VII. No. 7. PERSIAN GARMENTS. The inhabitants of Persia are hère represented in their différent. garmenls. The Persians are lively, addicted to pleasures, and a little frivolous ; but for ail that more sociable and more compassionate strangers than their neighbours, the rude and distrustful' Turks. They are middlesized, rather lean than fat, but of a vigorous and healthy constitution. Though the Mahometan is the prédominant religion, yet they tolerate many other sects, as the Gebers, vvho adore the fire. From the simple dress of the Curdes, (Fig. . I.) a half savage, rapacious and mountaineer people of West-Persia, we make the transition to the garments of the Persians. Fig. 2. A Persian of a middle condition, in the summer-habit. The garments of the Persians are long, vvide, and party - coloured, after the oriental fashion., The rieh wear precious silkstuffs, richly bordered with gold, silverand gems. The Persian hère portrayed wearg a sîiirt of red silk, over it a wai.ucoat and a vvide surtout, .that' descends tili to the ancle, being girded with a shawl. The head is covered with a cap, formed like a turban. Fig. 3-4. Persian Women. The clothes of the persian women are more agreeable than those of the men. They do not eut the hair, but cover the head either with a shawl, in the shape of a Veil, or twist it like a turban. Over the smock, which is open tili to the middle of the body, they wear a gown descending to the knee, and adorned with loops of gold and silver. The wide breeches are closely quilted and lined from the top to the bottom.
Ad99998 07 010a/eng		Worms XV. Vol. VII. No. 8. THE ALCYONIUM OR DEVIL'S HAND. (Alcyonium manus diaboli, Linn.) The Alcyonium, formedlike a hand, which by the marineis and inhabitants of the seashore is vulgarly called devil's band, thief's hand, hand o£ Judas, sea-hand, is a particular species of plant - animais, or zoophytes, belonging to the genus Alcyonium. It is composed of inflexfble and almost horney filaments, surrounded, in their fresh state, by ajuicy substance, in which, towards the exterior part, in the fingers or dents, are little caves or cells, serving as a continuai abode to pariicular polypes (he-re not copied) of a cylindrical Fig. ure, and furnished with many fringed fangs, round âbout the aperture of the mouth. The out-side of this plant-animal varies, as to the form, length and ihickness of the dents, as shews Fig. . i. compared with Fig. . 2. Besides both Fig. ures exhibit the natural greatness together with the cavities, shaped like a pipe, at the top of the points, where the polypes dvvell. These Alcyoniums are to be found on the coasts of Holland, France and England, where by growing they cleave to the inferior parts of stones, muscles and snails.
Ad99998 07 011a/eng		Miscell. Subj. CXXXIX. Tom. VII. No. 9. RUSSIAN IRREGULAR LIGHT HORSE. The annexed table exbibits several Christian .people, living under the russian donation and forming a light horse for the miy service«. Fig. 1 and 2. Donick Cosacks. Fig. 2. An officer of the donick Cosackst who are a brauch of the russian nation and à rude, martial, pastoral people, inhabiting thé shores of the river Don, whence their name dérives. Fig. 2. A common donick Cosack. Fig. 3. A Kalmuck. We behold hère copied a Kalmuck, (as his physiognomy at first sight shews) who, having passed to the Cosacks, at least see" mingly professes the Christian religion. Fig. 4. An uralick Cosack. The uralicke Cosacks dwell on the inferior river Ural, wheré they hâve a considérable fishery and breed of cattle. For the rest they pretty resemble their other countrymen. Fig. 5. A Cosack of the black Sea. The saporogick Cosacks, who formerl'y inhabited the shores of the Dnieper, from whence they vvere transferred to the Kuban, on the black sea, since the year 1775, not only serve as light horsemen, but also by Sea. Fig. 6. An Albanian. This Albanian or Arhaut belongs to the greek battalion established in the Crimea by the Russians. In war they serve both on horseback and on foot, by land and by sea.
Ad99998 07 012a/eng		Miscell. Subj. CXL. Vol. VII. No. 10. IRREGULAR RUSSIAN LIGHT HORSE. The présent table exhibits a séries of Asiatick peoples, as well pagans as mahometans, who are to be found, more or less frequently, amông the russian light horse. Fig. 1. A Circassian Prince. The Circassians who inhabit the province of Kuban, are descended frora the Tartars, arid form a mixt, well-shaped and martial people, subjected to particular little Princes, who, however, acknowledge the russian sovereignty. Such a Prince is hère copied in complète armour, with helmet, coatof mail, sabre, bow, arrows and pistols. Fig. 2. A common Circassian. The peasants, or common Circassians are ail together bondslaves to gentlemen. The whole country can raise an army of 1500 gentlemen, and about to,ooo warlike bondslaves. Fig. 3. A Mursa or Tartar gentleman. He is represented without arms, as an attendant of a Circassian Prince. Fig. 4. A Tartar of Nogaj. These vagabond and rapacious Tartars distinguish themselves by their physiognomy, which proves their breedmixed with the Mongols. They adorn their lances with fox - skins. Fig. 5. A Trukmanick Tartar. The Trukmatis inhabit seyeral countries, particularly the mos.t beautiful régions of Caupasus. Sucha one is hère represented. Fig. 6. Bashkirs. The Bashkirs are descendants of Bolgars, and consequently destitute of culture. They are a warlike people. Fig. 7. A Kirgise. The Kirgises are free, rapacious and rude Tartars, mixed with Mongols, and inhabiting the déserts, on the frontiers of Russia. They keep a considérable breed of cattle, particularly of horses, and are very savage.
Ad99998 07 013a/eng		Mise. Subj. CXLI. Vol. VII. No. 11. VIEWS OF THE COAST OF JAPAN WITH JAPANESE VESSELS. Japan, of which we hâve got a clearer knowledge but tvvo centuries since, is a country composed of séveral great "and little islands, on the North-East-Coast of Asia, in the great Eastern Océan, being become long since the object öf European avidity on account of its abundance of gold and other producta. The Portuguese established themselves there in the middle of the sixteenth Century, but for having abused the kindness of the Japaneses they were expelled by them. Since that time the Dutch only, however under great restrictions, are permitted to trade in Japan; but tvvo attempts made prior by the English proved abortive. Nor did the last Russian enterprise of the same kind succeed. The Court of Russia deputed an Embassador to Japan in the year 1^03 together with the two ships expedited under the command of tbo Captain Krusenstern in order to circumnavigate the woild. But this Embassador was not admittéd to Audience, and the présents, hè brought with him,, were rejected. The tvvo following views of Japan are extracted from the masterly description of this voyage, published by Captain Krusenstern. Fig. 1. View of Megasaki, near the city of Nangasaki in Japon, where the Russian Embassador was shewn to his dvvelling-place; and the first visit of the Japanese interprétera, who in an open Sloop drovetowards the Russian ship, whereof we see hère only the stem. Fig. 2. The Russian Embassador went in two bo« ats or sloops, one of which is magnificently ado'med, 10 the mansion assigned to him in Megasaki. Hère we become acquainted not only with the garments of the Japaneses, but also with the structure of their vessels.
Ad99998 07 014a/eng		Worms. XVI. , Vol. VII. No. 12. THE SERTULARIA FORMED LIRE A FIR. (Sertularia abietina.) This charming Sertularia is to be found in sea-fir. The subtil branches are adorned on the Mediterranean and in the North-Sea, ad- both sides with little cônes or jaggs, as a hèrïng to oisters or to sea-shells, as we see magnified pièce of it (Fig. . II.) more dishere one of them represented. Its Fig. ure re- tinctly shevys. This Sertularia is of a grej semblés much the fir-nuts, wherefore it is horn-colour, and generally arrives at the also called Sertularia shaped lihe a fir or height of 5 inches.
Ad99998 07 015a/eng		Birds. LXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 13. RARE BIRDS. The fringe crested Cockatoo. (Psittacus fimbriatus.) ïemote climates offers us annually new spe{ «es, to which belongs also, this rare fringe Xa-our Picture-Gallery we frequently have crested Cackatoo, copied by the Englishm.an had occasion of observing the numerous Mr. Grant in his- voyage to New .Southgenus of the pariöts and of adrrnring a great Wales. Thé light gray plumage of the body many of tbem, which distinguish themselves is an excellent centrast to the deep-red head, ganicularly by the beautyful coiours of their whose inferior part is garnished as if with frinplumage. A more exact knowledge of the ges,whence the nameof this Caciatooproeeeds.
Ad99998 07 016a/eng		Miscell. Subj. CXLII. Vol. VII. No. 14. SCHOMADU, OR THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT PEGU. Pegu, formerly the capitai of the ancient Kingdom of the same name, is situated in the ulterior India, in the magnificent Birmahnic Empire. The inhabitantB of this city, like the Test of the Birmahns, profess the religion of the Buddha; they are very religious and hâve a great num ber of temple«. The chief one is the golden temple, called Schomadu, and represented in the annexed print. It is an immense édifice, formed iike a pyramidand consiructed of bricks and mortar; the outsirîe is embellished with several Ornaments, and supported by a double terrace. The Basil oï the Temple is Octogon teiminating above in a spiral line. The top is adorned with a great, gilded Balustrade and the foot surxounded by two rows of little pyramids, whereof the first row comprises 57, and the second 53. On both sides of the temple are wooden buildings for the monks or Bahaans; there il likewise to be found an abode for thepilgrims. TowaTd« the North hang three bells, which are struck with the attires of a stag, as often as a devotee arrives. Of the interior construction of the temple, the european travellers, vvho hâve been there, say nothing.
Ad99998 07 017a/eng		Insects. LIV. Vol. VII. No. 15. RARE INSECTS. The great Water-Scorpion or aquatick bug of Surinam. (Nepa grandis. L.) Lhe genus of the water-scorpions, whose name merely dérives from the two fore • feet formed lilce cisars and adhèring to the head, is not at ail venomous and comprehends several indigenous and exotick species. Their four wings are placed in a state of repose. With the mouth, formed like a beak and placed below the head, they suck out the little insects dextrously caught by the fore-feet, which fold up like a pocket-knife. By the help of the other feet, which are instead of oar» to them, they swim with dexteiity on the ponds and marshy waters, where they dwell. In fair Summer-Evenings they likewise fly from one place to the other. Hère we see copied the great est specie« of the water-scorpions, which are met with in Surinam, (Fig. . H) flying, (Fig. . 2.) reposing. The body is two Inches and a half Long, pretty large and somewhat elevated above and below. The fangs provided before with crooks and the beaked teeth placed under the head, appear most disiinetly.
Ad99998 07 018a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXLIII. Vol. VII. No. 16. THE ORGAN OF SIGHT ILLUSTRATED BY THE HUMAN EYE. This print exlnbits the whole structure of thè human eye, wbereof we see with us only the exterior part, as it were the window. Hère we behold very much magrnfied and in profile the exterior and anterior parts of this admirable structure, the more paiticular explication of which is contained in the commenta'ry. A.t présent we produce only ihe principal parts. Fig. 1. The Eye-hoïes or orbits of the eye, wherein the eyes are placed, over which are the eye-brovvs (Fig. . il.) together with the eye- lids (Fig. . 5.) tbat serve as a defence tö the eye. The eye itself is an oblong globe, composed of several membranes, which închuîe mQiiy humours. Behind is placed the optick nerve (Fig. . 13.) like a stalk. The exterior circumference of the eye is formed by the harcl membrane (Fig. . ifr.). To it.ç fore-aperture is adapted the transparent liomy tunicle (?\g. 20.). In the middle of the interior membrane is a hole (Fig. . 25.), calledthe Eye-ball or pupil. The most important and inmost membrane of the eye is the retina. (Fig. . 27.), the proper organ of sight. The humours contained in the Chambers of the eyes (Fig. . 32.33.) serve to.the first refraction of the incident rays, which, again refracted by the cristalline humour (Fig. . 30.) and by the vitreal one (Fig. . 29.) arrive at the retina (Fig. . 27.) upon which they cause the sensation of the object by way of vibration. The optick nerve transmits this sentiment to the brains, so that the soûl receives the idea of what we perceive.
Ad99998 07 019a/eng		Misc. Subj. CXLIV. Vol. VII. No. 17. THE ORGAN OF HEARING, EXPLAINED BY MEANS OF THE HUMAN EAR. The structure of the human ear is almost as ingeniously fraraed as that of the eye, as at first sight shews the annexed print, where vve behold in Fig. . r. the ear in its natural greatness, but in Fig. . 2. greatly magnified. The ear is composed of the exterior ear, which forms the entrance of the organ of hearing. It is a cartilage, whereof we observe the exterior and interior border of the ear (Fig. . I. IL I. 2.). Near it we see the fore skiit of the ear and the hind one (Fig. . I. IL 4. et 5). The cavity between both is called the ear's cockle (Fig. . I. II. 6.). The earlap is the extremity of it. (Fig. . I. IL J.). In the interior there is the conduit of the ear (Fig. . 1. II. y.). Under the common skin of the head are concealed the parolid glands, which separate the wax. At the extremity of the conduit of the ear appears the lympanum (Fig. . I. II. 9.) which envers the barrel of the drum. On tins elastick skin are collected the bones of hearing, viz, the hammer (Fig. . I. IL ir.), the anvil (I. II. 14), the stirrup. In the interior is the labyrinth. There is likewise to be found the Cochlea of the ear, thus called (Fig. . I. II. 111. 22.). The three semicircular Channels (Fig. . I: II. III. IV. 19.) open with five mouthes. With tbe ear communicate two nerves, viz, the hard one, or the nerve of union of the face, and the soft one, or the acoustic nerve, properly said, with its branches (Fig. . IV. 29. 30) These are the principal organs of the ear. The commentary of this Picture-Gallery gi. ves a more particular explication. By way of the mentioned artificial structure of the ear we hear sounds, which probably comes to pass in the foüowing manner. The sound caught by the exterior ear and its élévations and cavities is transmitted to the conduit of the ear, whence it arrives
Ad99998 07 020a/eng		Plants. CXX. Vol. VII. No. 18. RARE ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The imperial Napoleona. (Napoleonaea imperialis.) This rare and beautiful shrub forms the first species of a new genus of plants, first discovered by the french Naturalist Palisot Beauvois, in the month of December iftoj, inAfrica, in.the Kingdom of Oware, not far from the city of the same Name. On account of the resemblance of its interior blossom with the star of the légion of honour it has been denominated after the name of the Emperor of France, Napoleona. The imperial Napoleona, hère represented, forms a shrub 7 to 8 foot high, with long and sharp pointed leaves, vvhich, supported by short stalks, adhère to the branches. The fair and blue flowers stick close to the branches, and are formed of a double crown included into one another. In the interior one are the five large stamina, shaped like a riband. From this singular form, compared with the cross of the above mentioned order, dérives the name of this new genus of plants.
Ad99998 07 021a/eng		Worms. XVII. Vol. VII. No. 19. SEVERAL KINDS OF ZOOPHYTES OR PLANT-ANIMALS. Fig. 1. The bristly Sea-pen. (Pennatula setacea.) The Sea-feathers, which in all seas are met with swimming about in summer on the surface of the water, are composed of a cartilaginous stalk, covered with a fleshy skin and spreading upwards in fibres like a pen. They form the abode of the little polypous. The sea-pens pass the winter at the bottom of the sea. The species exhibited hère belongs to the scarcer ones and gives the clearest représentation of this genus of Zoophytes. Fig. 2. The membranous Coralline. (Corallina membranacea.) The membranous Coralline hère represented is composed, like the other species of this genus, of a branched stalk, adorned with horny articulations and covered with a calcarious crust. The surface is füll of apertures or pores, which we behold in ä magnified State in Fig. . b. ed., and which serve as an abode to the little polypus.
Ad99998 07 022a/eng		Insects. LV. Vol. VII. No. 20. GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES. Fig. 1. The dainty Butterfly. (Phalaena Noctua Libatrix. L.) X he yellowish green caterpillar (A.) of this beautiful nocturnal: Butterfly is to be found pn willpws in the month of August. It transforma itself in a black chrysalis (B.) out of which cornes this Butterfly. Fig. . (C.) exhibits the maie, and Fig. . (D.) the female. Theupperwings aie orange - coloured, reddish and brown. Each wing is adorned with two white- crofs liqes as likewise with double white poinis; the hind-part is indented. The inferior wings are pale brown, inclining to red, and edged with a large border. Fig. 2. The nuptial Butterfly. (Phalaena noctua pronuba. L.) The yellow caterpillar (a.) of this nocturnal Butterfly is met with on the mouse ear scorpion grafs {Myosotis Scorpioides) in the month of April. From this dark red chrysalis (b.) cornes forth the Butterfly (c. d.) aftèr four weeks. The upper - wing* are of a light gray colonr tending to brown; in the middle there is a spot formed like a kidney. The orange- coloured lower- wings, with black crofs bands, give an agreeable appearance to this nocturna*! Butterfly.
Ad99999 04 003a/eng		Birds XLVII. Vol. IV. No. 1. HERONS OF DIFFERENT SORTS. Fig. 1. The Agami Heron. (Ardea Agami.) The Agami Heron, on account of its many colour'd plumage, belongs to the most beautiful Sorts of its species, inhabits Cayenne, and is commonly two feet seven inches long. The back, the back-part of the neck, the wings and the tail are dark blue; the belly, the thighs cover'd with feathers and the fore-part of the neck of a reddish brown; from the back of the head there hang six or eight taper nodding feathers of a dark blue colour. Flying bluish feathers clothe the sides of the neck, and behind the wings long flying light blue feathers hang down as far as the end of the tail. Fig. 2. The black Stork. (Ardea nigra.) The black Stork, which like the common white Stork lives upon amphibious animals and fish, inhabits many parts of Europe, and builds in the recesses of the woods upon high trees. The colour of the head and neck is a sort of dazzling mixture of green, violet colour, and brown with little white spots; the wings, the back, and the tail are colour'd in the same manner, except that there are no white spots in them. The belly is of a dirty white, the legs red. Fig. 3. The common Night Heron. (Ardea Nycticorax.) The common night Heron is met with in every part of Germany, but also inhabits other European countries, as well as Asia and America, and lives upon fish, frogs and other amphibious animals. It attains the height of one foot ten inches, and its plumage consists of a mixture of white, brown, and blackish-green feathers. From the back of its head there hang three white, long, taper feathers, which are us'd, particularly in Turkey as an omament of the headdress, and bear a high price. Fig. 4. The Cayenne Night Heron. (Ardea Cayennensis.) lives in Cayenne, resembles the common night Héron in size and manner of living, but is of a taperer make, and of a darker colour. Fig. 5. The Tiger-Bittern. (Ardea tigrina.) The plumage of this beautiful Bittern almost resembles a tiger's skin in colour, which is of a dark yellowish red, variegated with black spots and stripes, and hence it derives the name of Tiger-Bittern. Its height is about two feet and an half, it lives in South-America, chiefly in Cayenne and Surinam, and builds its nest upon the ground amongst the flags. Fig. 6. The zigzag Bittern. (Ardea undulata.) This little Bittern is only one foot one inch in height, and lives, like the last mention'd, in Cayenne, in South-America. Its whole plumage is a mixture of yellow, red, and grey, variegated with narrow zigzag black Stripes. Its beak is blackish, and its legs yellow.
Ad99999 04 004a/eng		Plants LXXV. Vol. IV. No. 2. REMARKABLE PLANTS. Fig. 1. The fetid Stapelia, or Carrion-Flower. (Stapelia hirsuta.) In this plant we are presented with a remarkable phaenomenon; nature has given it a perfectly animal smell, like that of putrified flesh, whence the name of Carrion-Flower has been given to it. Its native country is the Cape of Good Hope, but it may be rear'd in Europe within doors, or in a hot-house, by the means of slips. The stem consists of several pyramidal branches join'd angularly together, of about the size of the little finger and full of juice. From the end of these branches proceeds the flower stalk, which bears a large wheel-shap'd blossom. It is divided into five hairy pointed leaves, the ground-colour of which is yellow shaded with dark red. These blossoms exhale a smell so very like that of carrion, that the common flesh-fly is deceiv'd by them, flies to them and lays its eggs upon their leaves. But the maggots when hatch'd cannot live upon the juice of this flower, and die in a short time of hunger. The fruit in the shape of a pod, in which the hairy seeds lie, arises from the blossom. Fig. 2. The asham'd Mimosa, or Sensitive-plant. (Mimosa pudica.) Not less remarkable than the Carrion-flower is the modest Sensititive-plant here represented; it belongs to the numerous class of Mimosae, which consists of no less than seventy five sorts. It grows wild in the Brazils, but is now often rais'd from seed by the Gardeners in hot-houses. It is a shrub of the height of 2 feet with woody stalks. On the long stalks of the leaves, which, as well as the hairy chief stalks, are dark red, are plac'd the quadruply-divided leaves like feathers. The blossoms of a reddish colour grow on separate stalks, and are of a globular shape. The most remarkable quality of this plant is its wonderful irritability. The moment the plant is even slightly touch'd, but particularly so on the little spots at the bottom of each leaf, it draws back as if offended, and each leaf which is touch'd shrinks separately. If you continue to touch it, and that with less precaution, the whole stalk falls, and continues for several hours in this laxness, ‘till it at Iength recovers itself, and rises again.
Ad99999 04 005a/eng		Amphibia XII. Vol. IV. No. 3. REMARKABLE SORTS OF LIZARDS. Fig. 1. The monitory Lizard. (Lacerta Monitor.) The monitory Lizard inhabits some parts of America, the East-Indies, and the Cape of good Hope. For those countries it is a very salutary animal, being the chief Enemy of the Crocodile, announcing the approach of this tremendous beat by a piercing whistle, and thereby warning, as it were, man and beast, whence it derives its name. Its length is from 5 to 6 feet. The ground-colour of its body is dark brown with dazzling white rings and stripes. The five cloven toes of each foot are arm'd with sharp, crooked claws. It lives on fish, birds eggs, smaller Lizards, and is towards man quite harmless. Its flesh, which is by no means illtasted, is eaten by the Hottentots. Fig. 2. The Cockatrice. (Lacerta Basilicus.) The Antients talk a great deal of a venemous, misshap'd, dangerous Animal which was hatch'd from a cocks-egg, and which they call'd a Basilisk. But such an animal never existed except in the heads of superstitious stupid people. This Cockatrice or Basilisk, (for thus it is also call'd, ) with which we present our readers, must not therefore be confounded with this fabulous beast, with which it has nothing in common but the name. On the contrary it is not only an harmless, but even an useful animal, as it lives entirely on insects. Our Cockatrice lives in SouthAmerica, and is from 11/2 to 2 feet long. Its colour is light brown. Along its back is a kind of comb cover'd with scales, which it can raise at pleasure, and thus chrow itself from branch to branch. By means of its long toes it can climb and run along the trees with great dexterity. Fig. 3. The flying Dragon. (Lacerta volans.) This flying Lizard, a small harmless animal, which is not much larger than our common lizard, has no other resemblance with that dreadful monster, which pass'd in the fabulous âges under the name of Dragon, than the name. The flying Dragon here represented inhabits Asia, Africa, and America, and lives upon Flies, Ants, Butterflies and other Insects. Between the fore and hind feet are the skinny wings, divided into six rays, by the means of which it flies from one tree to another, even to the distance of 20 or 30 paces; these wings assist it also extremely in swimming, so that it can seek its food on the earth, in the water and in the air. Underneath its throat it has three long pointed pouches, which it can blow up, by which it is also greatly assisted in flying. The wings as well as the whole body are closely cover'd with scales.
Ad99999 04 006a/eng		Fish XXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 4. GERMAN RIVER-FISH. The four sorts of Fish here represented belong all to the species of Carps, which are universally recommended by their delicious meat, and of which we have been made acquainted with many sorts in the earlier volumes of our Picture-Gallery. Fig. 1. The Rud. (Cyprinus erythrophthalmus.) The Rud is found in the rivers and lakes of northern Germany, particularly in Pomerania, and Brandenburg, and in such numbers that even the hogs were in many of those parts formerly fatten'd with them, as purchasers were not to be found for all that were caught. Their length is about one foot, their breadth 3 or 4 inches, they live upon worms and water-infects. Their tender white meat is well tasted and wholesome. They are chiefly distinguish'd from all other sorts of Carp by their cinnabar-colour'd fins and tail, and the saffran-colour'd ring of their eyes. The back of a blackish green, the rest of the body is cover'd with silver-colourd scales. Fig. 2. The nosed Carp. (Cyprinus Nasus.) The nosed Carp is something bigger than the Rud, its head and body taperer, and is caught in the Oder, Weichsel, and the Rhine, of the weight of from a pound and an half, to two pounds. It is distinguish'd from all others of its species by the black skin of the inside of its belly, and is for this reason often call'd black-belly. For this reason too it is in many places not eaten, altho' the meat is wholesome and welltasted. The tail and all the fins (except the back-fin) are red; the back-fin is bluish. Fig. 3. The Vimbe. (Cyprinus Vimba.) This sort of Carp is met with in Silesia, Livonia and Prussia, where it mounts the rivers out of the Baltic. Its length is one foot, its meat white and well-tasted, and may be either eaten fresh, or pickled; when pickled and pack'd in small barrels it may be sent to any distance. The whole body as well as the fins are bluish, its belly cover'd with silber-colour'd fins. The head is pointed like a wedge. It is caugth with hooks or dragnets. Fig. 4. The Dobul. (Cyprinus Dobula.) This taper Carp is never more than one foot long, and is found in the Rhine, Main, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and many other German rivers in great numbers, but is eaten chiefly by the common peuple, at its meat is woolly and full of bones. It lives, like almost all other Carps, on worms and river weeds. It is very tender, and dies in shallow lakes and ponds, if hot weather continues any Iength of time.
Ad99999 04 007a/eng		Shells III. Vol. IV. No. 5. SCARCE SHELLS. Fig. 1. The Hammer-Oyster. (Ostrea Malleus.) This Hammer or Cross-Muscle is of the Oyster kind, and is found in the India Ocean and in the South-Sea. Its double shells consist of three arms, which have been by some liken'd to a hammer, by others to a cross, whence it has acquir'd these different names. The length of the two side-arms, are commonly from 5 to 6 inches. In the deep cavity at the junction of the 3 arms lies the esculent oyster. This shell, which is of an ugly blackish, or greyish brown colour, was formerly much sought by collectors on account of its scarceness. They sometimes paid 1000 Dollars (150 L.) for it, but it never costs now at the highest more than 100 Dollars (15 L.) The Admirals. The Admirals, of which several sorts are here represented in Fig. 2. 3. 4. 5. belong to the trumpet shells, and are remarkable for their rough spotted ground. They all belong to the most precious shells and bear a very high price in the cabinets of natural curiosities. Fig. 2. The Cedo-nulli Admiral. (Conus Ammiralis Cedo nulli.) This Admiral is found in the South-Sea, and is the most beautiful and the dearest of all. As it is extremely scarce, it often costs from 300 to 400 Dollars. The gold colour'd shell spotted with white in an irregular manner is surrounded by a triple girdle consisting of several rows of small white prominences resembling strings of pearls. Fig. 5. [sic!] The Orange Admiral. (Conus Amm. Arausiacus.) Also a beautiful and scarce shell, which often costs 40 or 50 Dollars. An uncommon order and beauty reigns in its whole design. Across the broad orange colour'd rings run prominent brown and white strings of beads. Fig. 4. The American Admiral. (Conus Amm. Americanus.) Comes from America, is spotted with tilecolour'd red, yellowish red, and white, with several rows of white beads. It is less valuable than the other kinds. Fig. 5. The high Admiral. (Conus Amm. summus.) The high Admiral comes from the East-Indies, is brownish red and ornamented with yellowish minutely spotted girdles, and white spots. It sometimes cost 100 Dollars. Fig. 6. The royal Staircase. (Turbo scalaris.) The valuable shell, call'd the royal Staircase, is found on the coast of Coromandel, and costs often some hundred ducats. It consists of several white or reddish windings, which run detach'd upwards round a newel. White prominent ribs run across these. A hole goes through the whole length of the shell, through which one can see as far as the point of it. Its length is from one to two inches. Fig. 7. The barr'd Wreath. (Turbo clathrus.) resembles greatly in its whole fashion the royal Staircase, but differs from it essentially in that its windings and ribs do not run detach'd, but are united together. Its whole length is an inch, and its structure is that of a longer and taperer tower. It is often found in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and on the coasts of Holland.
Ad99999 04 008a/eng		Birds. XLVIII. Vol. IV. No. 6. PARROTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. We have already seen in the 16th and 17th Numbers of the first Volume of our Picture-Gallery a variety of species of the beautiful Parrot-race. We are here made acquainted with some other sorts. Fig. 1. The blue and yellow Maccaw. (Psittacus Ararauna.) This large and beautiful Parrot inhabits most parts of South-America; it attains the height of two feet seven inches and an half. Its head, back, wings and tail are of a beautiful shining azure; the breast and belly are yellow. Its large back is black, as are its legs. Fig. 2. The Bankian Cacatoo. (Psitt. magnificus.) A bird of a very remarkable appearance which. the famous English Naturalist Sir Joseph Banks first brought from New-Holland into Europe. The ground-colour of its plumage is black. Bushy feathers surround its short beak which is of an olive yellow colour. These feathers as well as the upper part of the wings are spotted with yellow; broad crimson stripes run across its tail, which is shap'd like a fan. Fig. 3. The great red crested Cacatoo, (Psitt. Moluccensis.) inhabits the Molucca islands, is 17 inches long, entirely white, except the large crest at the back of its head, the lower part of which is red. Fig. 4. The Amboina Parrot, (Psitt. Amboinensis.) attains the size of 15 inches. Its head, neck and belly are deep red, the wings bluish green, the back and tail of a beautiful blue. It is met with in Amboina. Fig. 5. The Alexandrine Parrakeet, (Psitt. Alexandri.) lives in Africa and Asia, and is of the size of the last number. Alexander the great is said to have brought this bird with him from his Indian Expedition, and hence is deriv'd its name. Its plumage is chiefly light green, the throat black. A rose-colour'd ring surrounds its neck. Fig. 6. The horned Parrot. (Psitt. cornutus.) The beautiful horned Parrot inhabits New Caledonia, and is of the size of a Turtle Dove. On the crown of its head, which is crimson, are two long dark colour'd feathers with red points of the length of an inch and an half. They resemble horns, whence it derives its name. A yellow ring surrounds its neck. The rest of its plumage is green, of different shades.
Ad99999 04 009a/eng		Plants. LXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 7. GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS. Fig. 1. The celery-leaved Crowsfoot. (Ranunculus sceleratus.) The celery-leaved Crowsfoot is a poisonous plant of about 2 feet high, and grows in wet ditches and marshy grounds. The juicy stalk divides itself into several branches, which form a kind of bush. The stalks of the leaves are short, close to the main stem; and branch out into three separate leaves, which are long pointed, and jagged at the sides. At the ends of the branches the small, yellow, five leav'd flower appears about May, and in the middle of this blossom an oval green fruit containing the seeds. The poisonous qualities of this plant are very great. Even the Effluvia arising from the plant when bruis'd occasions pain and stupefaction. The juice, when it touches the skin, occasions very virulent obstinate ulcers, which are difficult to cure. This juice taken inwardly occasions the most violent pain, and if taken in any quantity is even mortal. Water and Milk drunk copiously are the best antidotes. In some few cases it may be us'd in médecine, but always with the greatest precaution. Fig. 2. The Mezerion. (Daphne Mezereum.) The common Mezerion grows in many parts of Germany, in all shady woods except those of fir. It is a sbrup, which grows in its wild state only a few feet high; but in Gardens, where it is often transplanted on account of its agreable blossom, and useful bark, it atteins if attended to, the height of 12 and even 16 feet. Its peach-colour'd blossoms appear before the leaves in February and March, grow close to the branches without stalks, and have a very agreable odour. They bear oval red berries, which contain a stone, or seed, are ripe in July and then become blackish. These berries are poisonous. When eaten they occasion a violent looseness, which sometimes finalIy proves mortal. The Ianceolated leaves grow alternately on each side of, and close to the branches, and above the blossoms and fall off in Autumn. In Medecine the bark of the Mezerion is often us'd. It is laid externally upon the skin to excite blisters, being of a caustic nature; this is practis'd for inflammations of the eyes and for diseases arising from vicious humours. In Sweden the scrap'd bark is laid with success upon the wounds occasion'd by the bite of venemous snakes. The Painters prepare a red colour from the berries.
Ad99999 04 010a/eng		Fish XXIX. Vol. IV. No. 8. GERMAN RIVER-FISH. We see here five sorts of Carp, which belong to the smallest of this kind, and are all to be met with in German Rivers. Fig. 1. The Gudgeon. (Cyprinus Gobio.) The Gudgeon inhabits rivers and small lakes, which are connected with one another. Its usual length is six inches, but is sometimes to be met with, a foot long. The upper part of the head of a brownish green projects beyond the under-jaw. The back is of a bluish black. The belly cover'd with reddish and silvercolour'd scales. The tail and back-fins are spotted with black. Fig. 2. The Bleak. (Cypr. alburnus.) The Bleak is from four to six inches long, and is to be found in most rivers and streams of Germany, where it multiplies prodigiously. Its white flesh is woolly and its taste not particularly good. The upper part of its body is olive-brown, the lower part silvercolour'd. The common artificial pearls are made of these silvercolour'd scales. The scales are taken off and rubb'd in clean water ‘till the colouring particles are dissolv'd in or rather mix'd with it. The water, when these particles are settled, is pour'd off, and they are mix'd with isinglass. This Essence of Pearls, as it is call'd, is laid on with a painting-brush on the inside of the glass pearls. The cavity is then fill'd up with pure white wax, a hole bor'd thro' it, and lin'd with Paper, and the artificial pearl is finish'd. Fig. 3. The punctuated Carp. (Cypr. bipunctatus.) This little carp is only three inches long, is fond of running water with a pebbly bottom, and lives like all other sorts of carp here represented on worms and water weeds. The Back is dark green, the belly silver-colour'd. Fig. 4. The Pink or Minnow. (Cypr. Phoxinus.) The Minnow is a taper little fish, not much bigger than the last mention'd, and its flesh is of a pleasant bitter taste. It is fond of clear Water, and is particularly common in Silesia and Westphalia, where it is call'd Grimpel. Its body is cover'd with slimy scales. Its blackish or dark blue back has several lighter spots. The greyish or bluish Fins have near the body a red spot. Fig. 5. The bitter Carp. (Cypr. amarus.) This is the smalleft of ail sorts of carp, and exceeds not two inches in length. It is despis'd by the fishermen on account of its diminutive size and its bitterness, and serves only as food for fish of prey. It is half as broad as it is long, its back of a yellowish brown, the tail and back fins greenish, and the belly fins reddish. It is fond of running water with a sandy bottom.
Ad99999 04 011a/eng		Amphibia XIII. Vol. IV. No. 9. VARIETIES OF THE LIZARD. Fig. 1. The Stink. (Lacerta Stincus.) This sort of Lizard lives in most parts of Africa and Asia, and feeds on aromatic herbs. It is from 6 to 8 inches long, is entirely cover'd with scales, its colour light and dark yellowish-red mix'd with white. The colours grow paler when it dies. The head and tail are in a strait line with the rest of the body, so that one might take it at a little distance for a little fish. It lives as well in the water as on land. It was us'd in antient times as a corroborative for weak bodies, and it is put to the same use even at present in the East. It is taken dried as a powder, or boild when fresh and drank in the form of a decoction. On this account the common Egyptians industriously go after the Scinc, collect them and sell them at Cairo or Alexandria, whence they are further exported. The common Lizard. (Lacerta agilis.) Fig. 2. The Male. Fig. 3. The Female. The common Lizard inhabits chiefly the southern parts of Europe, yet it is also found in many parts of Germany. The address and quickness of its motions render this elegant little animal, which is by no means venomous, particularly agreeable; it is very fond of warmth, and hence it is chiefly found in spring, when it wakes at the first appearance of végétation out of its winter-sleep, lying on turf banks and dry places in the fun. But the moment they perceive any one, they glide frighten'd into their holes. Their food consists of flies and other little insects, which they are very expert in catching. They are also prejudicial to the beehives. The common Lizard is 6 inches long. Its head is triangular and flat. Each foot it provided with five toes, with crooked nails. The back of the male (Fig. 2.) in of a greyish brown, ornamented with three rows of black and white spots. The back of the female (Fig. 3.) is reddish brown and the belly yellowish. Fig. 4. The Stellion. (Lacerta Stellio.) The Stellion lives in many parts of Africa, in Egypt and Palaestine and at the Cape. It is 4 inches long and is entirely cover'd with little spikes. It is of a marbled brown, white, and greenish colour. The most particular circumstance attending this little animal is, that its excréments are collected in the neighbourhood of the Egyptian Pyramids, they are falsely call'd crocodiles dung, and are an object of commerce, as they are us'd in Turkey as paint,
Ad99999 04 012a/eng		Miscellaneous Subjects XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 10. MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE TONGUE. The Tongue deserves all our attention, as well from the circumstance of its being the seat of a particular sense, the taste, as from its being a principal instrument of speech, since many letters cannot, without its assistance, be pronounc'd. It is composed of a variety of muscular fibres crossing each other, whence is deriv'd the ease with which it so quickly turns on all sides. Besides these, a number of tender ramifications of nerves, which terminate on the surface in a kind of highly irritable warts, run into the Tongue, and thro' their means we are sensible of taste. These are of three kinds: 1) rose-leav'd, 2) of the shape of flax-comb, 3) mushroom-shap'd. We will now examine them singly both of their natural size, and magnified, as they appear in a boil'd calfs- tongue, as they are thus more remarkable. Fig. 1. A small, boil'd Calfs-tongue of the natural size with its different skins and warts, or papillary membranes. We here see the different skins of the tongue lying one over the other, with the membranes, or extremities of the nerves. a and b shew the upper skin; at a are seen the roseleav'd extremities of the nerves, or papillary membranes, as they are call'd; at b the flaxcomb-shap'd; c exhibits the second skin lying under this first; d the third skin; e the fourth and finest skin; at f are seen the mushroom-shap'd extremities of the nerves. In Fig. 2, 3 and 4 we see these three different shap'd extremities of the nerves separately. Fig. 2. The rose-leav'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. At A we see one of these extremities of the natural size, as they are seen in Fig. 1 upon the tongue. At B it appears considerably magnified. The name of rose-leav'd is deriv'd from their somewhat resembling a five-leav'd rose. Fig. 3. The flaxcomb form'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. At A is seen a small piece of the tongue cut thro', with the extremities of the nerves which appear upon it, in the shape of a flaxcomb. At B we see them still more plain, as they appear thro' the magnifying glass. Their lengthen'd channels b penetrate the flesh of the tongue, receive at c several small veins, which arise at d out of the lower flesh of the tongue. Fig. 4. The mushroom shap'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. Here appear at A in their natural size, and at B magnified, the mushroom shap'd papillary membranes, taken notice of at f Fig. 1. The little warts, or papillary membranes noted at a a a are plac'd like small buttons on the upper coat of the tongue. At b is the branch of the nerve, which is otherwise enclos'd in the flesh of the tongue, uncover'd, the ramifications of which proceed respectively to the single papillary membranes.
Ad99999 04 013a/eng		Birds XLIX. Vol. IV. No. 11. MANAKINS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. The Manakins, of which we see here six different sorts represented, are a numerous, beautiful species of wood birds. They are met with in South-America and the adjacent Islands, where they only inhabit the recesses of the woods, without ever appearing on the cultivated Land. They live on insects and wild fruits. In the morning they wander, in little flights of eight or ten together, from one part of the wood to the other. They resemble very much our titmice in their quickness and vivacity of jumping and seeking their food from branch to branch, but are generally of a larger size. Their singing, except that of the tuneful Manakin, is only an indistinct, inarticulate Chirping. The name of Manakin was given them by the Hollanders in Surinam. Fig. 1. The tuneful Manakin. (Pipra musica.) This Manakin is called tuneful for its sweet and pleasant singing, which many travellers prefer to that of our Nightingals. It lives in the woods of St. Domingo, and is commonly four inches long. Its beautiful plumage of black, dark blue, and orange colour'd feathers, is not less remarkable then its melodious Tune of Voice. Fig. 2. The blue backed Manakin. (Pipra pareola.) Is of a larger size than the tuneful. It inhabits the Island of Cuba, Brazil and Cayenne. The ground colour of its feathers is a shining black. On the back it has a kind of cover of light blue feathers. Its head is ornamented with a beautiful plume of crimson feathers which it can raise and lay down at pleasure. Fig. 3. The black capped Manakin. (Pipra manacus.) This little lively bird which is of the size of our sparrows, lives in the lofty woods of Guiana in South-America and feeds on insects, chiefly ants. Its feathers are white, grey, and black. Fig. 4. The black crown'd Manakin. (Pipra atricapilla.) The black crown'd or ash grey Manakin lives also in Guiana, but is of a larger size than the former species. The mixture of its feathers is grey and yellowish. Fig. 5. The gold headed Manakin. (Pipra erythrocephala.) Fig. 6. The red and black Manakin. (Pipra aureola.) These two little charming Manakins inhabit also Guiana. They never exceed the length of three inches. No. 4. is entirely black, except its gold colour'd head, whence the name is deriv'd. N. 5. is still more beautiful for its burning orange yellow plumage. Its bill and feet are red, the wings have a few white stripes.
Ad99999 04 014a/eng		Fish XXX. Vol. IV. No. 12. FOUR KINDS OF PARTICULAR FISH. Fig. 1. The poisoned Grooper. (Scorpaena Scrosa.) The poisoned Grooper inhabits the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the North-Sea, or German Ocean. It is a dangerous Enemy to all other fish, preying continnally upon them; he also pursues and endeavours to catch the swimming water birds. Its length is from 4 to 6 feet. The many jags and prominences on and around its head give it a singular appearance. It has two brown horny excrescences on the scull above its eyes and two crooked bone-spikes grow out of its upper jaw. Its large mouth is surrounded with a regular row of pointed teeth and the under jaw is full of beard fibres. The belly is reddish, the back is red brown with brown spots. The fins are grey blue, and their quills yellowih, likewise brown spotted. In some parts of Italy it is eaten, and in Norway they prepare train oil out of its liver. It is caught with dragnets and hooks. Fig. 2. The Sea-Fox. (Chimaera monstrosa.) The Sea-Fox lives in the North-Sea, chiefly on the coaft of Norway. Its tail, winch at the end is as thin as the tail of a rat, is longer than its whole body, and hence its German name Seekatze is deriv'd. Its Iength is from 3 to 4 feet. It lives generally upon the Medusa or Sea blubber, and lobsters, but it goes also after herrings. On account of the smallness of its mouth it cann't consume any larger sort of fish. The belly is of a silver colour, its back is yellowish with brown spots. The seagreen eyes shine like cat's eyes, whence it is sometimes call'd Sea-Cat, From the clump of fibres on its head the Norwegian peasants call it also the King of fish. Its flesh is hard and not well tasted. The oil which is boiled out of its liver, is us'd in Norway for sore eyes, and also as a vulnerary balsam. Fig. 3. The cuckold Fish. (Ostracion quadricornis.) It belongs to the species, which for its hard coat of mail is call'd bone fish, and is remarkable for its two pair of horns, one of which grows above its eyes, the other under its belly. Its ground colour is reddish brown, with reddish grey spots in the form of nets. It inhabits generally the Seas of the East-and West-Indies. Fig. 4. The antennated Grooper. (Scorpaena antennata.) The antennated Grooper is also as remarkable as the above mentioned kinds. Full of prominences and cavities it belongs, as No. 1. to the species of Groopers. Between its eyes which ly veiy nigh one another, arise two gristly horns, that were compared with the antennae and whence this fish has got its name. Ten Quills of the back fin are white with brown spots and stand forth like spikes. The colour of the body is of a high yellow with brown stripes. White Quills run from the violet colour'd breast fins to the tail. It inhabits the Amboina Island.