Semantische Suche
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| Ad00341 05 052a/eng | Misc. Subj. CI. Vol. VI. No. 50. DWELLINGS OF THE BOOSHUANA'S. The Booshuana's, who inhabit the Interior Here lives the proper family. This inner of Soutb.-rn Africa, are of the fame race of apartment is enclofed by a gallery [upported people as the Hottentots, who, however, on trunks of the Mimol'a, whore the fervents differ fromibeminmanyrefpects. The Dutch, and flaves take their nightly reft. The poinbut ten ye.irs fince, gave us more exact ted tent- ihaped roof is thatched with reeds, accounts of ihem from the Cape of Good overshadowing likewise the outer gallery, Hope. They are a half civilized people that which gives to the whole a very beautiful applies himfeif to cattle-breeding, hunting appearance. The corn is contained in coand agriculture. Their villages confift of nical granaries, from fix to nine feet high, dwelling-houfes as we fee reprelented in the whereof we fee one reprefented in the anannexed view. Thefe cottages are built in the nexed engraving. The agriculture is perfollowing manner. The inner apartment is formed by the women, and the men emfurroundid with a wall of clay interwoven ploy their time in hunting and caule-breewith branches wherein there is a narrow door. ding. — | |
| Ad00341 05 053a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CII. Vol. VI. Nr. 51. REMARKABLE CAVES. The Schulerloch in Bavaria. cave is aloft in the rocky mountain, and at the beginning very painful. But the unwealn the large caves of chalk-mountains the ried traveller is sufficiently rewarded by the water impregnated with dissolved chalk-par- magnificent rocky hall, that we see here tides forms, as we know, the stalactites, imaged. As to a Gothic dome the pointed which lines the interior walls of lhosecc.es arches vault themselves, partly reposing under various Fig. ures, and makes them curious as upon columns on the stalactite-tenon«, objects of nature. Such a remarkable cave, which reach to the ground, forming in this call'd thfl. Sek derloch, we see here repre- manner several passages, where the eye of sented. It is m t wiih in the chalk-mountain the beholder, deceiv'd by the light of the near the river AlfMÜkl i" BV.-aria, below flambeaux, presumes to perceive altar« and the village Alt-Es.ung. The entrance to this other decorations ol a church. | |
| Ad00341 05 054a/eng | Miscell. Subj. Vol. VI. No. 52. THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF THE EMPEROR SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. The adjoined table exhibits again one of those remarkable monuments, which gratitude, but not seldom also flattery of the ancient Ro7)ians, erected to their victorious Heroes, namely a triumphal Arch, dedicated to the Emperor Sepiimius Severus on account of his victories over the Parthians, Arabians and. other nations. It is pretty well preserv'd, and still to be seen at Rome behind the Capitolium, clean'd from the rubbish and surrounded with a rampart. (1) Fig.. I, represents the principal side with its four beautiful columns and three vaulted passages, which in the midst are join'd together by two bows. Over the principal bow appear two beautiful Fig. ures of the goddefs of Fame. Over the smaller side-bows are the actions of the triumphant Emperor represented, in bas-relief. In the Attica one reads both upon the fore-and backside the dedicatory inscription, in which the successor too of the said Emperor is mention'd. The ingraved letters were formerly inlay'd with gilt bronze, which afterwards has been purloin'd. The whole terminates with a Platform; one gets up to in the inside upon a 'pair of stairs, and where at that time the triumphal cart of the victor with soldiers at his side stood ingraved in stone. Fig.. II. exhibits one of the by-Sides of this triumphal arch, both of which, except the columns and the cornice, are void of all other ornaments. The whole stately building is constructed with white marble. | |
| Ad00341 05 055a/eng | Insects LII. Vol. VI. No. 53. GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES. Fig. 1. The Wood-pecker. (Phalaena Bombyx Dominula.) Fig. 2. The purple-bear. (Phalaena Bombyx purpurea.) Fig. 3. The lime-tree Spinner. (Phalaena Bombyx Bucephala.) The checkered grown up caterpillar (B) g->. of this nocturnal butterfly common in Germai* n account of the dark - green ground-co- ny) feeds indeed upon the leaves of different lour of the fore-wings, and the white and tree», hut preferably likes those of the limeorangetawny spots of different Fig. ure on them \xee. It is but little hairy, in the earliest elegantly contrasting, likewise on account youth quite black, and but by deajees, alter of the deep- vermilion hind-wings, being having cast off several times its nein, becoadorn'd with black fillets and points of a mes more and more yellow. The winged Inbluish cast, this- nocturnal butterfly justly $ect (A) wears also the name of ox - head ani wears the name of wood pecker. Though the grafs-head from its big head half concealed hlack yellow - sutak'd hairy caterpillar (25) under the longhairy neck-hand; and from feeds upon the leaves of 'lifferent trees, yet tne large yellowish stains on the tips of the it preferably likes those of the hound's ton- fore-wings the name of the half-moon. The g'ie (cMiop'os.-um vulgare); wherefore the caterpillar changes into a chrysalis under the nocturnal butterfly is call'd too the hound's earth, where it only constructs a cave, withspinner. Several redbro.vn bright out lining it with a web. . of this nocturnal butterfly common in Germai* n account of the dark - green ground-co- ny) feeds indeed upon the leaves of different lour of the fore-wings, and the white and tree», hut preferably likes those of the limeorangetawny spots of different Fig. ure on them \xee. It is but little hairy, in the earliest elegantly contrasting, likewise on account youth quite black, and but by deajees, alter of the deep- vermilion hind-wings, being having cast off several times its nein, becoadorn'd with black fillets and points of a mes more and more yellow. The winged Inbluish cast, this- nocturnal butterfly justly $ect (A) wears also the name of ox - head ani wears the name of wood pecker. Though the grafs-head from its big head half concealed hlack yellow - sutak'd hairy caterpillar (25) under the longhairy neck-hand; and from feeds upon the leaves of 'lifferent trees, yet tne large yellowish stains on the tips of the it preferably likes those of the hound's ton- fore-wings the name of the half-moon. The g'ie (cMiop'os.-um vulgare); wherefore the caterpillar changes into a chrysalis under the nocturnal butterfly is call'd too the hound's earth, where it only constructs a cave, withspinner. Several redbro.vn bright out lining it with a web. Fig. 4. The Geometer of the alder. (Phalaena Geometra alniaria.) tongue chrysalides (C; lie commonly imulv'd together within a white thin web, which several caterpillars, before they change into a chrysalis, in community spin. The caterpillars (b) of the family, ta which this Geometer belongs, intirely have the Fig. ure of dry little branches, especially when the caterpillar quietly sits erect on its hindpart. Being furnish'd only in the forepart This nocturnal butterfly much esteem'd and behind with a few pairs of feet, but with hy the lovers of butterflies, which is not to none in the midst of the body, it does not he found in every country, (a) has got the creep with all the parts of the body moving name of purple-bear from its bimiingred forwards, but in a bending manner, forming hinclwings, adorn'd with large, black spots bows, from whence the name of Geometer, of a blui'h cast highly contrasting. The mild- (Geometra). It preferably likes to eat the ly yellow fore-wings wear various little brow- leaves of the alder, without despising those nish stains, among which one resembles the of other trees. The butterfly (a) pleases more Fig. ure of a, latin S, wherefore the insect has on account of the wings elegantly cut out bealso got the name of yellow S bear. The ca- hind, than of the simple colour. The chanterpillar (b) belongs on account of its hair- ging of the caterpillar into a chrysalis protufts often fox-coloured to the bear-caterpil- ceeds on the trees, where it between leaves lars, and therefore the butterflies arising from spins a case from long threads, within which it are cali'd bears. The darkbrown chrysalis it casts off its last skin of caterpillar, appea(c) is naturally swrrounded by a delicate web. ring as a greenish- white chrysalis (c) | |
| Ad00341 05 056a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CIV. Vol. V. No. 54. REMARKABLE MOUNTAINS. Nr. 1. The Great-Glöckner. enchanting prospect over the Alps of Carinthiaanrf Styria,1 and at a further distance one The Great-Glöckner, we view here. repre- surveys Tyrol with the rivers Inn and Drau, sented, which is denominated from its bell- ^r- Schuhes, Professor at Inspruck, has like Fig. ure, rises 12,000 feet over the surface given us an excellent description of the travel of the sea, heing the loftiest of the moun- t0 the Glockner. tains of Salzburg, where it borders upon Carinthia and Tyrol. Its highest top was hut j Fig. 2. The Snow-mountain. in modern times ascended; this undertook for the benefit of natural, philosophy the The Snow mountain, the summit of which bishop ofGuik, aprinceof Salm-Reifer scheid, and North-Side through the whole year is with several distinguished scholars. For the cover'd with snow, as its name denotes, is conveniency of later travellers the worthy situated 9 leagues from Vienna in Netherhishop order'd several houses to be built for Austria near the frontier of Styria. Tho' a shelter. The first and largest, that we see notsohigh, astheformer, however its height here copied, is call'd Salm's hoehe. From amounts to 6600 feet above the surface of the hence one cannot proceed but on foot over sea; thus it is f higher, than the famous rocky gulfs and Snow - fields, which often is Snow-top in Silesia. The way thither leads very dangerous. ' Up to the summit of the through varied interesting situations, and Glöckner, divided again into two points, one the summit may be ascended without danger. leckuns 6 leagues. On the highest top, which From hence one surveys a delightful landscaholds no more than 6 — 8 persons, there is pe as far as Vienna. In serene weather there at present an ironcrofs 12 feet high erected, appears the harbour of Triest, even at a far Heie;one enjoys in clear weather the most distance, as a fine Silver-ribband. | |
| Ad00341 05 057a/eng | Plants. CX. Vol. VI. No. 55. SOUTH-AMERICAN CEREI. 1 he Cerei, being met with in European hot-houses, originally come from the warmer countries of South - America and from the Islands situated between the tropics next to America. They are all together juicy pulpous plants, drawing their moisture and nourishment more from the air, than from the soil, and thriving therefore in the hottest climates upon the driest sand or stony ground. These plants commonly have no peculiar leaves, hut only consist of stocks and branches, which in the different species are of a different, but always thoroughly uniform Fig. ure, partly composed of mere leaf-like members, now of such as are cylindrical, now more or Ids angular longish ones, beset with tufts of pricks. Such, an uniformity of stocks and branches serves the more to set of the beautiful structure and colour of the flowers, which commonly but after sun - setting only once open, and a few hours past again are for ever closed. The fruits of this plant resemble to the Fig. s, are eatable and of an agreeable sourish flavour. On the present table appears represented The common Melon thistle. (Cactus Melocactus) The members of the stock are of the bignè fs of a human head, and of a melon - like Fig. ure, furrovv'd all-around from above till below, so that many — commonly 14 high ribs or edges appear, armed on their back with tufts of pricks. When the plant is preparing to produce flowers or fruits, it pushes forth at the upper part a cylindrical high and big shaft hairy and prickly; and out of this issue allaround, but most frequently at the top many flowers, at first rose-coloured, at last reddening like" a cochineal. Each of these flowers is round-about seated upon a fruit- knot, that afterwards unfolds itself to a Fig. like deep cochinealred pulpous fruit, upon which the withered flower sitting preserves itself. | |
| Ad00341 05 058a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CV. Vol. VI. No. 56. THE BEETSHUANS. he South - African nation of the Caffers, half savages, who not seldom are engaged in calFd the Beetshuans, (also Bushwens) bloody quarrels with their neighbours, whose habitations and manner of living we The young woman, here sitting, with became already acquainted with (by the whom the young man holds a conversation, number CX. of this vol.) are on the present has decently cover'd her belly with aprons table represented still more characteristical- of leather, forming a sort of little pettily according to the colour of their body and coat. Several women wear too short cloaks, their Fig. ure. We perceive upon it a young The woman here pictured smokes tobacco, man and a young woman. The man has the smoke of which she at her ease sips out adorn'd his head with feathers, wears trian- of a hollow pot filPd with water, in which guhtr pendants, and his nakednefs is cover'd a wooden tobacco-pipe-tube is with the head with a long cloak of skins of beasts, and above join'd. Near her lies her felling-ax, with a liule apron; on his arm hangs a the felling of wood being here a principal sort of liule basket or rather little bag, and occupation of women. Besides do we perin his hands he holds Hâssagajens or jave- ceive some kitchen-furniture, standing upon lins, the usual weapons of these warlike the earth. | |
| Ad00341 05 059a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CVI. Vol. VI. No. 57. THE COLOSSEUM OR THE AMPHITHEATRE OF THE EMPEROR FLAVIUS -VESPASIANUS. To the most remarkable and magnificent the hest preserv'd sides, four storiei high, remains of ancient Roman Architecture be- each adorn'd with a colonnade. lonr0ç t o o t h e A m p h i t h e a t r e s p a ilt l y sJt il l e x - T, . I t i s, , a s t h, e p l a n". F iTgTli, s h, o w s, a n O~ v a, l. tant. Among those, that at prre s e n t a r e t o T I.un t h e m-i i d s t« o■f• i t •i s t hue o p e n fri g1h t•i n g - p 1lace, be seen at Rome more or lefs mutilated,', tvh e A. r e n a (,a x), w hue r e m e n m u s tI fri-g uh.t w -i.tuh the most beautiful and largest is that, of men or whh wUd beang for the aniusemerit which the table here adjoined exhibit, a and diversion of the many thousand gpec. representation. It was constructed by the tators> who found piace all - around in the Roman Emperor Flavius Vespasianus two massive building. Round about this Fig. htyears after the subversion of Jerusalem, and ingplace beiow runs a Gallery with steps has been preserv'd for the greatest part till ^ under which are tlle caveS(where the our times. For what now is deficient in it, wild beasU vvere kept> Four principal enhas not been mutilated and robb'd by time, u.;es (e) led int0 the building and to the but by men. Fig. hting-place; through four other ones (c) It is a prodigious building, of which one came to the upper stories and through we view under Fig.. I, on our Table one of as many to the inferior ones. | |
| Ad00341 05 060a/eng | Plants CXI. Vol. VI. No. 58. THE. GREAT NIGHT-FLOWERING CEREUS. (Cactus grandiflorus.) The wide-around creeping members of the itself at last a superb flower, that at the «nd stock and branches of ibis plant remarkable ofJilny or at the beginning of July after sunon account of its noble flower reach a length setting but once fully opens aud before sunof three till six feet with a bignefs of two rising is again shut and withering. Our reinches at the most. They are cylindrical, presentation shows the Fig. ure and colour of yet become at each end somewhat thinner, this noble flower, exhaling sweet aromatick and commonly show six prominent ribs, ar- frag ran cy ; but in nature it sometimes promed with yellowish tufts of pricks. The in- ves to be still greater in vigorous plants, terior mafs is pulpous and juicy. From many The fruit-knot ripens within a year to a conof these tufts of pricks ifsue yearly in the siderable pear like juicy fruit of an agreeaspring on the sides of the branches single ble sourish flavour; it is all around beset with fruit-knots beset with scales and bushes of scaly little red bunches shifting into an oranhair. These improve at the upper part into ge-tawny colour. This plant is met with in a calix about six inches long outwards like- great hot-houses; but it is native in Southwise scaly and hair'd; and out of this forms America, Jamaica and St. Domingo. | |
| Ad00341 05 061a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CVII. Vol. VI. No. 59. REMARKABLENESS OF THE HINDOOS. T-Mie Hindoos, inhabitants of the middle large window, illuminatedby Lamps on festival Asia are a most remarkable people by their days in the night. Before the Pagod one manners and customs, by the high antiquity beholds a great lake for bathing, since the of their religion, which has given rise to all Hindoos bathe themselves each day, looking the. other religious opinions of the different upon this as a religious action. On the other countries. The supreme being they represent side of the lake, we nerceive an open buildtormlefs and symbolically only by a globe, ing supported by columns, call'd Shultri, supposing it to bave created three superior being a harbour or a shelter for strangers', Mods, Brama, Wishnu and Sliiven. JVishnw where they may pafs the night without paying is the preserver, Shiven the destroyer of what ftfr it. Such Shultris are frequently met is preservai, and to them the Hindoos-build with in the East Indies.— The most con vetemples or Pagods, as we see imaged in this nient way of travelling in this country is in 0. No. 19 and on the present table, a Palanquin or a litter, which being overOver the principal doors of this Pagod rises spread with a cloth is carried by four hired a spire of several stories. Each story has a Hindoos. it Miscell. CVII. Tom. VI. No. 59. COSE RIMARCHEVOLI DEGLI HINDUI. vJli Hindui, abitanti dell' Asia interiore, quali ciascuno è adorno d'una gran finestra sono assai famosi pe' loro costumi e per l'an- illuminata di notte con delle lampade in giorni -tichità de'la di loro religióne, secondo la di festa. Avanti al pagode vedesi un gran quale tutti gli altri pareri e sentenze de' dif- vivajo da bagno, gli Hindui bagnandosi ferenti paesi, in materia di religione, a poco tutti i giorni e credendolo un' azione relia poco si conformarono. Il simbolo dell' giosa. Al di là della riva ci si rappresenta Essere supremo, che rappresentano senza un' abitazione aperta sostenuta da colonne, Fig. ura, consiste in un globo. Da esso trassero che chiamasi Schultri, la quale serve di ricol'oxiginei tre Dei superiori: Brama, Vischnu vero a' peregrini, dove si può pernottare e Schiven. — Vischnu é il conservatore, libero d'ogni spesa. Cosi fatti Schultri si Schiven il distruttore del conservato, a'quali ritrovano spesse volte all' Indie orientali.— gli Hindui erigono de' tempj o d' pagodi, Il modo il più commodo di viaggiare in questo donde il ritratto verlesi in No. 19 del tomo paese si fa col mezzo del palanchino o della sesto e nella tavola qui aggiunta. Al dissopra seggetta, la quale, ricoperta d'un panno, della porta maestra s'innalza una torre in viene portata da quattro Hindui mercenarj. forma di piramide di più compartimenti, | |
| Ad00341 05 062a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CVIII. Vol. VI. No. 60. SPORTS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE. The plate hereto belonging exhibits two dif- which they drink with or without milk, and ferent sorts of the most beloved advertisements Prussian ginger- bread, ef the Russian people, viz: Fig. 1. The mountains of ice, Fig. 2. Russian Swings, which are wooden scaffolds, about 13 yards of two different sorts. The one (i) is like a high (i), one side of which has a wooden slo- carousal or running at the ring, except, that penefs, that is cover'd with pieces of ice, and instead of being horizontal, it is perpendiiprinkled with water, on which the lovers, cular. The lovers of the swing are seated being always numerous, or seated on little in chairs, fasten'd on an axle-tree, which sledges, or standing on skates, with such vio- are driven about by means of a wheel or lence slide down, that they continue gliding only with the hands. The other (2) is a on the icy way prepar'd below. Such artifi- swing for 8 sitting persons, that are put in cial mountains of ice are every year in the motion byr 2 standing ones. Such swings are carnival's week constructed at St. Petersbourg raised in the Easterwetk on publick places, upon or near the Newa, [we view here over Those, which we here view, stand upon the against the Atademy of sciences (3) with an place before the stony theatre at Si. Peters* other Palace (4)] and much frequented, whe- bourg, where also brandy tents (3) are pitre spectators are never wanting. Here are ched, and soldiers of the police posted, to people too, who sell refreshments, as a sort prevent disorders or to appease them by meof mead, composed of sugar and pepper, ans of the fire-engine, which here appeart. | |
| Ad00341 05 063a/eng | Amphibious animals. XXV. Vol. VI.No. 61. THE CROCODILE OF ST. DOMINGO. Among the animals discover'«! in modern diles, viz. the Caiman and the Crocodile of St. times is also to be reckon'd the Crocodile of Domingo. The last entirely differs from the St. Domingo, of which we first were nearer Caiman, with regard to the bignefs and by jnform'd by the french General Ledere, who other qualities, more resembling to the great sent a couple of them to France for the natu- Nile-Crocodile, so that at first it was thought ralists there. Hitherto they imagin'd, that to be one and the same species with this. America possess'd but one species of Cfoco- Yet more accurate researches have sufficientdile, the Caiman, which we see the draught ly evinced the difference, of in the IV. Vol. No. 14. of our gallery. However that, which was discover'd at St. Do- Fig.. II. represents the siculi of a Nilemingo, and here is represented, exhibits a Crocodile, with gaping jaws, where the lar5econd, new and quite different species, so ge murderous teeth of this terrible animal that we at present know two American Croco- are more distinctly to be seen. | |
| Ad00341 05 064a/eng | Plants. CXII. Vol. VI. No. 62. CACTUS MAMILLARIS. We already know several beautiful species This Cactus flourishes in the summer, of the Cactus, which are native in South- and bears the next spring ripe grains of seed. America. The present table represents us Its native country are the Islands of Souththe Cactus mamillaris, a very fine plant, America, where it grows in the crevices of depicted in its natural greatnefs. \\ shows rocks. Yet long ago it is also found in the on its surface a great many longish semi- botanic gardens of Europe, but where it must globes with yellowish blossoms. The red be kept through the whole year in the hotfruit form'd like a pear has within a yellowish house. It is encreased or by grains of. seed flesh. It is of an agreeable sweetish savour, or by the upper part, that is cut off, of the and is eaten by the Indians. plant. | |
| Ad00341 05 065a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CIX. Vol. VI. No. 63. A FRAGMENT OF A DUG OUT ELEPHANT'S TOOTH. A few years ago a scientifical landlord in France, whose name is Lavalette, discover'd at the clearing of a fountain in his garden, but 5 feet deep, under the surface of the earth, an upper end of two feet, of an Elephant's tooth, all-over surrounded with tophus. A part of it we view here represented, the ivory was, besides the exterior crust, still perfectly useful. It is one of the most remarkable things of the earlier history of our globe, that not only in Germany, but almost in all parts of Europe and Asia, as far as Siberia, skeletons and teeth of Elephants, which already peopled our earth, before men existed, at a small depth under the surface of the earth, are dug out. It is now by the knowledge of comparative Anatomy evinced, that these dug out skeletons belong neither to the African nor Asiatic Elephant,, the two only yet living kinds of this animal. But these remains of bones come from the Elephant of the primitive world, of which till now no living tracé has been found. The more ample explanation of this interesting matter will be found in the commentary upon this Number. | |
| Ad00341 05 066a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CX. Vol. VI. No. 64. THE GROTTO ANTI-PAROS. This remarkable cave is found on. AntiParos, a small and insignificant Island in the Greek Archipelago.. In ancient times this grotto was unknown, and in the later ones it was first visited in the year 1673 by Mr. de Nointel, french Ambassador at Constantinople, who with a considerable retinue pafs'd the Christmafsdays in that grotto. Fig. 1. The entry to the cave. The superior entry to the cave forms a vault of rock, where at the left side an opening leads down, to which the visiters arrive, by letting down themselves by means of a rope, they wind around the natural pillar of rock.. Lighted torches are highly necessary to dispel the obscurity. Fig. 2. The interior view of the cave. The visiters, when they are got down from above the first precipice, come to several slopes, which on account of the deep caverns that lie on the right, partly are not without danger. More frequently the travellers by means of ropes must be let down considerable rocky walls; yet the danger being past, the courageous is rewarded by a sight so much the more brilliant. For at last one comes to the hall of rock represented Fig.. II. where one clearly perceives, that the whole grotto was form'd by stalactites. The most splendid stalactites - points hang down from the vault of the cave, and rise from the ground. A large mafs of stalactites forms in the middle an elevation. Here it was, where Mr. de Nointel on Christmafsday 1673 order'd to say mafs, wherefore this spot since that time is call'd the altar. | |
| Ad00341 05 067a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXI. Vol. VI. No. 65. MICROSCOPIC REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE THISTLE-PITH. How great and admirable does not appear the pith by drying up withdraws itself still the wisdom of the Creator in the meanest plant more and more. The cellular pith is suritself, when we behold it magnifie'd by rounded, as with a ring, with the proper means of the microscope. The simple crofs stalk of plant, which shows, when cutted cut (A.) through a common welted thistle through, many round larger and lesser ope(Carduus acanthoides) shows magnifie'd (B.) nings for the circulation of the sap, Exter« the most artificial composition of its shape, nally we see the magnifie'd hairs of the exteThe interior pith consists of a texture of nice rior stalk of the thistle, like tassels hanging hexagonal cells, through which the sap of down, which likewise attract from without nourishment rises and distributes itself. In the moisture, and thus help to nourish the the midst a great opening pervades the whole plant, stalk, which increases with the age, when | |
| Ad00341 05 068a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXII. Vol. VI. No. 66 THE COLUMN OF TRAJAN AT ROME. Jo the most beautiful remains of ancient Ro- over a part of Rome. The outside of the man architecture belongs the glorious manu- column is adorn'd with the most exquisite ment still existing at Rjme, which the Emperor sculptures, in bafs - relief, spirally running Hadrian, in the name of the Roman people, around the whole. They refer to the actions erected to the honour of his great antecessor, oiTrajan, chiefly to the vanquishing of the the Emperor Trajan, on the magnificent mar- Dacians, which is exprefs'd by more than ket-place or Forum, constructed by the last. 1500 entire and half Fig. ures. At first stood This column, raised by the famous archi- on this column the bronce-statue of Trajan tect, Jpollodorus, is without including the that in the subsequent time was destroy'd. pedestal (of 17 feet) 118 feet high, and com- Therefore the Pope Sixtus V. commanded in posed of 34 large marble - blocks. Inwardly the year 1539 to erect upon it the colossal it is hollow; on 185 marble-steps one gets statue of the Apostle Ptter, still extant, as to the uppermost plate of the chapiter, from we see the whole here represented, whence one enjoys an enchanting prospect | |
| Ad00341 05 069a/eng | Plants. CXIII. Vol. VI. No. 67. PETRIFIED FORMS OF LEAVES OUT OF THE PRIMITIVE TIME. Between a thin-slaty sort of stone near the those in yon country. Consequently these castle Rauche -sauve, not far from the bo- leaves at present petrified and inclosed betrough Chaumerac in the Department de 1'Ar- ween beds of stone originate from plants, deche in France one finds at the digging which formerly a thousand years ago grew in and breaking asunder of the thin beds of that country, in the mean time that thos. stone a great many forms of leaves half beds of stone form'd themselves, but now are burnt to coals, half petrified, which hardly not met with among the flourishing plants, now and then, mostly not at all are found neither in that country, nor elsewhere in far exactly agreeing with leaves of plants, that distant lands of other zones, at present appear upon earth, still lefs with | |
| Ad00341 05 070a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXIV. Vol. VI. No. 68. SCENE IN AFRICA. Our young readers have already often heard Who first applies all the 21 bowls, has won. of the unhappy Negros in Africa, whom the This play is said to be more difficult, than prejudice of Europeans places on the lowest our game at draughts, and one sees in Africa step of culture, almost level to the beasts, young Negro-women from their early youth treating them as slaves in the most unhuman sitting alone, and by meditation exercising manner. However these despised black men themselves in this play. of Africa have also higher dispositions of In the background we view a proof of mind, as the present plate will show us. In the corporal addrefs, viz-the manner, in the foreground sits under a Bananatree a which the Negro-Slaves fetch down the juice joung Negro-woman, meditating upon the got in bottles by incisions in the palm trees, play of Uri so much belov'd by them. This or the palm-wine. The Negro-Slave slings a play consists of a cliest divided into many circle of bark around himself and the palm, compartments, where two female players, and shoving forward this circle over the each with 2r bowls, alternatively and accor- sprigs of the tree, he climbs up and down ding to certain rules fill the compartments, by clinging his feet to it. | |
| Ad00341 05 071a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXV. Vol. VI. No. 69. VIEW OF A PART OF THE CITY OF BATAVIA. To the most remarkable possession* of the habitants, consisting of Europeans, native Dutch in the Indies belongs the Island of Javanese, Malays, Chinese and Slaves. For Java, and the city of Batavia situate upon it, the conveniency of the commerce canals are the chief place of those extensive and wealthy conducted through the large fine streets, possessions. This city was built by the Dutch, along which rows of trees are affording after they had expel'd the Portuguese, in shade to the walkers. In the street here the years 1618 till 1631, indeed upon a mar- fig. ured stands the Dutch-Calvinist Cathedral, shy unhealthful ground, but on account of a beautiful octagonal building with a cupola, the adjoining harbour and bay exceeding well Batavia is the seat of the Dutch Generalsituated for commerce, It is constructed in Governor and council with regard to the the European manner, has 20 regular streets, possessions of the Dutch in the Indie», and at present 5270 houses with 115,960 in | |
| Ad00341 05 072a/eng | Plants. CXIII. Vol. VI. No. 70. SCARCE EXOTICK PLANTS. The gigantick Fourcroya. (Fourcroya gigantea.) This plant here appears cut of below the crown of leaves. The stock attains to the This plant remarkable on account of its height of 2 feet, and has the bignefs of » stately stalk of blossoms is properly native in feet, the thick stiff leaves are 5 feet long, the Islands of Curassao and St. Domingo, but From the midst of the stock shoots the pomfrom thence almost hundred years ago trans- pous stalk of flowers 20 till 30 feet high, planted in the European hot-houses, where being smooth and lightgreen. On it are fixed it has but twice flourish'd, once at Schoen- the blossoms formed like a bell and downbrun near Vienna, the second time 1793 at wards hanging, as we see some of them at Pans. Since in modern times in France it (A.) represented in their natural greatnefs. has been found to form a peculiar species of How splendid soever this gigantick stalk of plants, the name of the illustrious Chymist, blossoms is to the eye, yet the smell is nothe counsellor of state, Fourcroy has been thing lefs than pleasant, bestow'd upon it, | |
| Ad00341 05 073a/eng | Plants. CXIV. Vol. VI. No. 71. MEDICINAL-PLANTS. The Aloes of Soccotora. (Aloe soccotrina.) The Aloes here represented, remarkable on account of its physical virtues, as well as the common Aloes, (vide the Porte (olio of Children Vol. III. No. 24.) is met with in the isle of Soccotora, situated on the east coast of Africa, towards the straights, of Babelmandeb. The Stock rises a Foot and a half above the root, and at the top it bears thick Leaves which are pointed and indented. The Pedicle which measures about a foot and a half shoots out from amidst those leaves, bearing a clusterlike crown of red flowers, which partly raise themselves in an horizontal direction, partly hang downward. The pericarpium, arising from the flowers, includes the seed, which ripens only in the native country of this aloes. For that reason it is propagated in the hot-houses of Europe by means of germings. The carved leaves of this plant produce a murrey coloured juice, which, condensated into resin, formerly has been employed in medicine; but now little use is made of it. | |
| Ad00341 05 074a/eng | Worms. XII. Vol. VI. No. 72. POLYPES FORMED LIKE A CUP. yY e already got acquainted with - the Polypes, -in. Vol, I. "tab. 62. of our gallo.ry. They are creatures which occupy the. lowest degree* of the animal reign-, being ranked among the Zoophytes, »r(Fiant-Animals, on account of their Fig. ure; that resembles a plant. By way of aggrandizement the annexed table exhibits the Polypes of ihe shape of a cup. Aboye the maaabpcl-yyi (Fig.. . 8,) many times aggrandized, appears art elevation, (;;) that is the gullet, into which; the Polype, by means of the pincers, (o. o.) carries the food, consisting of worms and little insects. The body sticks to a large stalk7 (Fig. - 8. P- 9) which the Polype.extends,, in order to take hold of other objects,, or* wraps up, like a serpent, (Fig.. 9.) being in act to swim. — The Polypes here described, if we behold them with unarmed eyes, appear like little points round about the heterogeneous body they keep close to;in crowds, (Fig.. 1. 4. 6.) Through the microscope we however distinguish their Fig. ured bodies, -looking like poppy-heads and forming various groups. In Fig.. 2. and 3. they are represented cleaving to â duck's-meat, (a. b.) rne large stalk- of an older Polype being a point o£ conjunction, (Fig.. 3.) In Fig.. 5. our corpuscles adhere to the dead body of a yellow Polype. (fZ. d. d.). In Fig.. '7. they, most elegantly, surround a little snail, where we likewise perceive the wriggled stalks (i. it) as well as the upright ones. (A, h.) | |
| Ad00341 05 075a/eng | Amphib. XXVI. Vol. VI. No. 73. STRANGE AMPHIBIOUS CREATURES. The horned toad. (Rana cornuta.) l'I itherto we have had but very imperfect drawings, concerning this strange animal, which had been delineated after faded patterns preserved in spirits of wine. (Pictule Gallery. Vol, III. No. 39.) By means of'the last voyage of discovery, undertaken by the Russians, Mr. Tilesius, counsellor of the court and celebrated german naturalist, has supplied us with the first exact picture of the horned toad, drawn to the life in the annexed view. In little numbers it is met with in several parts of SouthAmerica as likewise in Brasil and in the isle of S. Catherine. Though, the rough body and large mouth, with which it catches insects, have an hideous appearance, yet the bright- sparkling colours of the skin display themselves very handsomely. The yellowish- brown body is adorned with sharppointed warts and white-edged Fig. ures of the colour of a violet. The fore- and hindpart of the head as also the hind-feet are adorned with plain spots of the most beautiful green. Above the eyes raise themselves the orange- coloured eye -lids, resembling a cone, which, slightly looked upon, have been compared to little horns; whence the name of this toad proceeds. Besides it is remarkable on account of its greatnefs, in Fig.. A. being represented shortened by half, and Fig.. B, exposing its head in lull length. According to the account of Mr. Tilesius the weight of the horned toad amounts to 4 pounds. By the Brasilians it is called Aran- Tango, or open tun. | |
| Ad00341 05 076a/eng | Misc. CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 74. SCENES OUT OF GREECE. Fig. 1. A shepherd of Morea. The present table exhibits one of the shepherds of the greek peninsula of the Morea, who is blowing on a simple rural pipe, near his herd. He is a mountain-shepherd, in his simple garment of sheep's skin, wearing a red cap upon the head and sandals on the feet. In the back-ground we perceive the sheepfold and the high scaffolds, which serve the shepherds for a summer-abode. In the winter or generally in cool nights these shepherds, with their flocks, retire into mountaincaverns, which are the usual dwellingplace of their families. These shepherds lead a very simple and poor life; yet with all that they are indépendant. Fig.2. The modern-greek Story-singer. The annexed view represents a moderngreek story-singer; in his usual custom, near a fountain of the turkish order, in a grove. Accompanied by his instrument, resembling a mandolin of a long neck, he gives several songs to some inhabitants of Morea, who differ, among themselves by rank and consequently by fashion, in the midst of whom we likewise behold a shepherd. These storysingers, traversing the whole country, perform, at the same time, the functions of poets, musicians and story -tellers for the sake of public sport. | |
| Ad00341 05 077a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 75. NATIONAL FEAST OF THE RUSSIANS. There is a custom in Russia, according to which the impérial court bestows a feast upon the people of Petersburg, on solemn occasions, such as conclusions of peace, coronations andweddings. The annexed table exhibits such a feast, which took place in the year 1790, at the conclusion of the peace made with Sweden. Before the imperial Winter-palace they had constructed two pyramidical sc. ffolds, of 20 yards in height, (Pig. l.) whereof the steps, turning round about, were served up with meals and pastrywoik of every kind. Above each was placed a roasted ox, the one of which had gilded horns and the other silvered horns. The pyramids were adorned with rosecoloured tafiety in a manner that only the horns peeped out, which stood in competition for the prize. At the signal given by a cannon- shot the people rushed thither; they gained the tnffety by pieces; the meats were flung on all sides; a troop of courageous rowers got the golden horns and thereby a premium of 100 rubels. The pyramids being stripped, some fountains, at a little distance, began to spout out red and white, wine. (Fig.. 2.) The people rushed thither in crowds, gathering in hats the delicious drink and presenting it by turns to the neighbours. Some common Russians even climbed up the fountain itself, in order to catch the whole wine-spout, but a well - applied syringe cooled the too bold drinker, repelling him within his bounds. | |
| Ad00341 05 078a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXVIII. Vol. VI. No. 76. THE MONTSERRAT IN SPAIN. Àt the distance of 9 leagues from Barcel- and rich monastery of the Bénédictins, in Iona towards the Northwest, in the Spanish the church of which is to be found a miprovince of Catalonia, is situated the re- raculous image of the virgin - Mary, is simarkable Montserrat, (that is to say : tacked tuated, as the annexed view exhibits, on or sawn hill) whißh is called thus from its the large middle - plain of the mountain, being composed merely of rocks and cliffs in an hollow, behind which arise many joining clode to one another, in the midst Rocks. Between those, by means of of which there are little plains. This moun- footh-pathes, one arrives at thirteen hermitain is likewise renowned as a place of pe- tages dispersedly situated on higher rocks, regrination, upon which is situated a con- Each of them consists in some chambers, vent of Bénédictins and twelve single her- a little chapel and garden. The hermit» mitages, that partly are built in a very living here are not clergy-men but lay-breromantick manner betwixt the single rocks, thren, who, after having renounced the The whole number of the people, who se- world, lead here a rigorous solitary life' parately have fixed their abode on the Mont- far from the tumult of the world. They «errat, amounts to 250, comprising friars, only descend to the monastery of the Belaybrethren and attendants. The great nedictins on certain festival days. | |
| Ad00341 05 079a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXIX. Vol. VI. No. 77. REMARKABLE WALLS OF CYCLOPES OF THE ANTIQUITY. In several parts of Italy and Greece there mankind was but little acquainted with meare still to bé found many remains of an- chanical arts, and having required necessaricient stone-work, the singular structure of ly an enormous expence of strength, we at» which proves their being descended from tributed them to powerful giants of the prithe remotest antiquity, because, since im- mitive time, whence by the Ancients they memorial times, one does not build in such were already called malls of the Cyclopes. amanner. They are stone-walls, consisting The Cyclopes are the giants of the romantic of prodigious rocks, that are not hewed in- primeval world. The annexed view repreto squares, according to the present man- sents such a wall, comprising the proud ner, but artfully joined together and hea- remains of an ancient fortress, probably ped up, without cement or mortar, with those of Epidaurus - Limera, which exists as many polygons as they sprun" out of still in the background of the road of Mai. the quarry. These works having been con- vasia, in the peninsula of the Morea. A structed in the most ancient times, where handsome monument of human art! | |
| Ad00341 05 080a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXX. Vol. VI. No. 73. SCENES OF TAURIA, FORMERLY CALLED CRIMEA. Fig. 1. Dance of the Dervis. chpriest. The annexed table exhibits such a scene in the same JDervis are mahometa n mendicant friar», manner as it is represented in the principilo partly live in convents, partly shift pal mosquey at Bakts chi-Sara.) in Tauria. about in the Orient, particulary in Turkey and Persia, preaching their faith and pia- Fig. 2. Buffoon in Crimea. ying many superstitious tricks and juggles, The present table exposes to sight a in order to deceive the people. Accor- jew of Constantinopolis, who, accompanied ding to a singular rite they assemble by a rattling musick of gipsies, is playing in a moschey, (mahometan church) eve- his legerdemain-tricks for the sport of so*y tuesday and friday, in the evening, me gentlemen, who are his spectators, where, in presense of other devouts, they The dance being finished, he has formed keep divine service, and then lead a dan- his garments like a puppet, fastened upon ce, which only consists in a rapid turning, a staff, on the left arm, with which he One after the other falls into a kind of keeps a foolish discourse. The dumb pupswoon, out of which he is directly rou- pet only answers by blow«, to the utsed by few words whispered into his ear most delight of the spectators. | |
| Ad00341 05 081a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXXI. Vol. VI. No. 79. THE PERUVIAN GIANT. Mett of extraordinary greatness are called America, tlie annexed table representing a Giants, as the name of dwarf is given to peruvian giant, called Basilio Huaylas, those, who distinguish.. themselves by unu- who, in the year 1792, was brought from sual littleness. Both of them are excepted the city of lea to Lima, capital of.Peru, from usual greatness of man, as we can in order to appear in publick. At the age not suppose there to be whole nations of of 24 years he exceeded the height of 7 giants or dwarfs upon our terrestrial globe, feet. The members of the body were of though tribes of lesser men may be found a disproportionate bigness, particularly towards the North, as well as the great those of the upper part. Ordinarilv Huayprogeny of Patagonians in South-America, las made his appearance in the strange custom here represented. In comparison Men of uncommon greatness frequent- a man of common size stands at his side, ly expose themselves to sight for money, by what means his gigantic Fig. ure is renon account of the scarcity, as every one de red the more striking, knows. The same custom is also found in | |
| Ad00341 05 082a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXII. Vol. VI. No. 80. EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF JOSEPH II, BEFORE THE IMPERIAL PALACE IN VIENNA. The present Emperor of Austria, his Majesty Francis I. determined to get erected a magnificent monument to the memory of his great uncle, Joseph II, who exceedingly deserved it of his nation by introducing useful arts and sciences. The Emperor desired this monument to consist of Joseph's equestrian statue of bronze, supported by a pedestal of granite, in order to embellish Joseph's place, before the imperial palace in Vienna. Mr. Zauner, a celebrated statuary in Vienna, was charged with this commission. After 11 jears of work the whole was finished in the most perfect manner, as the present view exhibits, and consecrated on Joseph's place the 24. of Nov. 1807, in the presence of the imperial family. The Emperor Joseph is seated on horseback, in the roman manner announcing his protection to his subjects by the extended right hand. Besides the tables of inscription there are on the pedestal two Basreliefs of bronze, relative to Joseph's merits. The opposite side refers to the freedom and Improvements which Joseph granted to the Trade of Austria. The height of the whole monument amounts to 33 feet, 8 inches ; that of the horse to I3feet; the Fig. ure of the Emperor is inheight II feet. The group of the horse with the Fig. ure of bronze has 400 quintals of weight. This statue is a beautiful monument of german art, worthy of being transmitted to the remotest posterity. | |
| Ad00341 05 083a/eng | Plants CXV. Vol. VI. No. 81. RARE TREES. The Wax-Palm-Tree of South-America. (CeroxyIon andicola.) 1 hi3 remarkable kind of Palm-tree, which arrives at the extraordinary height of 160 or iSo feet, has been discovered by Mr. Alexander Humboldt, the celebrated naturalist, during his travels through SouthAmerica, oa the mountain called Quindiu. The trunk, that sticks to the earth with many roots and filaments, rises uprightly; betwixt the rings, formed by the fallen leaves, there cleaves a yellow bark, three lines thick, as smooth as a reed, consisting in a mixture of resin and was. On the left we behold a piece of the trunk in its natural greatness. The natives, who consider this bark as pure wax, form thereof tapers and candles, after having mixt it with a third of tallow. The spherical fruits, o[ violet - colour have a sweetish taste and are crowded together like bunches of grapes; the interiour part encloses a hard almond. This Palm-tree never bears more than ten feathered leaves, rising to the height of 18 = 21 feet, so that the whole offers a surprizing and sublime sight. | |
| Ad00341 05 084a/eng | Garments. XI. Vol VI. No. 82. PERUVIAN INCAS. The ancient Peruvians in South - America were a nation tolerably well civilized They had hereditary kings, who, as well as all the royal princes, were called Jncas, hein g regarded by the Peruvians as sons of Gods, off - springs of the sun, under the Fig. ure of which they adored the supreme deity. These Incas, whose families at present have almost been extirpated by the Spaniards, who conquered Perù, enjoyed a preeminence of reputation and honour, as we can judge by what has been before mentioned. Even now - a. aavs much reverence is paid to their memory, the present Peruvians still continuing to represent them symbolically, on solemn processions, though dressed in more precious and modernized garments than these princes used to wear at the time of their splendour. The annexed view exhibits such an allegorical representation of modern time?. We behold an Inca with his consort in their modern habit oF parade, which in. some particulars differs from the ancient one, as they are represented still now à days, on great solemnities, for the remembrance of ancient times, to the Peruvians, who do not belong to their descendants. | |
| Ad00341 05 085a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXXIII.. Vol. VI. No. 83. TURKISH TOMBS. To the modern Greeks and Turks death, according to the usual manner of antiquity-, does not appear under aspects of fear and terror, they rather consider it as a state of sweet repose, without aversion. For that reason ihey bury their corpses in open coffins, trimmed with precious stuffs ; they dreis the dead body in the best clothes of the deceased, covering him with flowers. Thus they commit the last remains to graves situated without the towns, on high • ways or upon hills surrounded by cypresses. These sepulchers, which frequently serve as publick walking - places, are of the most charming forms, consisting in open chests of white marble, (Fig.. II.) near which arise pillars decorated with symbols relative to the sex and rank of the deceased. The turban signifies a man; a kind of urn a woman; a rose denotes a girl. Within these chests, filled with light earth, they plant flowers, that are cultivated with religious care by the relations of the deceased. Richer Turks get built whole funeralhalls, (Fig.. i.) which consist either of open arches, bearing a cupola, or are locked up and enlightened from above. The annexed view likewise exhibits buildings of greater compass, provided with open vestibles, where the Mahometans perform their devotion. | |
| Ad00341 05 086a/eng | Worms XIII. Vol. VI. No. 84. THE ECHINOID ASTERIAS. In Vol. III. No. 94- °f our Picture• Gallery we already became acquainted with the admirable Medusa's head sea star, belonging to the genus Asteria or star - fish. The annexed table exhibits an other extraordinary species of these animals, viz, the echinoid Asterias. It is a native of the Indian seas, which sometimes arrives at so considerable a size, as to measure more than twelve inches in diameter. From the body depressed and covered with a coriaceous crust arise twenty rays, that are spinous as well as the body. The mouth of this animal consists of the aperture, which we behold in the midst of the body. Most beautiful specimens of this curious animal were formerly: preserved in the Leverian Museum at London. — | |
| Ad00341 05 087a/eng | Misc. CXXIV. Vol VI. No. 85. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL AT LONDON. The cathedral church of St. Paul, which we see here represented from the side of the Thames, is one of the most beautiful buildings of modern architecture. It stands in the centre of the great metropolis of the british empire, being reared in the place of an ancient gothic cathedral, that was almost entirely destroyed by the terrible fire of 1666. The celebrated Architect, Sir Christopher Wren, formed his plan of it partly on the Model of St. Peter's Church at. Rome This immense edifice was reared in 35 years, the foundation being laid on the 2i£t- of June 1675 and the building completed in 1710, at the expence of 4,420,512 dollars of Saxony. This Cathedral is in the form of a erosi. The outside is adorned with three magnificent entrances and two ranges of pilastres. Above the principal entrance stand two steeples; the chief ornament, however, i» the stately dome, rising in the centre. The dome rests on 32 columns supporting a gallery surrounded by a balustrade, the ascent to which from tl»? bottom is by 534 stepsi 0»er the gallery rises the magnificent cupola with a second gallery, on the top of which stands a little turret or lanthorn terminating in a gilded ball and cross. — The inside of St. Paul's is so far from corresponding in beauty with its exterior that it is only decorated with conquered ship'« flags and two statues and monuments erected in honour of Johnson and Howard. The annexed view exhibits likewise a remarkable procession consisting of the Lord Mayor's going by water to Westminsterhall, with great pomp, in barges splendidly decorated. This procession takes place annually on the 9'h. of November, being the day on which the new chief magistrate enters upon the duties of hit office. | |
| Ad00341 05 088a/eng | Plants CXVI. Vol. VI. No. 86. FAIR EXOTIC SHRUBS. The dwarf rosebay. (Rhododendron ponticum.) This beautiful shrub is met with in the Orient as well as in several parts of SouthSpain, particularly in the environs of Gibraltar, and in the orange-houses of Germany. Cultivated with due care it forms a shrub like a tree of 5 a 6 feet of height. The oblong and pointed leaves are ever green; they have a shining surface; on the inferior part they arc. lighter green, traversed by strong veins and crooked towards the extremitv. They cleave together in great numbers towards the top of the branches. The stalk is extremely short. In the months of June and July on the points of the branches there appear red blossoms of five leaves, that stick together like clusters, which recommend this shrub as an embellishment of gardens. At first sight it resembles the Oleander, but on beholding it more attentively we easily find out the difference. The dwarf rosebay comprehends eleven kinds, which chiefly are found on high mountains, or Alps, whence their name derives. In the native country of this shrub some kinds are employed in medicine on account of their astringent virtue. | |
| Ad00341 05 089a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXV. Vol. VI. No. 87. THE GIANTS-CAUSEWAY IN IRELAND. The isle of Staffa and Final's care in Scotland are not superior in beauty to the magnificent Giants- causeway, situated on the northwestern coast of Ulster, in the county of Antrim in Ireland. It is naturally formed of innumerable pillars of basaltes which arise perpendicularly, having been regarded in former times by superstitious people as a work of spirits and giants. Those pillars of basaltes (which are reckoned 30,000) form a kind of promontory gradually declining towards the sea aud terminating in a causeway, which by means of the pillars proportionately broken off forms an even way. This causeway has about 600 feet in length and 120 to 14.0 in breadth. The single pillars have 12 to 15 inches in diameter, being quadrangular, sexangukr and octangular, but for the most part sexangular, as the present table shews, on one side elevated and on the other fluted, whereby the single parts of the pillars join together like the vertèbres of the back-bone, thus supporting themselves in an upright direction. | |
| Ad00341 05 090a/eng | Misc. Subjects CXXVI. Vol. VI. No. 88. THE BLAST OF WHEAT. The blast of corn, which frequently impairs the produces of harvest, is a sickness of the corn-plants, which is not discernible untili the ears begin to bud. Wheat is most frequently attacked by this sickness of blast, that consists in the grains not being duely ripe, whence instead of containing a white and mealy substance, they are filled up with blackish grains consisting of dust and stinking in their fresh state, whereby at length the whole car is soiled, when the blighted wheat-grains buTst and the blasting fies out. P. I is a blasted wheat grain in its natural greatness. Fig.. 2. and 3. considerably magnified, b b b in both Fig. ures there are the tops steiilized by sickness, a a. Fig.. 2. the pistils deformed by sickness. 'Fig.. 3: shews the interior of a blasted wheat-grain. Fig.. 4. exhibits a number of magnified grains of the blasting. Every grain is composed of several other lumps accumulated together, which we discern through the microscope on moistening the blast. Fig.. 6. shews the form of single grains of the sound and immature wheat-flour, when it is wettish. The blasting of wheat is but a particular kind of mushrooms consisting of dust and belonging to the genus blast, comprehending many species. To the same genus is likewise ascribed the pretended rust of corn. In Fig.. 5. we behold the form of the grains of the rust of bailey greatly magnified. | |
| Ad00341 05 091a/eng | Misc. Subjects CXXVII. Vol. VI. No. 89. RUINS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF SAGUNT IN SPAIN. In the South of Spain, between Valencia and locked themselves up with their relations Barcellona, is situated the city of Murviedro, in the houses which were set on fire, thus where there are the ruins of ancient Sa- delivering themselves as free citizens to the giuit, whose remains we behold in Fig.. I. flames with their preciousEffects. The Romans an;l II. of this table. vindicated the Saguntines in the second war with the Carthaginians by expelling The city of Sagunt is famous for the them from amidst the ruins of the demoPerseverance beyond all example with which lished city, which they rebuilt more magthe inhabitants, the allies to the Romans, nificently than before, and yet Sagunt, a defended themselves against the Carthagi- second time restored to all its splendour, nians under the conduct of Hannibal after was again destroyed by the Barbarians dutne first war with the above mentioned na- ring their invasion in the fifth century, the tion. Tha Carthaginians after a siege of only evidences of its former grandeur being «ight months having at length taken the city the remains, particularly those of the theaby assault, and the rapacious soldiers being tre, part of which we behold in Fig. I. in permitted by Hannibal to plunder it tho- the fore-ground. Under the succeding doroughly he was astonished at finding not- minion of the Goths Sagunt was rebuilt hing but destruction and mint. The in- once more but with less beauty. The rehabitants of Sagunt had ra;her die than mains uf that time are probably those, of itfrvive the foil of their liberty; those, the citadel. (Fig.. H.) tli;t bad not fallen gloriously in fi'gthing | |
| Ad00341 05 092a/eng | Misc. CXXVlll. Vol. VI. No. 90. CELTICK MONUMENTS OF CARNAC. In the western parts of France, near the castle of Cornac, in the department of Morbihan, along the sea-shore, in a mournful desert of downs, there are found the following remarkable monuments of antiquity, deriving from the Celts, who anciently inhabited that part of Gallia. In those sandy p loins, wholly destitute of rocks, the traveller meets with rough blocks of stone, which, being supporled only by their own weight without a basis, are supposed to have been erected by human efforts in a very bold manner. The number of these blocks of stone, which arise perpendicularly, still amounts to 4000, the use of which proves difficult to be explained, though, most propably, they refer to the religious customs of that ancient people. The groupes of stone which we see (Fig. - II.) seem to be still more nearly related to certain science;, containing perhaps observations on the starry sky. | |
| Ad00341 05 093a/eng | Misc. Subjects. CXXIX. Vol. VI. No. 91. VIEW OF THE GREAT SQUARE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO IN AMERICA. In the place of the present city of Mexico, which lias been built hy the Spaniards after the conquest of that country of the new world, anciently was situated the city of Tenochtitlan, the residence of proper kings of the ancient inhabitants. This city having been taken by the Spaniards and wholly destroyed, after a persévérant siege in 1521, Cortez, the leader of the Spanish army, ordered a new city of Mexico to be founded after the european fashion, which contains about 140,000 inhabitants, not being inferior to any one of the most celebrated cities of Europe. We behold here represented the great square (la plaza i:iajvr) where in former times stood the gr&a temple of Mcxitili, or the God of war of the primitive (inhabitants of America afterwards thus called. Now-a-days this place is adorned with the magnificent equestrian statue of Charles IV., King of Spain, constructed of metal by the celebrated Spanish artist Don Manuel Dolsa, and reared in Mexico in 1203. The place round the statue is paved with freestones of porphyry, surrounded by a balustrade and locked up with four gates. Behind the principal place in the center of our figure we behold the stately cathedral church (2), part of which (3) is entirely built in the moresk style. On the left of the cathedral church we view the palace simply built, which is the seat of the Viceroy of new Spain. | |
| Ad00341 05 094a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXX. Vol. VI. No. 92. THE FOUNTAIN CALLED TOP HANÈ AT CONSTANTINOPLE. This remarkable and magnificent fountain, situated in Top-.Hanc, one of the suburbs of Constantinople, whence its name derives, has been lately copied for the first time by the germ an artist Melling, architect to the Sultana Hadidge, the distrustful Turks seldom permitting something to be copied from their publick buildings. This monument is notable because it gives a perspicuous idea of the st)le and art of decorating of the Mahometans. The Sultan Mikmud caused this fountain to be built in 1733 as a work of beneficence, in order to provide this part of Constantinople with good water as well as with a place for performing the religious washings that are in use among the Turks. The inferior part of the edifice is incrusted with white marble, the surface of which being most elegantly adorned with several gilded volutes, ornaments and sentences of the Alcoran, the holy book of the Turks. Notwithstanding there are to be found no Fig. ures of men or animals, which is prohibited according to the turkish faith. Above the inferior part of the building, that has 25 feet in square and a spring on each of these four sides, stands out a pentice of 16 feet which gives the most agreeable shade. A vaulted roof adorned with 16 turrets terminates the whole in an elegant manner. Near the fountain we see some Turks occupied by their holy washings and next to these a group of turkish women. In th« fore-ground drives a turkish coach all over furnished with lattica - windows, wherein th« women of the Turks take the air. | |
| Ad00341 05 095a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXXI. Vol. VI. No. 93. REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS. The petrified Sea-Palm or Pentacrinit. (Pentacrinites Helmintholithus portentosus. L.) of antiquity, tacriliit. belonging systematically to the same genus called Encrinus. The animals of this order keep the midst between the coralloid animais and the Sea-stars, living always under _/ entacrlnits are petrified forms of animals the profoundest gulfs of the sea, partly in the belonging to the class of the Zoophytes or torrid zone, partly in colder regions, where Plant-animals, consisting of a manybranched by way of their flexible stalks they adhere and tufty substance that sticks to a membe- close to the ground. In many countries of red and branchless stalk of several feet in Europe the petrified sea - palms are to be length. For the present we know but two found enclosed and vanished by growing in or three species of Zoophytes which are near- the lime-stones. | |
| Ad00341 05 096a/eng | Misc. Subjects. CXXXII. Vol. VI. No. 94. REMARKABLE PETRIFICATIONS. Petrified Sea-Lilies or Encrinits of Antiquity. (Encrinites HeImintholithus. Encrinus L.) Encrinits or Sea-lilies are petrified kinds of plant-animals of former ages, looking in some manner like the sea-palm, still living in the profundities of the sea of the Antilles, and probably belonging to the same genus Encrinus. Fig.. i. exhibits a sea-lily, many-branched and closed, with the stalk of many articles, by way of which the living zoophyte kept close to the bottom of the sea. Fig.. 2. is an Encrinit of many arms, without a stalk, both of them being provided with round joints. Fig.. 3. shews the closed main-body, formed like a Fig., of an other kind of Encrinits, whose joints are pentagonal, as the basis exhibits, that stuck to the stalk. The other Fig. ures are partly single joints of sea-lilies, which are commonly called by several names, viz: St. Cuthbert's beads, trochytes, astroites etc., partly they-are pieces, formed like a pillar, of such stalks consisting of many articles that rise one above another (6. 7.) being usually called Entrochites, star stones. In many regions of Germany and of other foreign countries the petrified Encrinits are met with in several kinds of lime-stones. | |
| Ad00341 05 097a/eng | Plants CXVII. Vol. VI. No. 95. MEDICAMÉNTAL PLANTS. Fig. 1. The common Elecampane. (Inula Helenium. L.) ±he common or genuine Elecampane is an useful plant, which grows wild in several parts of Europe and in some regions of Germany, being cultivated on fields for its utility as also in gardens for ornament. The long and thick roots, that have a strong and bitter taste, are partly dried, partly employed in medicine in several dissolutions. They likewise form thereof a salutary wine and beer of the same name. The root, mixed with pot-ashes and bill-berries, produces a blue colour. From the root ismes a stalk, of 3 in 4 feet in height, furnished with large and dented leaves, at the top of which, in the months of July and August, appear the yellow and scentless flowers formed like a star. Fig. 2. The common Soapwort. (Saponaria officinalis. L.) This salutary plant, 2 in 3 feet high, that grows uncultivated in Germany along the roads and in hedges, bears white blossoms inclining to red, during the summermonths. The leaves as well as the root have soapy and solutive principles that offer an approved remedy agiinst many diseases. For ornament it has been transplanted in te gardens, where by way of culture a variation of it has been produced with clusters of double flowers. | |
| Ad00341 05 098a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXXIII. Vol. VI. No. 96. THE MORAI, OR BURYING-PLACE, OF THE ISLE NUKAHIWAH IN THE SOUTH-SEA. In the South-sea is to be found a group of isles, first discovered in 1595 and known under the name of isles of Marquesa or Mendoza. Amoügst the northern ones is also situated the isle of Nuhakiivak, with which we more nearly became acquainted by means of the last voyage round the world, undertaken by the Russians for discovery's sake, under the guidance of the Captain of Kmsenstcrn. The inhabitants of this island are well-shaped, healthy, and of a vigorous constitunon; their carnation resembles that of the Europeans. They adorn the whole body with pricked Fig. ures, which they rub into the flesh with a dark-blue earth, whence ihey never vanish. These islanders of the South - sea are not in the least of a sweet temper; on the contrary they are malicious and vindictive in such a manner that they devour their captivated enemies. Except a small scarf, they are stark-naked. Their habitations are only cottages composed of bamboo • reed. Alter many ceremonies theyr commit the dead to their burying - places, or Morais, whereof every family has a particular one. The Russians, who circumna« vigated the world, obtained the permission of visiting such a Moral, the image of which we view in the annexed table. This Moral was situated in a romantic region, on a hill; in a coffin was exposed a corpse. Outwardly stood some deformed idols carved in wood; close to these they beheld pillars, consisting of cocoa-leavet, and environed by stuffs of white cotton. The whole referred to religious customs. | |
| Ad00341 05 100a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXXr. Vol. FL No. 99. RUSSIAN HORN-MUSIK. This Musick, invented in Russia in 1750, by a native Bohemian, called Maresch, has such a dignity, grandour, sweetness and plenitude of sounds, as are not to be found in any Musick whatever, even not in the organs, to which, however, it bears the greatest resemblance. This Musick being the more extraordinary because every horn has but one tone, a brief description of it will prove much interesting both to connoisseurs of Musick and to those, who are strangers to it. The annexed table gives an intuitive representation of it. The region exhibits a forest where one sees the imperial corps of russian hunters, divided in four files, and placed on an eminence, with their hunting-horns. In the first file stands the treble, in the second the counter-tenor, in the third the tenor, and in the h most the bass. Every one holds in his hand a little musick-book, upon which he is to fix his eyes steadfastly, in order to give the tone in the very nick of time. He therefore is obliged to count exactly all the other sounds, till it comes to his turn to wind the horn. His whole art, which surely is not easy in allegros and trills, contists in making just stops. In the other hand he has the brazen or copper-horn. In the front, before the treble, or in the first file, stands the Master of the musical chapel, who has placed the partition before him, on a desk. He keeps in his hand a little staff, with which he not only beats the time, but also every fourth. The basses, on account of their bigness, rest on little pedestals, constructed for that purpose. The Horn-Musick is composed of about forty persons, every one of whom has one horn or two. Those horns, that give the lowest bass-tones, have 5 in 7 feet in length. This measure diminishes proportionally so that the least ones arrive only to the length of one foot. There is nothing more touching than to hear a choral-song, or adagio, performed on this instrument; there is nothing more merry than to behold an allegro blown there-upon, when a Musician, with two horns is often changing them, in a swift time. Though the instruction of such a Virtuoso requires an extraordinary patience yet the Russians, who generally have great talents for Musick, very soon become accustomed to observe the time. | |
| Ad00341 05 101a/eng | Insects. LIII. Vol. VI. No. 98. FESTOON ORANGE BUTTERFLY OF CHINA. (Papilio Bernardus. Fabricii.) On a copied nrancn °f a japan and chinese plant, called Japan Rose, we behold a great diurnal Butterfly, fairly designed, that is a native of China and Japan. The prime colour of its fore - wings is fiery - red, laciniated with a yellow cross - fascia, and with a lavge and black border. The hinrlwings, likewise fiery - red, are tailed, and elegantly spotted with black eyes and white central point». The upper Fig. ure exhibits this Butterfly in the state of reposa, with the bearing of its clapt wings, whose inferior side is finely adorned. This exotic Butterfly belongs to the eye-spotted ones, among which, however, there is none in Germany, that equals this chinese Butterfly in the greatness and beauty of the louring. | |
| Ad00341 06 003a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXXXVI. Vol. VII. No. 1. PERSIAN CURIOSITIES. Persia,. anciently celebrated among the Countries of Asia, still belonss, on severat flccounts, to the rernarkable' empires of that part o£ the world. The annexed print exhibits.: ;-:.' i Fig. 1. View of the city of Shiras. Shiras, the capital city of the province of Farsistan, or 'of Persia properly thus called, is situated in an extensive and beäutifill valley; but novv-a-däjs its ancient spleridour is greatly göne to decay. It is surrounded with walls arid lias six gâtes ; the houses, cohstructed of bricks', hâve a bad appearance, but nevertheless Shiras lias a beautiful Basar or customhouse, as well as other public buildings. This city is likewise famous for its excellent wine, called \vine of Shiras, which is renown'd ail over Asia. Fig. 2. Tomb of the persian Poet Hafiz. Arts and sciences were flourishing ïn former centuries in the Éast as well as in Persia. Among the celebrated men of that country they also name the Poet Hafiz, who was born in Mosselly, near Shiras, and died there in 1340. We behold hère represented his tomb variously distingulshed. It is situated in the center of a large square burjing ground, resemblirtg a garden. At the entrance are two great lions, opposite, in a l'atticed enclpsure are the tombs of Hafiz, of two of his disciples, and of a Prince of the royal blood. Ail four are formed like coffîns of stone, on each side surrounded with sto» nés, six foot high, where upon are engraved several passages of the Alcoran. The persian Sovereign, Kerim - Khan, çaused this tomb to be embellished, an édifice with rriany rooms having been reared behind it. Close by there is the sepulchre of Saadi, an other celebrated persian Poet. | |
| Ad00341 06 004a/eng | Plants CXIX. Vol. VII. No. 2. THE FILAMENTOUS YUKKA. (Yucca filamentosa.) JL he Yucca is exclusively found in Ameri- clous Yucca, is originally of Virginia and ca, and comprehends many species, whicli, Carolina, where it is to be found on the as for the structure, accord together in so sandy shores of the rivers. It has but a much that the trunk, often arriving to the short trunk ; from the Ieaves grows up the height of ten in twelve feet, produces, on- " stalk, often five to six foot high, to which ly at the top, a tuft of long Ieaves, for stick the white flowers, inclining to yellow, the most part dented like a saw, from whose and formed like tulips. The Ieaves of this center shoots out a long and branched stalk, species hâve the singularity of being more forming tha most beautiful crown. For round, and of bearing, on their surface, that reason this fair american plant is also long and single filaments, which, before met with in several hot-hoùses. the Europeans imported their linen-cloth, \ were employed by the Americans in fabriThe species hère copied, or the fila- cating a stuff approaching the same quality. | |
| Ad00341 06 005a/eng | Worms XIV. Vol. VII. No. 3. THE WINDING SERTULARlA OR VESICULAR CORALLINE. (Sertularia volubilis, Linn. S. uniflora, Pallas.) About the trunk and tire branches of a red prickly coralline winds an other species of zpophytes, belonging to the genus Sertularia oxvesicular coralline, represented in its natural greatness in Fig. . 1. and magnified in Fig. . 2. of the annexed table. This ;winding seitularia has the appearance of a .plant, as well as all the plant-animais, inhabiting the Océan; but its substance is white, .horney, elastic, flexible and half transparent, rwhose united and subile filaments form an articulated , tortuous and filaceous stalk, .which serves as a shelter to particular polypes, adhering to it and dwelling in seperate cells (even hère indistingûishable) of thèse articulations, from whence they extend their armed fangs to catch their food. The little bells, with a dented border, on the long and articulated stalk$,of.the trunk of the sertularia, are open and transparent cases, looking like vesicles, which, in the hottest summerseason shoot out of the sertularia, and wherein form themselves oval burgeons, either cleaving to the principal trunk, or separated from if. From such burgeons issue new sertularia.s, which continue growing. The polypes of the sertularias feed upon the least and most tender microscopical worms, living in the sea-water. | |
| Ad00341 06 006a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 4. THE CATACOMBS OR SUBTERRANEAN SEPULCHRES OF ROME. The Catacombs, or subterraneous sepulchres, at Rome and their environs are famous for their antiquity as also for their great number. They consist of innumerable passages and Chambers, turning and winding, like a labyrinth, in the solid pozzolano of a hardened and vulcanicearth. In the earliest times of Rome thèse passages took their rise from the pozzolano du g out for the construction of buildings. At the time of the roman Republick and of the Emperors thèse innumerable sandpits were employed in burying poor people and slaves, upon whose corpses they would not bêstaw the funeral expences- At the time of cliristianity the acts of burying in the Catacombs augmented; there were interred the Christians, who had fallen as Martyrs in the persécutions. Part of the Catacombs, extending to a great distance near Rome, are exhibited in Figr. with the tombs partly open partly locked up. The closed sepulchres, eut in the walls of the Catacombs, hâve the outward appearance of Fig. . 4. — Fig. . 2. 3. and 5. represent many of them, which were examined after having been opened. They found therein the remains of human bones more or less preserverî. By the initial letters of the word of Christ it appears they belonged to Christians. In the sepulchre (Fig. . 3) reposed a Martyr, as may be judged by the preserved palm twig and hatchet. | |
| Ad00341 06 007a/eng | Misc. Subjects. CXXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 5. ETRUSCAN CATACOMBS OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF TARQUINIA. In the présent Grand- dutchy of Toscany, near.the town of Corneto, where anciently was situated Tarquinia, one of the twelve capital-cities of Etruria, are to be found many catacombs, or subterranean sepulchralchambers. Tliey are carved in whitish limestones, being remarkable for their structure as well as for their variegated Ornaments. The descent to them is through square apertures. In one of thèse Etruscan catacombs (Fig. . 1.) the cieling is formed o£ four contiguous Squares, carved out of the rock with Recesses. The remains of the dead repo*ed either in nrns, or probably also on the banks round about the side- walls. The walls and friezes of thèse sepulchral - Chambers are covered with party-coloured symbolical pictures, alluding to the State of the soûls after deatb, according to the ideas of the Etrurians. On the frieze we therefore behold men devoured by wild beasts; * allusion to the punishments attending the cri.minai. . Other compartments of thèse catacombs (Fig. . 2.) rest on pillars carved out of the rock itself^ as well as the architectural recesses of the [cieling whence they gîve perpetuity to the whole. On the side- walls we likewise observe painted friezes of many Fig. ures, which offer abundant matter of discussion to the antiquary. Y> | |
| Ad00341 06 008a/eng | Quadrupeds. LXXVII. Vol. VII. No. 6. THE GIGANTICK BUFFALO. (Bos Arni.) A.oeoîig the animtlls hitberto .Utile' krsown separated Afeet frora each other. In Fig. ure the belongs the gigamick-Buffalc, 6.x Ar ni, vçhic.h, Arnils said.to participate of the"ox,..of thehoraccording to theaccounts of the English- se and of the stag." Though. it;be courageous men, lives in the mountainous régions of and strong, yet it is tamed and employed inriNorth - Hindostan as well:;-as in tke woods ding in the northern parts of the East-Indies. of North-Bengal. ;;An.,english offjcer men- For a great whjle the gigantick Buffalo tions such a Buffalo, he had found there, 14 was knovvn only by seuils dug .out;here and foot high .fröm. the hoof to the top of.the there, to which stick the huge horns. Such horns. It is black - coloured; a red - haired seuils of Ami are met with in several catuft sticks betwixt its huge horns, which are binets of natural hiïtory. | |
| Ad00341 06 009a/eng | Garments. XII. Vol. VII. No. 7. PERSIAN GARMENTS. The inhabitants of Persia are hère represented in their différent. garmenls. The Persians are lively, addicted to pleasures, and a little frivolous ; but for ail that more sociable and more compassionate strangers than their neighbours, the rude and distrustful' Turks. They are middlesized, rather lean than fat, but of a vigorous and healthy constitution. Though the Mahometan is the prédominant religion, yet they tolerate many other sects, as the Gebers, vvho adore the fire. From the simple dress of the Curdes, (Fig. . I.) a half savage, rapacious and mountaineer people of West-Persia, we make the transition to the garments of the Persians. Fig. 2. A Persian of a middle condition, in the summer-habit. The garments of the Persians are long, vvide, and party - coloured, after the oriental fashion., The rieh wear precious silkstuffs, richly bordered with gold, silverand gems. The Persian hère portrayed wearg a sîiirt of red silk, over it a wai.ucoat and a vvide surtout, .that' descends tili to the ancle, being girded with a shawl. The head is covered with a cap, formed like a turban. Fig. 3-4. Persian Women. The clothes of the persian women are more agreeable than those of the men. They do not eut the hair, but cover the head either with a shawl, in the shape of a Veil, or twist it like a turban. Over the smock, which is open tili to the middle of the body, they wear a gown descending to the knee, and adorned with loops of gold and silver. The wide breeches are closely quilted and lined from the top to the bottom. | |
| Ad00341 06 010a/eng | Worms XV. Vol. VII. No. 8. THE ALCYONIUM OR DEVIL'S HAND. (Alcyonium manus diaboli, Linn.) The Alcyonium, formedlike a hand, which by the marineis and inhabitants of the seashore is vulgarly called devil's band, thief's hand, hand o£ Judas, sea-hand, is a particular species of plant - animais, or zoophytes, belonging to the genus Alcyonium. It is composed of inflexfble and almost horney filaments, surrounded, in their fresh state, by ajuicy substance, in which, towards the exterior part, in the fingers or dents, are little caves or cells, serving as a continuai abode to pariicular polypes (he-re not copied) of a cylindrical Fig. ure, and furnished with many fringed fangs, round âbout the aperture of the mouth. The out-side of this plant-animal varies, as to the form, length and ihickness of the dents, as shews Fig. . i. compared with Fig. . 2. Besides both Fig. ures exhibit the natural greatness together with the cavities, shaped like a pipe, at the top of the points, where the polypes dvvell. These Alcyoniums are to be found on the coasts of Holland, France and England, where by growing they cleave to the inferior parts of stones, muscles and snails. | |
| Ad00341 06 011a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXXXIX. Tom. VII. No. 9. RUSSIAN IRREGULAR LIGHT HORSE. The annexed table exbibits several Christian .people, living under the russian donation and forming a light horse for the miy service«. Fig. 1 and 2. Donick Cosacks. Fig. 2. An officer of the donick Cosackst who are a brauch of the russian nation and à rude, martial, pastoral people, inhabiting thé shores of the river Don, whence their name dérives. Fig. 2. A common donick Cosack. Fig. 3. A Kalmuck. We behold hère copied a Kalmuck, (as his physiognomy at first sight shews) who, having passed to the Cosacks, at least see" mingly professes the Christian religion. Fig. 4. An uralick Cosack. The uralicke Cosacks dwell on the inferior river Ural, wheré they hâve a considérable fishery and breed of cattle. For the rest they pretty resemble their other countrymen. Fig. 5. A Cosack of the black Sea. The saporogick Cosacks, who formerl'y inhabited the shores of the Dnieper, from whence they vvere transferred to the Kuban, on the black sea, since the year 1775, not only serve as light horsemen, but also by Sea. Fig. 6. An Albanian. This Albanian or Arhaut belongs to the greek battalion established in the Crimea by the Russians. In war they serve both on horseback and on foot, by land and by sea. | |
| Ad00341 06 012a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXL. Vol. VII. No. 10. IRREGULAR RUSSIAN LIGHT HORSE. The présent table exhibits a séries of Asiatick peoples, as well pagans as mahometans, who are to be found, more or less frequently, amông the russian light horse. Fig. 1. A Circassian Prince. The Circassians who inhabit the province of Kuban, are descended frora the Tartars, arid form a mixt, well-shaped and martial people, subjected to particular little Princes, who, however, acknowledge the russian sovereignty. Such a Prince is hère copied in complète armour, with helmet, coatof mail, sabre, bow, arrows and pistols. Fig. 2. A common Circassian. The peasants, or common Circassians are ail together bondslaves to gentlemen. The whole country can raise an army of 1500 gentlemen, and about to,ooo warlike bondslaves. Fig. 3. A Mursa or Tartar gentleman. He is represented without arms, as an attendant of a Circassian Prince. Fig. 4. A Tartar of Nogaj. These vagabond and rapacious Tartars distinguish themselves by their physiognomy, which proves their breedmixed with the Mongols. They adorn their lances with fox - skins. Fig. 5. A Trukmanick Tartar. The Trukmatis inhabit seyeral countries, particularly the mos.t beautiful régions of Caupasus. Sucha one is hère represented. Fig. 6. Bashkirs. The Bashkirs are descendants of Bolgars, and consequently destitute of culture. They are a warlike people. Fig. 7. A Kirgise. The Kirgises are free, rapacious and rude Tartars, mixed with Mongols, and inhabiting the déserts, on the frontiers of Russia. They keep a considérable breed of cattle, particularly of horses, and are very savage. | |
| Ad00341 06 013a/eng | Mise. Subj. CXLI. Vol. VII. No. 11. VIEWS OF THE COAST OF JAPAN WITH JAPANESE VESSELS. Japan, of which we hâve got a clearer knowledge but tvvo centuries since, is a country composed of séveral great "and little islands, on the North-East-Coast of Asia, in the great Eastern Océan, being become long since the object öf European avidity on account of its abundance of gold and other producta. The Portuguese established themselves there in the middle of the sixteenth Century, but for having abused the kindness of the Japaneses they were expelled by them. Since that time the Dutch only, however under great restrictions, are permitted to trade in Japan; but tvvo attempts made prior by the English proved abortive. Nor did the last Russian enterprise of the same kind succeed. The Court of Russia deputed an Embassador to Japan in the year 1^03 together with the two ships expedited under the command of tbo Captain Krusenstern in order to circumnavigate the woild. But this Embassador was not admittéd to Audience, and the présents, hè brought with him,, were rejected. The tvvo following views of Japan are extracted from the masterly description of this voyage, published by Captain Krusenstern. Fig. 1. View of Megasaki, near the city of Nangasaki in Japon, where the Russian Embassador was shewn to his dvvelling-place; and the first visit of the Japanese interprétera, who in an open Sloop drovetowards the Russian ship, whereof we see hère only the stem. Fig. 2. The Russian Embassador went in two bo« ats or sloops, one of which is magnificently ado'med, 10 the mansion assigned to him in Megasaki. Hère we become acquainted not only with the garments of the Japaneses, but also with the structure of their vessels. | |
| Ad00341 06 014a/eng | Worms. XVI. , Vol. VII. No. 12. THE SERTULARIA FORMED LIRE A FIR. (Sertularia abietina.) This charming Sertularia is to be found in sea-fir. The subtil branches are adorned on the Mediterranean and in the North-Sea, ad- both sides with little cônes or jaggs, as a hèrïng to oisters or to sea-shells, as we see magnified pièce of it (Fig. . II.) more dishere one of them represented. Its Fig. ure re- tinctly shevys. This Sertularia is of a grej semblés much the fir-nuts, wherefore it is horn-colour, and generally arrives at the also called Sertularia shaped lihe a fir or height of 5 inches. | |
| Ad00341 06 015a/eng | Birds. LXXVIII. Vol. VII. No. 13. RARE BIRDS. The fringe crested Cockatoo. (Psittacus fimbriatus.) ïemote climates offers us annually new spe{ «es, to which belongs also, this rare fringe Xa-our Picture-Gallery we frequently have crested Cackatoo, copied by the Englishm.an had occasion of observing the numerous Mr. Grant in his- voyage to New .Southgenus of the pariöts and of adrrnring a great Wales. Thé light gray plumage of the body many of tbem, which distinguish themselves is an excellent centrast to the deep-red head, ganicularly by the beautyful coiours of their whose inferior part is garnished as if with frinplumage. A more exact knowledge of the ges,whence the nameof this Caciatooproeeeds. | |
| Ad00341 06 016a/eng | Miscell. Subj. CXLII. Vol. VII. No. 14. SCHOMADU, OR THE GOLDEN TEMPLE AT PEGU. Pegu, formerly the capitai of the ancient Kingdom of the same name, is situated in the ulterior India, in the magnificent Birmahnic Empire. The inhabitantB of this city, like the Test of the Birmahns, profess the religion of the Buddha; they are very religious and hâve a great num ber of temple«. The chief one is the golden temple, called Schomadu, and represented in the annexed print. It is an immense édifice, formed iike a pyramidand consiructed of bricks and mortar; the outsirîe is embellished with several Ornaments, and supported by a double terrace. The Basil oï the Temple is Octogon teiminating above in a spiral line. The top is adorned with a great, gilded Balustrade and the foot surxounded by two rows of little pyramids, whereof the first row comprises 57, and the second 53. On both sides of the temple are wooden buildings for the monks or Bahaans; there il likewise to be found an abode for thepilgrims. TowaTd« the North hang three bells, which are struck with the attires of a stag, as often as a devotee arrives. Of the interior construction of the temple, the european travellers, vvho hâve been there, say nothing. | |
| Ad00341 06 017a/eng | Insects. LIV. Vol. VII. No. 15. RARE INSECTS. The great Water-Scorpion or aquatick bug of Surinam. (Nepa grandis. L.) Lhe genus of the water-scorpions, whose name merely dérives from the two fore • feet formed lilce cisars and adhèring to the head, is not at ail venomous and comprehends several indigenous and exotick species. Their four wings are placed in a state of repose. With the mouth, formed like a beak and placed below the head, they suck out the little insects dextrously caught by the fore-feet, which fold up like a pocket-knife. By the help of the other feet, which are instead of oar» to them, they swim with dexteiity on the ponds and marshy waters, where they dwell. In fair Summer-Evenings they likewise fly from one place to the other. Hère we see copied the great est specie« of the water-scorpions, which are met with in Surinam, (Fig. . H) flying, (Fig. . 2.) reposing. The body is two Inches and a half Long, pretty large and somewhat elevated above and below. The fangs provided before with crooks and the beaked teeth placed under the head, appear most disiinetly. | |
| Ad00341 06 018a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXLIII. Vol. VII. No. 16. THE ORGAN OF SIGHT ILLUSTRATED BY THE HUMAN EYE. This print exlnbits the whole structure of thè human eye, wbereof we see with us only the exterior part, as it were the window. Hère we behold very much magrnfied and in profile the exterior and anterior parts of this admirable structure, the more paiticular explication of which is contained in the commenta'ry. A.t présent we produce only ihe principal parts. Fig. 1. The Eye-hoïes or orbits of the eye, wherein the eyes are placed, over which are the eye-brovvs (Fig. . il.) together with the eye- lids (Fig. . 5.) tbat serve as a defence tö the eye. The eye itself is an oblong globe, composed of several membranes, which închuîe mQiiy humours. Behind is placed the optick nerve (Fig. . 13.) like a stalk. The exterior circumference of the eye is formed by the harcl membrane (Fig. . ifr.). To it.ç fore-aperture is adapted the transparent liomy tunicle (?\g. 20.). In the middle of the interior membrane is a hole (Fig. . 25.), calledthe Eye-ball or pupil. The most important and inmost membrane of the eye is the retina. (Fig. . 27.), the proper organ of sight. The humours contained in the Chambers of the eyes (Fig. . 32.33.) serve to.the first refraction of the incident rays, which, again refracted by the cristalline humour (Fig. . 30.) and by the vitreal one (Fig. . 29.) arrive at the retina (Fig. . 27.) upon which they cause the sensation of the object by way of vibration. The optick nerve transmits this sentiment to the brains, so that the soûl receives the idea of what we perceive. | |
| Ad00341 06 019a/eng | Misc. Subj. CXLIV. Vol. VII. No. 17. THE ORGAN OF HEARING, EXPLAINED BY MEANS OF THE HUMAN EAR. The structure of the human ear is almost as ingeniously fraraed as that of the eye, as at first sight shews the annexed print, where vve behold in Fig. . r. the ear in its natural greatness, but in Fig. . 2. greatly magnified. The ear is composed of the exterior ear, which forms the entrance of the organ of hearing. It is a cartilage, whereof we observe the exterior and interior border of the ear (Fig. . I. IL I. 2.). Near it we see the fore skiit of the ear and the hind one (Fig. . I. IL 4. et 5). The cavity between both is called the ear's cockle (Fig. . I. II. 6.). The earlap is the extremity of it. (Fig. . I. IL J.). In the interior there is the conduit of the ear (Fig. . 1. II. y.). Under the common skin of the head are concealed the parolid glands, which separate the wax. At the extremity of the conduit of the ear appears the lympanum (Fig. . I. II. 9.) which envers the barrel of the drum. On tins elastick skin are collected the bones of hearing, viz, the hammer (Fig. . I. IL ir.), the anvil (I. II. 14), the stirrup. In the interior is the labyrinth. There is likewise to be found the Cochlea of the ear, thus called (Fig. . I. II. 111. 22.). The three semicircular Channels (Fig. . I: II. III. IV. 19.) open with five mouthes. With tbe ear communicate two nerves, viz, the hard one, or the nerve of union of the face, and the soft one, or the acoustic nerve, properly said, with its branches (Fig. . IV. 29. 30) These are the principal organs of the ear. The commentary of this Picture-Gallery gi. ves a more particular explication. By way of the mentioned artificial structure of the ear we hear sounds, which probably comes to pass in the foüowing manner. The sound caught by the exterior ear and its élévations and cavities is transmitted to the conduit of the ear, whence it arrives | |
| Ad00341 06 020a/eng | Plants. CXX. Vol. VII. No. 18. RARE ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The imperial Napoleona. (Napoleonaea imperialis.) This rare and beautiful shrub forms the first species of a new genus of plants, first discovered by the french Naturalist Palisot Beauvois, in the month of December iftoj, inAfrica, in.the Kingdom of Oware, not far from the city of the same Name. On account of the resemblance of its interior blossom with the star of the légion of honour it has been denominated after the name of the Emperor of France, Napoleona. The imperial Napoleona, hère represented, forms a shrub 7 to 8 foot high, with long and sharp pointed leaves, vvhich, supported by short stalks, adhère to the branches. The fair and blue flowers stick close to the branches, and are formed of a double crown included into one another. In the interior one are the five large stamina, shaped like a riband. From this singular form, compared with the cross of the above mentioned order, dérives the name of this new genus of plants. | |
| Ad00341 06 021a/eng | Worms. XVII. Vol. VII. No. 19. SEVERAL KINDS OF ZOOPHYTES OR PLANT-ANIMALS. Fig. 1. The bristly Sea-pen. (Pennatula setacea.) The Sea-feathers, which in all seas are met with swimming about in summer on the surface of the water, are composed of a cartilaginous stalk, covered with a fleshy skin and spreading upwards in fibres like a pen. They form the abode of the little polypous. The sea-pens pass the winter at the bottom of the sea. The species exhibited hère belongs to the scarcer ones and gives the clearest représentation of this genus of Zoophytes. Fig. 2. The membranous Coralline. (Corallina membranacea.) The membranous Coralline hère represented is composed, like the other species of this genus, of a branched stalk, adorned with horny articulations and covered with a calcarious crust. The surface is füll of apertures or pores, which we behold in ä magnified State in Fig. . b. ed., and which serve as an abode to the little polypus. | |
| Ad00341 06 022a/eng | Insects. LV. Vol. VII. No. 20. GERMAN NOCTURNAL BUTTERFLIES. Fig. 1. The dainty Butterfly. (Phalaena Noctua Libatrix. L.) X he yellowish green caterpillar (A.) of this beautiful nocturnal: Butterfly is to be found pn willpws in the month of August. It transforma itself in a black chrysalis (B.) out of which cornes this Butterfly. Fig. . (C.) exhibits the maie, and Fig. . (D.) the female. Theupperwings aie orange - coloured, reddish and brown. Each wing is adorned with two white- crofs liqes as likewise with double white poinis; the hind-part is indented. The inferior wings are pale brown, inclining to red, and edged with a large border. Fig. 2. The nuptial Butterfly. (Phalaena noctua pronuba. L.) The yellow caterpillar (a.) of this nocturnal Butterfly is met with on the mouse ear scorpion grafs {Myosotis Scorpioides) in the month of April. From this dark red chrysalis (b.) cornes forth the Butterfly (c. d.) aftèr four weeks. The upper - wing* are of a light gray colonr tending to brown; in the middle there is a spot formed like a kidney. The orange- coloured lower- wings, with black crofs bands, give an agreeable appearance to this nocturna*! Butterfly. | |
| Ad99998 04 003a/eng | Birds XLVII. Vol. IV. No. 1. HERONS OF DIFFERENT SORTS. Fig. 1. The Agami Heron. (Ardea Agami.) The Agami Heron, on account of its many colour'd plumage, belongs to the most beautiful Sorts of its species, inhabits Cayenne, and is commonly two feet seven inches long. The back, the back-part of the neck, the wings and the tail are dark blue; the belly, the thighs cover'd with feathers and the fore-part of the neck of a reddish brown; from the back of the head there hang six or eight taper nodding feathers of a dark blue colour. Flying bluish feathers clothe the sides of the neck, and behind the wings long flying light blue feathers hang down as far as the end of the tail. Fig. 2. The black Stork. (Ardea nigra.) The black Stork, which like the common white Stork lives upon amphibious animals and fish, inhabits many parts of Europe, and builds in the recesses of the woods upon high trees. The colour of the head and neck is a sort of dazzling mixture of green, violet colour, and brown with little white spots; the wings, the back, and the tail are colour'd in the same manner, except that there are no white spots in them. The belly is of a dirty white, the legs red. Fig. 3. The common Night Heron. (Ardea Nycticorax.) The common night Heron is met with in every part of Germany, but also inhabits other European countries, as well as Asia and America, and lives upon fish, frogs and other amphibious animals. It attains the height of one foot ten inches, and its plumage consists of a mixture of white, brown, and blackish-green feathers. From the back of its head there hang three white, long, taper feathers, which are us'd, particularly in Turkey as an omament of the headdress, and bear a high price. Fig. 4. The Cayenne Night Heron. (Ardea Cayennensis.) lives in Cayenne, resembles the common night Héron in size and manner of living, but is of a taperer make, and of a darker colour. Fig. 5. The Tiger-Bittern. (Ardea tigrina.) The plumage of this beautiful Bittern almost resembles a tiger's skin in colour, which is of a dark yellowish red, variegated with black spots and stripes, and hence it derives the name of Tiger-Bittern. Its height is about two feet and an half, it lives in South-America, chiefly in Cayenne and Surinam, and builds its nest upon the ground amongst the flags. Fig. 6. The zigzag Bittern. (Ardea undulata.) This little Bittern is only one foot one inch in height, and lives, like the last mention'd, in Cayenne, in South-America. Its whole plumage is a mixture of yellow, red, and grey, variegated with narrow zigzag black Stripes. Its beak is blackish, and its legs yellow. | |
| Ad99998 04 004a/eng | Plants LXXV. Vol. IV. No. 2. REMARKABLE PLANTS. Fig. 1. The fetid Stapelia, or Carrion-Flower. (Stapelia hirsuta.) In this plant we are presented with a remarkable phaenomenon; nature has given it a perfectly animal smell, like that of putrified flesh, whence the name of Carrion-Flower has been given to it. Its native country is the Cape of Good Hope, but it may be rear'd in Europe within doors, or in a hot-house, by the means of slips. The stem consists of several pyramidal branches join'd angularly together, of about the size of the little finger and full of juice. From the end of these branches proceeds the flower stalk, which bears a large wheel-shap'd blossom. It is divided into five hairy pointed leaves, the ground-colour of which is yellow shaded with dark red. These blossoms exhale a smell so very like that of carrion, that the common flesh-fly is deceiv'd by them, flies to them and lays its eggs upon their leaves. But the maggots when hatch'd cannot live upon the juice of this flower, and die in a short time of hunger. The fruit in the shape of a pod, in which the hairy seeds lie, arises from the blossom. Fig. 2. The asham'd Mimosa, or Sensitive-plant. (Mimosa pudica.) Not less remarkable than the Carrion-flower is the modest Sensititive-plant here represented; it belongs to the numerous class of Mimosae, which consists of no less than seventy five sorts. It grows wild in the Brazils, but is now often rais'd from seed by the Gardeners in hot-houses. It is a shrub of the height of 2 feet with woody stalks. On the long stalks of the leaves, which, as well as the hairy chief stalks, are dark red, are plac'd the quadruply-divided leaves like feathers. The blossoms of a reddish colour grow on separate stalks, and are of a globular shape. The most remarkable quality of this plant is its wonderful irritability. The moment the plant is even slightly touch'd, but particularly so on the little spots at the bottom of each leaf, it draws back as if offended, and each leaf which is touch'd shrinks separately. If you continue to touch it, and that with less precaution, the whole stalk falls, and continues for several hours in this laxness, ‘till it at Iength recovers itself, and rises again. | |
| Ad99998 04 005a/eng | Amphibia XII. Vol. IV. No. 3. REMARKABLE SORTS OF LIZARDS. Fig. 1. The monitory Lizard. (Lacerta Monitor.) The monitory Lizard inhabits some parts of America, the East-Indies, and the Cape of good Hope. For those countries it is a very salutary animal, being the chief Enemy of the Crocodile, announcing the approach of this tremendous beat by a piercing whistle, and thereby warning, as it were, man and beast, whence it derives its name. Its length is from 5 to 6 feet. The ground-colour of its body is dark brown with dazzling white rings and stripes. The five cloven toes of each foot are arm'd with sharp, crooked claws. It lives on fish, birds eggs, smaller Lizards, and is towards man quite harmless. Its flesh, which is by no means illtasted, is eaten by the Hottentots. Fig. 2. The Cockatrice. (Lacerta Basilicus.) The Antients talk a great deal of a venemous, misshap'd, dangerous Animal which was hatch'd from a cocks-egg, and which they call'd a Basilisk. But such an animal never existed except in the heads of superstitious stupid people. This Cockatrice or Basilisk, (for thus it is also call'd,) with which we present our readers, must not therefore be confounded with this fabulous beast, with which it has nothing in common but the name. On the contrary it is not only an harmless, but even an useful animal, as it lives entirely on insects. Our Cockatrice lives in SouthAmerica, and is from 1 1/2 to 2 feet long. Its colour is light brown. Along its back is a kind of comb cover'd with scales, which it can raise at pleasure, and thus chrow itself from branch to branch. By means of its long toes it can climb and run along the trees with great dexterity. Fig. 3. The flying Dragon. (Lacerta volans.) This flying Lizard, a small harmless animal, which is not much larger than our common lizard, has no other resemblance with that dreadful monster, which pass'd in the fabulous âges under the name of Dragon, than the name. The flying Dragon here represented inhabits Asia, Africa, and America, and lives upon Flies, Ants, Butterflies and other Insects. Between the fore and hind feet are the skinny wings, divided into six rays, by the means of which it flies from one tree to another, even to the distance of 20 or 30 paces; these wings assist it also extremely in swimming, so that it can seek its food on the earth, in the water and in the air. Underneath its throat it has three long pointed pouches, which it can blow up, by which it is also greatly assisted in flying. The wings as well as the whole body are closely cover'd with scales. | |
| Ad99998 04 006a/eng | Fish XXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 4. GERMAN RIVER-FISH. The four sorts of Fish here represented belong all to the species of Carps, which are universally recommended by their delicious meat, and of which we have been made acquainted with many sorts in the earlier volumes of our Picture-Gallery. Fig. 1. The Rud. (Cyprinus erythrophthalmus.) The Rud is found in the rivers and lakes of northern Germany, particularly in Pomerania, and Brandenburg, and in such numbers that even the hogs were in many of those parts formerly fatten'd with them, as purchasers were not to be found for all that were caught. Their length is about one foot, their breadth 3 or 4 inches, they live upon worms and water-infects. Their tender white meat is well tasted and wholesome. They are chiefly distinguish'd from all other sorts of Carp by their cinnabar-colour'd fins and tail, and the saffran-colour'd ring of their eyes. The back of a blackish green, the rest of the body is cover'd with silver-colourd scales. Fig. 2. The nosed Carp. (Cyprinus Nasus.) The nosed Carp is something bigger than the Rud, its head and body taperer, and is caught in the Oder, Weichsel, and the Rhine, of the weight of from a pound and an half, to two pounds. It is distinguish'd from all others of its species by the black skin of the inside of its belly, and is for this reason often call'd black-belly. For this reason too it is in many places not eaten, altho' the meat is wholesome and welltasted. The tail and all the fins (except the back-fin) are red; the back-fin is bluish. Fig. 3. The Vimbe. (Cyprinus Vimba.) This sort of Carp is met with in Silesia, Livonia and Prussia, where it mounts the rivers out of the Baltic. Its length is one foot, its meat white and well-tasted, and may be either eaten fresh, or pickled; when pickled and pack'd in small barrels it may be sent to any distance. The whole body as well as the fins are bluish, its belly cover'd with silber-colour'd fins. The head is pointed like a wedge. It is caugth with hooks or dragnets. Fig. 4. The Dobul. (Cyprinus Dobula.) This taper Carp is never more than one foot long, and is found in the Rhine, Main, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and many other German rivers in great numbers, but is eaten chiefly by the common peuple, at its meat is woolly and full of bones. It lives, like almost all other Carps, on worms and river weeds. It is very tender, and dies in shallow lakes and ponds, if hot weather continues any Iength of time. | |
| Ad99998 04 007a/eng | Shells III. Vol. IV. No. 5. SCARCE SHELLS. Fig. 1. The Hammer-Oyster. (Ostrea Malleus.) This Hammer or Cross-Muscle is of the Oyster kind, and is found in the India Ocean and in the South-Sea. Its double shells consist of three arms, which have been by some liken'd to a hammer, by others to a cross, whence it has acquir'd these different names. The length of the two side-arms, are commonly from 5 to 6 inches. In the deep cavity at the junction of the 3 arms lies the esculent oyster. This shell, which is of an ugly blackish, or greyish brown colour, was formerly much sought by collectors on account of its scarceness. They sometimes paid 1000 Dollars (150 L.) for it, but it never costs now at the highest more than 100 Dollars (15 L.) The Admirals. The Admirals, of which several sorts are here represented in Fig. 2. 3. 4. 5. belong to the trumpet shells, and are remarkable for their rough spotted ground. They all belong to the most precious shells and bear a very high price in the cabinets of natural curiosities. Fig. 2. The Cedo-nulli Admiral. (Conus Ammiralis Cedo nulli.) This Admiral is found in the South-Sea, and is the most beautiful and the dearest of all. As it is extremely scarce, it often costs from 300 to 400 Dollars. The gold colour'd shell spotted with white in an irregular manner is surrounded by a triple girdle consisting of several rows of small white prominences resembling strings of pearls. Fig. 5. [sic!] The Orange Admiral. (Conus Amm. Arausiacus.) Also a beautiful and scarce shell, which often costs 40 or 50 Dollars. An uncommon order and beauty reigns in its whole design. Across the broad orange colour'd rings run prominent brown and white strings of beads. Fig. 4. The American Admiral. (Conus Amm. Americanus.) Comes from America, is spotted with tilecolour'd red, yellowish red, and white, with several rows of white beads. It is less valuable than the other kinds. Fig. 5. The high Admiral. (Conus Amm. summus.) The high Admiral comes from the East-Indies, is brownish red and ornamented with yellowish minutely spotted girdles, and white spots. It sometimes cost 100 Dollars. Fig. 6. The royal Staircase. (Turbo scalaris.) The valuable shell, call'd the royal Staircase, is found on the coast of Coromandel, and costs often some hundred ducats. It consists of several white or reddish windings, which run detach'd upwards round a newel. White prominent ribs run across these. A hole goes through the whole length of the shell, through which one can see as far as the point of it. Its length is from one to two inches. Fig. 7. The barr'd Wreath. (Turbo clathrus.) resembles greatly in its whole fashion the royal Staircase, but differs from it essentially in that its windings and ribs do not run detach'd, but are united together. Its whole length is an inch, and its structure is that of a longer and taperer tower. It is often found in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and on the coasts of Holland. | |
| Ad99998 04 008a/eng | Birds. XLVIII. Vol. IV. No. 6. PARROTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. We have already seen in the 16th and 17th Numbers of the first Volume of our Picture-Gallery a variety of species of the beautiful Parrot-race. We are here made acquainted with some other sorts. Fig. 1. The blue and yellow Maccaw. (Psittacus Ararauna.) This large and beautiful Parrot inhabits most parts of South-America; it attains the height of two feet seven inches and an half. Its head, back, wings and tail are of a beautiful shining azure; the breast and belly are yellow. Its large back is black, as are its legs. Fig. 2. The Bankian Cacatoo. (Psitt. magnificus.) A bird of a very remarkable appearance which. the famous English Naturalist Sir Joseph Banks first brought from New-Holland into Europe. The ground-colour of its plumage is black. Bushy feathers surround its short beak which is of an olive yellow colour. These feathers as well as the upper part of the wings are spotted with yellow; broad crimson stripes run across its tail, which is shap'd like a fan. Fig. 3. The great red crested Cacatoo, (Psitt. Moluccensis.) inhabits the Molucca islands, is 17 inches long, entirely white, except the large crest at the back of its head, the lower part of which is red. Fig. 4. The Amboina Parrot, (Psitt. Amboinensis.) attains the size of 15 inches. Its head, neck and belly are deep red, the wings bluish green, the back and tail of a beautiful blue. It is met with in Amboina. Fig. 5. The Alexandrine Parrakeet, (Psitt. Alexandri.) lives in Africa and Asia, and is of the size of the last number. Alexander the great is said to have brought this bird with him from his Indian Expedition, and hence is deriv'd its name. Its plumage is chiefly light green, the throat black. A rose-colour'd ring surrounds its neck. Fig. 6. The horned Parrot. (Psitt. cornutus.) The beautiful horned Parrot inhabits New Caledonia, and is of the size of a Turtle Dove. On the crown of its head, which is crimson, are two long dark colour'd feathers with red points of the length of an inch and an half. They resemble horns, whence it derives its name. A yellow ring surrounds its neck. The rest of its plumage is green, of different shades. | |
| Ad99998 04 009a/eng | Plants. LXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 7. GERMAN POISONOUS PLANTS. Fig. 1. The celery-leaved Crowsfoot. (Ranunculus sceleratus.) The celery-leaved Crowsfoot is a poisonous plant of about 2 feet high, and grows in wet ditches and marshy grounds. The juicy stalk divides itself into several branches, which form a kind of bush. The stalks of the leaves are short, close to the main stem; and branch out into three separate leaves, which are long pointed, and jagged at the sides. At the ends of the branches the small, yellow, five leav'd flower appears about May, and in the middle of this blossom an oval green fruit containing the seeds. The poisonous qualities of this plant are very great. Even the Effluvia arising from the plant when bruis'd occasions pain and stupefaction. The juice, when it touches the skin, occasions very virulent obstinate ulcers, which are difficult to cure. This juice taken inwardly occasions the most violent pain, and if taken in any quantity is even mortal. Water and Milk drunk copiously are the best antidotes. In some few cases it may be us'd in médecine, but always with the greatest precaution. Fig. 2. The Mezerion. (Daphne Mezereum.) The common Mezerion grows in many parts of Germany, in all shady woods except those of fir. It is a sbrup, which grows in its wild state only a few feet high; but in Gardens, where it is often transplanted on account of its agreable blossom, and useful bark, it atteins if attended to, the height of 12 and even 16 feet. Its peach-colour'd blossoms appear before the leaves in February and March, grow close to the branches without stalks, and have a very agreable odour. They bear oval red berries, which contain a stone, or seed, are ripe in July and then become blackish. These berries are poisonous. When eaten they occasion a violent looseness, which sometimes finalIy proves mortal. The Ianceolated leaves grow alternately on each side of, and close to the branches, and above the blossoms and fall off in Autumn. In Medecine the bark of the Mezerion is often us'd. It is laid externally upon the skin to excite blisters, being of a caustic nature; this is practis'd for inflammations of the eyes and for diseases arising from vicious humours. In Sweden the scrap'd bark is laid with success upon the wounds occasion'd by the bite of venemous snakes. The Painters prepare a red colour from the berries. | |
| Ad99998 04 010a/eng | Fish XXIX. Vol. IV. No. 8. GERMAN RIVER-FISH. We see here five sorts of Carp, which belong to the smallest of this kind, and are all to be met with in German Rivers. Fig. 1. The Gudgeon. (Cyprinus Gobio.) The Gudgeon inhabits rivers and small lakes, which are connected with one another. Its usual length is six inches, but is sometimes to be met with, a foot long. The upper part of the head of a brownish green projects beyond the under-jaw. The back is of a bluish black. The belly cover'd with reddish and silvercolour'd scales. The tail and back-fins are spotted with black. Fig. 2. The Bleak. (Cypr. alburnus.) The Bleak is from four to six inches long, and is to be found in most rivers and streams of Germany, where it multiplies prodigiously. Its white flesh is woolly and its taste not particularly good. The upper part of its body is olive-brown, the lower part silvercolour'd. The common artificial pearls are made of these silvercolour'd scales. The scales are taken off and rubb'd in clean water ‘till the colouring particles are dissolv'd in or rather mix'd with it. The water, when these particles are settled, is pour'd off, and they are mix'd with isinglass. This Essence of Pearls, as it is call'd, is laid on with a painting-brush on the inside of the glass pearls. The cavity is then fill'd up with pure white wax, a hole bor'd thro' it, and lin'd with Paper, and the artificial pearl is finish'd. Fig. 3. The punctuated Carp. (Cypr. bipunctatus.) This little carp is only three inches long, is fond of running water with a pebbly bottom, and lives like all other sorts of carp here represented on worms and water weeds. The Back is dark green, the belly silver-colour'd. Fig. 4. The Pink or Minnow. (Cypr. Phoxinus.) The Minnow is a taper little fish, not much bigger than the last mention'd, and its flesh is of a pleasant bitter taste. It is fond of clear Water, and is particularly common in Silesia and Westphalia, where it is call'd Grimpel. Its body is cover'd with slimy scales. Its blackish or dark blue back has several lighter spots. The greyish or bluish Fins have near the body a red spot. Fig. 5. The bitter Carp. (Cypr. amarus.) This is the smalleft of ail sorts of carp, and exceeds not two inches in length. It is despis'd by the fishermen on account of its diminutive size and its bitterness, and serves only as food for fish of prey. It is half as broad as it is long, its back of a yellowish brown, the tail and back fins greenish, and the belly fins reddish. It is fond of running water with a sandy bottom. | |
| Ad99998 04 011a/eng | Amphibia XIII. Vol. IV. No. 9. VARIETIES OF THE LIZARD. Fig. 1. The Stink. (Lacerta Stincus.) This sort of Lizard lives in most parts of Africa and Asia, and feeds on aromatic herbs. It is from 6 to 8 inches long, is entirely cover'd with scales, its colour light and dark yellowish-red mix'd with white. The colours grow paler when it dies. The head and tail are in a strait line with the rest of the body, so that one might take it at a little distance for a little fish. It lives as well in the water as on land. It was us'd in antient times as a corroborative for weak bodies, and it is put to the same use even at present in the East. It is taken dried as a powder, or boild when fresh and drank in the form of a decoction. On this account the common Egyptians industriously go after the Scinc, collect them and sell them at Cairo or Alexandria, whence they are further exported. The common Lizard. (Lacerta agilis.) Fig. 2. The Male. Fig. 3. The Female. The common Lizard inhabits chiefly the southern parts of Europe, yet it is also found in many parts of Germany. The address and quickness of its motions render this elegant little animal, which is by no means venomous, particularly agreeable; it is very fond of warmth, and hence it is chiefly found in spring, when it wakes at the first appearance of végétation out of its winter-sleep, lying on turf banks and dry places in the fun. But the moment they perceive any one, they glide frighten'd into their holes. Their food consists of flies and other little insects, which they are very expert in catching. They are also prejudicial to the beehives. The common Lizard is 6 inches long. Its head is triangular and flat. Each foot it provided with five toes, with crooked nails. The back of the male (Fig. 2.) in of a greyish brown, ornamented with three rows of black and white spots. The back of the female (Fig. 3.) is reddish brown and the belly yellowish. Fig. 4. The Stellion. (Lacerta Stellio.) The Stellion lives in many parts of Africa, in Egypt and Palaestine and at the Cape. It is 4 inches long and is entirely cover'd with little spikes. It is of a marbled brown, white, and greenish colour. The most particular circumstance attending this little animal is, that its excréments are collected in the neighbourhood of the Egyptian Pyramids, they are falsely call'd crocodiles dung, and are an object of commerce, as they are us'd in Turkey as paint, | |
| Ad99998 04 012a/eng | Miscellaneous Subjects XXXIV. Vol. IV. No. 10. MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE TONGUE. The Tongue deserves all our attention, as well from the circumstance of its being the seat of a particular sense, the taste, as from its being a principal instrument of speech, since many letters cannot, without its assistance, be pronounc'd. It is composed of a variety of muscular fibres crossing each other, whence is deriv'd the ease with which it so quickly turns on all sides. Besides these, a number of tender ramifications of nerves, which terminate on the surface in a kind of highly irritable warts, run into the Tongue, and thro' their means we are sensible of taste. These are of three kinds: 1) rose-leav'd, 2) of the shape of flax-comb, 3) mushroom-shap'd. We will now examine them singly both of their natural size, and magnified, as they appear in a boil'd calfs- tongue, as they are thus more remarkable. Fig. 1. A small, boil'd Calfs-tongue of the natural size with its different skins and warts, or papillary membranes. We here see the different skins of the tongue lying one over the other, with the membranes, or extremities of the nerves. a and b shew the upper skin; at a are seen the roseleav'd extremities of the nerves, or papillary membranes, as they are call'd; at b the flaxcomb-shap'd; c exhibits the second skin lying under this first; d the third skin; e the fourth and finest skin; at f are seen the mushroom-shap'd extremities of the nerves. In Fig. 2, 3 and 4 we see these three different shap'd extremities of the nerves separately. Fig. 2. The rose-leav'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. At A we see one of these extremities of the natural size, as they are seen in Fig. 1 upon the tongue. At B it appears considerably magnified. The name of rose-leav'd is deriv'd from their somewhat resembling a five-leav'd rose. Fig. 3. The flaxcomb form'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. At A is seen a small piece of the tongue cut thro', with the extremities of the nerves which appear upon it, in the shape of a flaxcomb. At B we see them still more plain, as they appear thro' the magnifying glass. Their lengthen'd channels b penetrate the flesh of the tongue, receive at c several small veins, which arise at d out of the lower flesh of the tongue. Fig. 4. The mushroom shap'd Extremities, or papillary membranes. Here appear at A in their natural size, and at B magnified, the mushroom shap'd papillary membranes, taken notice of at f Fig. 1. The little warts, or papillary membranes noted at a a a are plac'd like small buttons on the upper coat of the tongue. At b is the branch of the nerve, which is otherwise enclos'd in the flesh of the tongue, uncover'd, the ramifications of which proceed respectively to the single papillary membranes. | |
| Ad99998 04 013a/eng | Birds XLIX. Vol. IV. No. 11. MANAKINS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. The Manakins, of which we see here six different sorts represented, are a numerous, beautiful species of wood birds. They are met with in South-America and the adjacent Islands, where they only inhabit the recesses of the woods, without ever appearing on the cultivated Land. They live on insects and wild fruits. In the morning they wander, in little flights of eight or ten together, from one part of the wood to the other. They resemble very much our titmice in their quickness and vivacity of jumping and seeking their food from branch to branch, but are generally of a larger size. Their singing, except that of the tuneful Manakin, is only an indistinct, inarticulate Chirping. The name of Manakin was given them by the Hollanders in Surinam. Fig. 1. The tuneful Manakin. (Pipra musica.) This Manakin is called tuneful for its sweet and pleasant singing, which many travellers prefer to that of our Nightingals. It lives in the woods of St. Domingo, and is commonly four inches long. Its beautiful plumage of black, dark blue, and orange colour'd feathers, is not less remarkable then its melodious Tune of Voice. Fig. 2. The blue backed Manakin. (Pipra pareola.) Is of a larger size than the tuneful. It inhabits the Island of Cuba, Brazil and Cayenne. The ground colour of its feathers is a shining black. On the back it has a kind of cover of light blue feathers. Its head is ornamented with a beautiful plume of crimson feathers which it can raise and lay down at pleasure. Fig. 3. The black capped Manakin. (Pipra manacus.) This little lively bird which is of the size of our sparrows, lives in the lofty woods of Guiana in South-America and feeds on insects, chiefly ants. Its feathers are white, grey, and black. Fig. 4. The black crown'd Manakin. (Pipra atricapilla.) The black crown'd or ash grey Manakin lives also in Guiana, but is of a larger size than the former species. The mixture of its feathers is grey and yellowish. Fig. 5. The gold headed Manakin. (Pipra erythrocephala.) Fig. 6. The red and black Manakin. (Pipra aureola.) These two little charming Manakins inhabit also Guiana. They never exceed the length of three inches. No. 4. is entirely black, except its gold colour'd head, whence the name is deriv'd. N. 5. is still more beautiful for its burning orange yellow plumage. Its bill and feet are red, the wings have a few white stripes. | |
| Ad99998 04 014a/eng | Fish XXX. Vol. IV. No. 12. FOUR KINDS OF PARTICULAR FISH. Fig. 1. The poisoned Grooper. (Scorpaena Scrosa.) The poisoned Grooper inhabits the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the North-Sea, or German Ocean. It is a dangerous Enemy to all other fish, preying continnally upon them; he also pursues and endeavours to catch the swimming water birds. Its length is from 4 to 6 feet. The many jags and prominences on and around its head give it a singular appearance. It has two brown horny excrescences on the scull above its eyes and two crooked bone-spikes grow out of its upper jaw. Its large mouth is surrounded with a regular row of pointed teeth and the under jaw is full of beard fibres. The belly is reddish, the back is red brown with brown spots. The fins are grey blue, and their quills yellowih, likewise brown spotted. In some parts of Italy it is eaten, and in Norway they prepare train oil out of its liver. It is caught with dragnets and hooks. Fig. 2. The Sea-Fox. (Chimaera monstrosa.) The Sea-Fox lives in the North-Sea, chiefly on the coaft of Norway. Its tail, winch at the end is as thin as the tail of a rat, is longer than its whole body, and hence its German name Seekatze is deriv'd. Its Iength is from 3 to 4 feet. It lives generally upon the Medusa or Sea blubber, and lobsters, but it goes also after herrings. On account of the smallness of its mouth it cann't consume any larger sort of fish. The belly is of a silver colour, its back is yellowish with brown spots. The seagreen eyes shine like cat's eyes, whence it is sometimes call'd Sea-Cat, From the clump of fibres on its head the Norwegian peasants call it also the King of fish. Its flesh is hard and not well tasted. The oil which is boiled out of its liver, is us'd in Norway for sore eyes, and also as a vulnerary balsam. Fig. 3. The cuckold Fish. (Ostracion quadricornis.) It belongs to the species, which for its hard coat of mail is call'd bone fish, and is remarkable for its two pair of horns, one of which grows above its eyes, the other under its belly. Its ground colour is reddish brown, with reddish grey spots in the form of nets. It inhabits generally the Seas of the East-and West-Indies. Fig. 4. The antennated Grooper. (Scorpaena antennata.) The antennated Grooper is also as remarkable as the above mentioned kinds. Full of prominences and cavities it belongs, as No. 1. to the species of Groopers. Between its eyes which ly veiy nigh one another, arise two gristly horns, that were compared with the antennae and whence this fish has got its name. Ten Quills of the back fin are white with brown spots and stand forth like spikes. The colour of the body is of a high yellow with brown stripes. White Quills run from the violet colour'd breast fins to the tail. It inhabits the Amboina Island. | |
| Ad99998 04 015a/eng | Plants LXXVII. Vol. IV. No. 13. PEACHES AND ABRICOTS. Fig 1. The Common Peach. (Amygdalus Persica.) The Peach-Tree which gives us that beautiful and relishing fruit, is properly a native of Persia, where it grows wild. It was first brought to the South of Europe and from thence transplanted into Germany, where it grows in Gardens, when cultivated with proper care, and shelter'd from wind and cold. In the northern parts of Europe even in the North of Germany it cannot be brought forth in open air, and is only reared in hot houses. The peach thrives best in France, Spain, Italy and the Greek Islands, but it grows also in the South and North of Africa, and in America. The tree raised from the kernel attains a height from 16 to 20 feet; but the wild peach stems are commonly improved by ingrafting; by which means they bear the greater and better tasted fruit represented in (A) of Fig. 1. The blossoms which are of a reddish colour (B) appear before the leaves in spring. The leaves are long, slender, pointed like willow leaves and intented on both sides. In the most parts of Germany the fruit is ripe in August. It is full of juice and its taste is an agreable wine acid. The stone (C) contains à kernel which has the size and taste of a bitter Almond, and proves mortal to sciuirrels and other little Quadrupeds. Besides the peach here represented the Gardeners rear a great number of other sorts which in fact are nothing else than varieties of the same species. Fig. 2. The Abricot. (Prunus Armeniaca.) The Abricot-Tree belongs to the class of Plum and Cherry Trees as may be seen by the shape and colour of its leaves. Its native country is Asia, especially Armenia. It came first to France and Italy, from whence it was brought to Germany. The Abricot is of a less tender nature then the peach, and therefore thrives very well in Gardens and Vineyards, when shelter'd from hard and lasting frosts. The five leav'd flower appears early in spring before the leaves. The sweet and juicy fruit represented (Fig. 2.) grows close to the stalk, and is ripe in July or August. The stone (C) contains also a kernel like an Almond. The Abricot grows from kernels, but the quality of the fruit is highly amelioiated, when branches of an improved sort are ingrafted upon wild Abricot, or Plum Trees. Cure and attention has also produced a great variety of Abricots. | |
| Ad99998 04 016a/eng | Amphibia XIV. Tom. IV. No. 14. TWO KINDS OF CROCODILES. In the 22th number of the I Vol. of our pictnre [sic] Gallerie we have seen the common or the Nile Crocodile, we are here made acquainted with two other sorts. Fig. 1. The American Crocodile. (Lacerta Alligator.) The Cayman, Alligator, or American Crocodile is from 30 to 40 feet long, and consequently of a much smaller size than the Nile Crocodile. It's also sooner frighten'd and in geneial more timorous, than that tremendous animal. It is foimd in the Rivers of the Southern and inland parts of America. Though they chiefly feed on fish, yet they pursue, especially when some o£ them are together, little Boats or Canoes with single persons. The skin is like a coat of mail, and divided into shields. Its colour is darkbrown above, and reddish yellow below. The long tapering head is cover'd all over with scales. Aîong the hack and on the outside of the hind feet runs a row of wedgelike prominences. The hind feet which like the fore feet have rive toes, are also provided with a fwimming fkin. The American Crocodile lays about 50 eggs in a Year. Many birds prey upon these eggs whereby the number of this dangerous animal is greatly diminish'd. Fig. 2. The Gavial or the Ganges-Crocodile. (Lacerta Gangetica.) The Ganses-Crocodile or Gavial attains the size of the Cayman. It is distinguish'd from all other Crocodiles by its long, beak-like Jaws. Hence it forms a particular species, and is often call'd the beaked Crocodile. Its fore feet are divided into four, the hind into five toes, the outer of which are without naiîs. Both sides of its neck are full of wart like prominences; the tail is furnish'd with a double comb of pues. Its teeth are all of the same size and length and very numerons. | |
| Ad99998 04 017a/eng | Roses I. Vol. IV. No. 15. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES. The Rose is a great Ornament in Gardens, and the favourite flower of half the world. The single Rose is a native of Germany, and grows wild in coppices and woods even on dry hills and mountains; but the double Rose which apparently like other flowers first came from Asia, requires more care in the gardens, and some forts can onîy be reared in hot houfes. We have Roses of différent colours and fliadings: the white, the yellow, the red; the flesh and fire-colour'd, the dark red, and the purple; the striped and the spotted Rôle, befides great varieties in form and size. Having collected and obferved ail the différent forts and having been folicited by a party of friends, I ihall infert a füll collection of Roses in the Picture-Gallery by in« troducing in each number one fheet wi. th some of their varieties drawn from nature; which I hope, will not displeafe my young readers. Fig. 1. The red Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia Germanica.) We have at present three forts of Centifolia: the red, the white, and the yellow or golden. The red one is a most beautiful flower as well for its form and fine pale-red colour, as for its the red Centifolia. fweet and exquisite fmelh It is known in every garden. The stalks of the leaves are pretty long, and furnish'd with a quantity of thorns and fix or eight fmajl oval leaves. The height of the bush is commonly 3 or 4 feet. The fulness of the flower hinders it from bearing fruit. The narae of Centifolia, (hundred-leav'd) is derived from the great number of leaves that constitute the flower. Fig. 2. The white Centifolia. (Rosa unica.) The white Centifolia-Rose is still a very rare flower in Germany; it came, only a few years ago, from England where a single plant sometimes coft two and three Guineas. Its beautiful ffructure, its tender, fhining white, the great flower, and the agréable odour which somewhat differs from that of the red Centifolia, make it a most delightful flower. It bas two fpecitlc particularises; The out« fide leaves of the bud are erlged with brown, and, when füll blown, the upper edge of the leaves is deeply notched in the middle. The bush attains commonly the height of the red Centifolia. | |
| Ad99998 04 018a/eng | Birds L. Vol. IV. No. 16. DUCKS OF DIFFERENT KINDS. Fig. 1. The red crested Duck. (Anas rufina.) x he red crefied Duck lives fin gl y and is never seen in floescs. It inhabits the fhores of the Cafpian Sea and varions ïakes of Tartary. In Germany it oecurs, but very feldom, in Silesia, Poland, and on the sides of the Danube. Its lenglh is two feet. The head and upper part of the neck is of a vermilion colour, and ornamented with a creft of bushy feathers which it raifes and lays down at pleafure. The Bill is light red: breast, belly, and tail are black, the hack and wings grey brown. Under the wings a large white spot is pereeived. The habits and manners of this folitary bird are hut iajperfectly known. Fig. 2. The long tailed Duck. (Anas glacialis.) The long tailed Duck is generally met with in the mofi: northern parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, hut is also found in Germany, especiaîly in very cold and frofiy Winters. ït is of a smallex size than the red crefted, and its plumage conflits only in a mixture of white and black feathers. Under the Eyes a tawny brown iiripe extends tapering downwards on the neck. The two middle feathers of the tail are black, and four inclies longer than the reft. This bird makes its nest with its own down which is as much valued as Eider down. Fig. 3. The Chinese Duck. (Anas galericulata.) This heautiful bird is an inhabitant of China and Japan. For the élégance of its feathers it is frequently kept in cages and felis at Q or 10 Dollars the pair. The bill is pale reddish; on the sides of the head is a fine mixture of white, yellow, and orange colours. From the hack of the head there hangs a creft of light feathers. breast, back, and the tapering tail are brown. Tlie upper quills stand erect, and form two particular wings of a yellow red colour, edged with white, which give the bird an elegant beautiful appearance. Fig. 4. The Summer-Duck. (Anas sponsa.) The Summer-Duck resides in différent parts of America, especially in Mexico and some Islands of the Weft-Indies; but in fummer it wanders to the North of America, wheie it performs the funetion of incubation in hollow trees. The glittering green and reddish creft of its head; its red spotted breast and the fine exquißte fhades of the reff, of its plumage render it a mofi: beautiful hird. The flesh is very délicat; and the plumage is used as an Ornament of dress hy the ludians. Fig. 5. The golden Eye-duck. (Anas clangula.) Is common in the North of Europe, Af:a and America. In Autumn it oecurs also some times ia Germany. From its quacking it is called in german the quacking Duck; its food conflits of small fish, frogs, and mice. It is remarkable for its fleetness in diving. Fig. 6. The buffle headed Duck. (Anas bucephala.) This species is found in différent parts of North America. It builds its nest upon trees by the sides of rivers and ponds. Tl. ey are excellent divers, and are able to fwim under water fora conliderable length of time. The gênerai colour of their plumage is black and white. Head and neck are glofled with a sparkling goldgreen and violet. | |
| Ad99998 04 019a/eng | Fish XXXI. Vol. IV. No. 17. GERMAN RIVER FISH. Fig. 1. The Gwiniad. (Salmo Lavaretus.) X he Gwiniad is an Inhabitant of the Eaft and North Seas as well as of the lakes in upper Auftria. It is about a foot long. It difters from ail other species of Salmon in the upper jaws which terminate by a foft fleshy point. The back is blue grey; th e belly hiver colour'd. Aline of 45clofely following spots feparates the colour of the upper from the lower parts. The scales are somewhat notched in the middle. The colour of the fins is yellowish, the flesh tender and welltafied; its food consists of feaherbs and waterweeds, worms and insects. / Fig. 1. [sic!] The Salvelin. (Salmo Salvelinus.) The Salvelin is a well tasted fort of Salmon. It is found in the lakes of the South Germany,. Auftrio, Bavaria and Salzburg, where it is caught with dragnets and hooks. It lives by preying on other small fish, as may be seen by its numérous fharply pointed teeth. The red brown back, and the hiver colour'd belly is ornamented with orange coloui'd spots. The breast and belly-fins are of a cinnabar colour, those of the back and ta il of a dark dusky blue. It weighs from two to fix pouuds. Fig. 3. The Heuch. (Salmo Hucho.) The Heuch is caught with dragnets and hooks in the Danube, and the lakes of Aufîria and Bavaria, but its flesh is not so well tasted as that of the former species. Its common length is from 3 to 4 feet. It is easily distinguish'd from ail its congeners by the black spots, with which ail its fins, except those of the breast, are marked. It preys on other small fish. Fig. 4. The Grayling. (Salmo Thymallus.) Attains a length from one to two feet. It inhabits chiefly the Eaft and North Seas, but mounts also the rivers that flow into them. It is remarkable for its large and pied dorfal fin. Its gênerai colour is blueish, the upper part of a deeper eaft than the lower. The belly and tail-fins are reddish brown. It lives on worms and fnails. Its tender well tasted flesh it esteemed excellent eating. | |
| Ad99998 04 020a/eng | Plants LXXVIII. Vol. IV. No. 18. RASPBERRIES AND BRAMBLES. Fig. 1. The common Raspberry. (Rubus idaeus.) The common Raspberry grows upon bushes whose stems are 4 or 5 feet high. It occurs in almost all the woods of Germany except those of fir, but is chiefly found in mountainous and stony places. The pointed leaves which grow frorn 3 to 5 on one stalk, are on their inside of a dark, on the outside of a pale green colour. The white five-leaved flower appears about May. The red berries grow upon a prominent germe, and ripen in July or August. The Raspberry is extremely juicy, and has a relishing aromatical taste. The juice, mixed with Wine or Vinegar, forms a most refreshing beverage. In gardens, when raised from seed, or by the means of slips the berries grow much larger. Fig. 2. The common Bramble. (Rubus fruticosus.) The common Bramble-bush which with the Raspberry belongs to one class of plants, is also very common in the woods of Germany, especially on stony slopes and declivities where there are few trees. Its stems which are stronger than the former and richly furnish'd with thorns grow sometimes to the height of 7 or 8 feet; they generally bend their ends towards the ground, by which means several bushes together form a quick-set hedge which is not easily to be penetrated. The stalks are provided with five leaves. They are greater and stronger, and the leaves much more indented than those of the Raspberry. The five leaved blossom appears from May to June and the dark blue berries grow like those of No. 1. in a conic form round the prominent germe. They have also a very good and refreshing taste, but are somewhat more acid than the Raspberries. | |
| Ad99998 04 021a/eng | Amphibies XV. Vol. IV. No. 19. INNOXIOUS SERPENTS It is a common but falfe assertion, that al] kinds of Serpents andVipers are venoinous and mortiferous. Tliere are in fact différent tribes, wbich are more or less provided with poifonous qualities, but there are also various species entireîy innoxious; some of them may even beeafily tamed, and without the leafi: danger kept within doors. Impoftors and jugglers employ the m very often in their tricks and juggles, and make inexpert peuple believe, they are posselTed of a supernatural power of taming these Animais. In the annexed picture we are made acquainted with three of these harmless species. Fig. 1. The French Viper. (Coluber communis feu Franciae.) The French Viper is frequent in the South of France. It is commonly about 3 feet long. The coat of the animal is cover'd with scales, darkgreen on the back, and of a pale yellow caft on the belly; its tail terminâtes in a long thin point. It lives on lizards, frogs, and other small animals wbich it catches with its teeth. Within doors is may be rendered quite obedient and familiär. Fig. 2. The Serpent of Aesculapius. (Coluber Aesculapii.) This Serpent is, like the former, of a gentle and harmless nature, and may as eafily be tamed. It is found in Ttaîy, especially in the Environs of Rome, in Spain and the Greek Islands. The species was known to the ancients; and for its inolFenfive nature it was made the fymbol of Aesculapius the beneficent God of phyfic. Its length is commonly 3 or 3§ feet. It feeds like the french Viper on small animals. The ruft brown back is cover'd with. oval scales; on the sides a blackish stripe is perceived; the belly is white. Fig. 3. The striped Viper. (Coluber quadristriatus.) This species is met with in the Southern parts of France and Spain, especially in humid and moift places. It measures generally 3 or 4 feet. Its prevailing co'our is of a grey yellow. Four parallel stripes of black run down from the head to the beginning of the tail. They are also very easily tamed; and in Spain where they generally are suppos'd to be venomous, many tricks ar# played with these innocent animals. | |
| Ad99998 04 022a/eng | Roses II. Vol. IV. No. 20. DIFFERENT KINDS 0F ROSES. Fig. 1. The yellow Centifolia. (Rosa sulphurea.) JL heyellow Centifolia is also a mofî beautiful species of Roses; but, however common the Bush is, a fine füll blown flower is very feldom to be met with. Almost ail the Buds burst (as may be seen in the annexed figure) down to the italk before they unfold; they then wither, and are eaten by Worms and insects. The reafon of this may be, that the yellow Rose-bush can neither bear the heat or the Sun, nor great moifture; it requires a dry and fhady ground. The form and colour of this species is elegant and a true ornament of a garden, but the fmell of it is rather disagreahle. The bush is from 6 to ß feet high. Its fieras are flender, and füll of prickîes and small leaves. It never bears fruit. Fig. 2. The double purple Rose. (Rosa holoserica purpurea.) This elegant Rose lias différent naines. It is sometimes called the royal purple Rose, the purple-velvet Rose, the black or Pluto-Rose. It is one of the rare species and requires particular care to keep it in füll growth and beauty; for it eafiîy dégénérâtes into a common light red Rose. The magnitude and fulness of the flower, the dark velvet-like purple, inclining to black; the dazzling lufire which fpavkîes from the furface of the leaves, and the bright goldlike fiamina in the middle give it a beautiful and si ri« king appearance. The leaves are pretty large and pale gTeen, the fîems and fialks greenish with few prickîes. The bush is often very thick, but only 2 or 3 feet high, and fuffers much from froft and cold. It bears a great quantity of fruit, which (as fball be shown in one of the next numbers) is quite the faîne with that of the Hals double Rose. The fmell of this elegant flower is not strong, but very agréable. | |
| Ad99998 04 023a/eng | Birds LI. Vol. IV. No. 21. DIFFERENT KINDS OF WARBLERS. J. hte WarbWrS form a numerous trille of Birds ami the "bclly ïs of a yellow red coîour. The CÖnflßin | |
| Ad99998 04 024a/eng | Fish XXXII. Vol. IV. No. 22. SCALE FISH. Fig. 1. The Torsk. (Gadus Callarias.) The Torsk belongs to the Tribe of the Scale Fish and is a bout 3 feet long. It is a fish of prey as may be seen by the quantity of pointed teeth its mouth is armed with; it lives on other Fish, crabs, sea worms and insects. It frequents principally the Baltic sea where it is caught on the coasts and in the mouths of rivers with dragnets and large hooks. On account of its white, tender, and well tasted flesh it bears a bigh price and is considered as an exquisite dish of a rich and elegant table. Its brown and grey reddish back as well as the under parts are marked by numerous dull yellow spots. Fig. 2. The Whiting. (Gadus Merlanqus.) The Whiting is a well tasted species of the Scale fish, which occurs in the Baltic Sea and abounds in the German Ocean especially on the Coasts of England, Holland, and France, where it is caught in great quantities with the Ground-Line *). It measures from 2 1/2 to 2 feet. The principal colour of its back is of a pale silver grey, the back of a dull yellow. Fig. 3. The Coal-Fish. (Gadus Carbonarius.) The Goal-Fish derives its name from the elegant shining black colour which covers its head and neck when old and full grown. At the period of its Youth it is of an olive brown Colour. Its belly, anus, and tail-fins are black, back and breast-fins olive brown. It grows to a length from 1 1/2 to 2 feet and is frequent in the Baltic and North-Sea, especially on the coasts of England and Scotland. Its Flesh is not well tasted and only eaten by the poor. It feeds on small Fish. Fig 4. The Poor. (Gadus minutus.) This species of the Torsk is only about 8 inches long; it is also an inhabitant of the Baltic Sea as well as of the Ocean. It preys on Sea-worms and small crabs; its flesh is well tasted and frequently eaten;. the colour of its belly is a silvery grey, that of its back yellow brown.
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| Ad99998 04 025a/eng | Plants LXXIX. Vol. IV. No. 23. AMERICAN FRUIT. Fig. 1. The white Guaya. (Psidium pyriferum.) i. he white Guava or Guava-tree which bears a fruit limilar to a pair, is indigenous to the Islands of the Weft* Indies. ït attains common ly a height from iß to 20 feet, the item meafuring about a foot in diamètre. The leaves which grow oppofite to 011e another, are oval and füll of ribs witiiotit beiftg indented. The wbite blossom (B) appears in the third year and grows iingly on the fiaîks; the fruit (a) is about the size of a common pair; at si rit it is gren, but full grown it becomes yellow, mottled with red. It bas a good fmell and a strong but agreeable tafte. Beihies it is a very wbolefome and comf or table «our-ishment and is frequently eaten iß those. countries, fresb as well as boiled. Fig. 2. The rough fruited custard Apple. (Annona muricata.) This Apple-tree is aifo a product of various Islands of the Weft-fndies. Its oblong pointed leaves grow v/ithout any ordre on the fîalks; its flower-cup wbich consists of three leaves, is wbite on the outfide and of a reddisb colour on the bifide, and bas an agreeabie fmell. The fruit (B) is as big as a fift and bears the form of a beart. The outfide green peeî is as if it were divided into various scaly sbields which in their middle bave a little prickly protubérance. The pulp is füll of juice and not only of an excellent wine acid tafte, but it is also a very relisbing nourishment in those bot countries. For to eat it the outfide peel is taken of aad the pulp eaten with a fpoon. Fig. 3. The Mamei Sapote. (Achras mammosa.) This frnit is found on the isles of Cuba, Jarnaica and varieus other parts of South America. Its wbite blossom bas fix leaves. The fruit is three times as large as the annexed picture. It is of an oval sh. ipe and reddisb bro. wn colour. The red pulp wbich aloue is eaten, bas a fw. ee tish tafte, but is very aqueous and therefore not well tasted; it bas some kernels (B) which contain the feed. (c.) MameiSapote is the American dénomination. | |
| Ad99998 04 026a/eng | Miscellanies XXXV. Vol. IV. No. 24. THE SUBTERRANEAN HERCULANUN. In the reign of the Roman Emperour Titus and the year 79 after the Birtli of Jesus Chrift ons of the most terrible éruptions of the Mount Vefuvius happened. Heavy clouds of burning ashesand pumice-ftones ejected from the Volcano, ebanaed at first, day in night and then falling down like a devafting rain covered and deltroyed the wbole adjacent country. Herculanum a large town and Colony of the Ancient Romans ßtuated on the Sea-Sbore between Naples and Pornpejum was also buried by this terrible Catafirophe. The ràin of ashes and pumice fiones covered its streets and houfes, wbilethe infortunate inhabitants had hardîy time enouoh to fave themselves and their beit eliects; fréquent shovveTS soon after changed these ashes into a bard and folid fubltance, and a torrent of glowing Lava which streamed from the bursting Volcano towards the Sea, covered Herculanumvvith a bind of Stone-Cruft from 60 to ßo feed thieb. Thus this opulent town disappeared from the furface of the earth and some Centuries after tllis terrible event nobody knew where this flourishing town had been Gtuated; at lait the little town Porticî was huilt on the plain which covered Herculanum and it was only by chance that its fubterranean ruins-were discovered in the lait Century. P»ince d'Elhoeuf from the houfe of Lorrain built in 17*20 a counfrv houle near Porticî when a neighbouring peafant dig, c;ing, at the famé time a weil, found various precious pièces of inaible. The Prince bearing of It, bo-ugbt that pièce of ground of the peafant, dug deeper and found a great quantity of antiquities and statues of the greatest value; but the kingof Naples soon prohibited ail further fearchin-g, and it was only 30 years after, that the government permitted to dig, again. After having pierced the Lava to a depth. of Qo feet they discovered the streets of Herculanum and found an immenfe quantity of ltatues, antic Vafes, facrificial instruments and excellent Fresco pictures (paintingi on humid Lime) These treafures were taben out of the fubterr raneous town, as may be fee» Fig. 1. , r and put in the Royal Mu feu m-at PorticL As it was impoihble to uncover the wboîe Herculanum without pulling down Portici, paP* fages were dug througb the Lava by which me ans the ruins of tins famous town may be seen by Torch-ligbt. The first »nagnificent Tluilding dIscoverecîr was the Théâtre of which our picture Fig. 2. r offers the plan,. The inner part of this-édifice affords an excellent View of its Magnitude and superb décoration. It was large enougb to contain 10000 Men, and the fpectators arrived froma corridor, as the verti-cal opening (a) shows, througb seven doors (Z>) ) to-their fit* of Toplius> The walls were ornamented with statue* of nrarble that ßood in niches, and hurle» o£ brouce placed on prominent pedefrals. The Proscenium or the frage was deeorated with pillars. of the Co-rinthiari or der and flatus* of tlieiVlufes, | |
| Ad99998 04 027a/eng | Miscellanies XXXVI. Vol. IV. No. 25. POMPEJUM DISCOVEPED. Pompejum, a little Pioman town, was situated ncar Hercuîanum and 12 Italian miles from Naples. The explofion of the rnountVefuvius which in the Year 79 deftroyed Hercuîanum buried also Pompejum under a couch of lèverai feet of ashes and pumice stones. Some âges after, its situation was entirely unknown, and it was only in the lafl Century that some peafants by chance discovered it again. In the Year 1755 they began to dig, and, as the couch of ashes was but a few feet high, it was eafily removed from the gteateft part of the Town. The many vaîuable anliquides that were found, were lihe those of the Hercuîanum brought in the Royal Mufeum at Portici. The annexer! picture represents two principal views of the discovered Poaipejum. Fig. 1. The gate of the Town and the entrance into one of the streets. We perceive in the front the ruins of the Gate (aa) and through the gâte-way one of the streets of the ancient Pompejum. The houfes feem to be built against rocks (b) but it is only the stratum or couch of ashes which covered the town, and on the furface of which as may be seen (c) some modem houfes were built. The streets are only 12 feet broad; on the pavement of L. ava the oîd tracks are diftinctly feen. On the sides of the houfes runs an elevated footpath (d) for the Convenience of people going on foot. The houfes are finall and low, quadrangular, and commonly but one story high. The doors are large and give light to the forepart of the houfe, for towards the streets no Windows have as yet been discovered. The rooms were situated around an inner Yard, in the middle of which generally a fountain stood. Fig. 2. The Soldier's Quarter of Pompejum. In the Year 1772 the Soldier's Quarter was discovered which probably was called io, because it contained the Barracks and Parade of the Roman Garrifon. A row of Doric Columns of Stucco, 11 feet high furrounded an oblong fquare, (parallelogram) the covering ashes of which as may be seen (aa) are not yet entirely removed. Apparently it was the place where the troops were exercifed. Behind these columns there was a gallery, open towards the fquare and covered ou the top. The barracks or lodgings of the foldiers (bb) were contiguous to this gallery; in some of them roman armours were found; but one especially oflfered a pitiful aspect. It was the military prifon. Some of the Soldiers imprifoned at the time of the fatal cataftrophe, were forgotten in the gênerai confternation, and deprived of the power to escape were pitifully suffocated. Several fkeletous were found fitting in a row, the bones of their legs fiill loaded with heavy chains. | |
| Ad99998 04 028a/eng | Birds LII. Vol. IV. No. 26. WOODPECKERS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. In the 28th Number of the III Vol. of our Picture* GalSery we have seen some Woodpeckers natives of Germany» but there are also many and durèrent species of these birds which inhabit the other parts of Europe as well as the other quarters of the World. We are bore m a de acquainted with fix beautiful and variegated foreign species, Fig. 1. The black breasted Woodpecker. (Picus multicolor.) This species is an ir. habitant of Cayenne and Guiana where it is called by the Natives Tukumari. It is about 11 inches long; iscs head which is ornamented with a fine creft, and the neck are orange yellow; the breast is black; and the wings, back, and tail are of a dark brownred, spotted with black; the tips of the fanshaped tail are black and the feet lead coloured. It Îive3 like ail its congenere on the gênerai food of the Woodpeckers wbich conflits in worms and insects. Fig. 2. The Goa-Woodpecker. (Picus Goensis.) It is of a smaller size than the above mentioned and an inhabitant of Goa in Asia. The beautiful creft wbich hangs down from the bind part of it» head, is carmin-red. A fîripe of black runs from beneath the eye» down the back. The wings are fulvous and green. With its pointed bill it hollows the trees. Fig. 3. The Bengal Woodpecker. (Picus Bengalensis.) This beautiful Woodpecker lives in Bengal, It is frnaller than the précèdent species. The little red tuft of feathers on the bind part of its head, the white frripe un der the eyes, the green and yelîow back along with the spotted neck and wings give this bird a beautiful appearance. Fig. 4. The yellow-headed Woodpecker. (Picus chlorocephalus.) Is a Native of Guiana. Its breast and belly, back and tail are Olive» brown, marked by large white spots on the foreparts; neck and head are yellow, the top of the head is red. Fig. 5. The Nubian Woodpecker. (Picus Nubicus.) "We fee hère an A£rican Woodpecker and an inhabitant of Nubia. It meafuies above 7 inches. Ils body is brown, Ipotted and variega« ted with black-, white and yellow. Fig. 6. The yellow Woodpecker. (Picus exalbidus.) This species is called in Cayenne where it is very fréquent, the yellow Carpenter, because it buildà its néft in hollow trees cutting first through the bark horizontally and then piercing downwards a hole 1 or i | |
| Ad99998 04 029a/eng | Insects XXII. Vol. IV. No. 27. BUTTERFLIES. I. Day-Butterflies. T> J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.) J. liefe beautiful and variegaterî insects which we ail kviow, conltitute an extenfive tribe of three ClafXes or principal divisions, and 2599 particular and diftinct species. They are provicîed with four expanded wings which are covered with a kirid of mottled duft, that, when loolïed at by a microscop, féëms to be composed of so many lïttle scales laying one over the other. (See Vol. IIL N, 5. of oût Picture Gallerie.) Their body is füll of hair, their and mouth is furnisbed with pinchers and a fpiral fnout to fuck the juice of plants and flowers; but remarkable is the threefold transformation, to wbich these insects are subject before they become real butterfîies. From the eggs wbich the female lays, little wormlîke animals proceed wbich are called Caterpillars or Larvae. These Caterpillars live on certain plants and also sometimes on wood, tili arrived at their fui! growth, when they furround themselves with akind of borny web and change in the Chryfalis or Aurelia. In îhis Iituation they live without tiourishment in a dormant Rate, tili at laß, with some (pecies in a few weeks with others in two or fhtee years, the Butterfly issues, wbich, when full grown, pierces and strips the web, propagates its species, and soon after dies. The three principal ClaiTes of Butterflies are as follows: 1. The Day-Buttcrßies or Papillons, 2. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths. 3. The Fhalaena or Moths. We shall be made acquainted with them in this and the foliowing two Numbers. Dß, y-Butterflies. Of this Class 901 différent species are known. They only fly about during daytime, " when fîtting, they carry their wings erected and clofe to cach other; their threadlike antennae or feelers terminate m a conic form. In the annexed picture we iee three beautiful species in their natural size which are very fréquent in almost erery part of Germany. Fig. 1. The Camberwell Beauty. (Papilio Antiopa.) This butterfly ÇA) measures about 3 inche3 in breadth, and is generally met with about the fruit-trees, on whofe fweet juice it lives. The purple-brown indented wings are edged with a b. right yellow border. The black thorny Caterpillars (ß) , which 3Te marked by black spots, are commonly found on wilîows, birch and asp-trees and change in a black angular Chryfalis ÇC) from which the Butterfly in the fpace of a fortnight issues. Fig. 2. The Peacock Butterfly. (Papilio Jo.) The Caterpillar (h) of this butterfly is befet ail over with Imall fpines and as black as velveti They are found in great Quantifies on Nett'es. The angular, yellow green Chiyfalis(c) is variegated with fulvoua spots and commonly fîicks with the inferior point to the walls. After 12 or 14 days the beautiful butterfly Ça) cornes forth, marked with various spot3 in the form of the eyes of a peacock's tail. Fig. 3. The red admirable Butterfly. (Papilio Atalanta.) The différent colours of this butterfly ÇA) are black, purple-red, and white. It appaars often in fpring, but is abundantly found in the Month of August fluttering about the blofToms of beans and other plants. The thorny Caterpillar CE) is met with on nettles. The grey, angular Chryfalis (C) from which the butterfly issues aûer a fortnight, is also found hanging on the walls. | |
| Ad99998 04 030a/eng | Insects XXIII. Vol. IV. No. 28. BUTTER FLIES. II. The Sphinx or Hawk-Moths. 1 he Sphinx or Hawk-Moths, of which at present 165 species ave known, are the fécond Class of Butteiflies. Tlieir wings are longer tlian those of the day butterflies and are deflexed wlien the infect is at reft. Their body is also stronger and their antennae are thick in the middle and somewhat tapering towards the point. It is onîy at day break, and during tvviligbt tliat they flutter about to fuck witli their fnout the honey juice of flowers continually humming and foaring in the air. During day time they reft quietîy and inactif on trees and walls. The caterpillars of this Class are large, beautifully pencilled, and provided with a kind of horn upon the ta il. Their transformation happens generally in the earth where the black or brown Chrvfalis l fallu darauti» remains the whole winter. In the following fpring the Butterfly appears. In. the annexed picture we are madeacquainted with two beautiful species of this Class along with their caterpillars and Chryfalis in their natural size. Fig. 1. The Death-Head. (Sphinx Atropos.) The Death-Head QA) is the largest species of this Class; it occurs in many parts of Germany, but is properly a native of Africa andAmelica; it is only known in Europe fince the introduction of potatoes; and the blue and yellowftriped caterpillars ÇB~) delight to fearch for their nourishment on the potatoe-herb where they generally are found in August and September, though they sometimes are also met with on Jasmin and Carrots. They change into the red brown Chryfalis (C) which paffes the winter under ground. This Butterfly was in former times a frightful animal to common people. The yellowish drawing on its breast was generally taken for a Death-head; its fluttering about in the middle of the night, and its noify humming, together with the plaintif tune which the rubbing of its hard breast-shields produces, were fufficient reafons to make people believe, that this innoxious infect was the harbinger of illness and misfortune and the fore*runner of plague, war, and famine. Indeed a ridiculous fable! Fig. 2. The eyed Hawk-Moth. (Sphinx ocellata.) The Caterpillar (b~) is yellow green, mar» ked by a quantity of white stripes dispofed in a transverse direction. It is frequently found on willows and lime-^trees, on alders, oaks and beeches from which it is eaßly shaken off. The Caterpillar changes under ground, into a black Chryfalis (c). The superior wings of this Butterfly Ça) are marbled with red and grey, and edged in a finuous form. The inferior wings are of a pink colour, marked with eyes of blue and black. | |
| Ad99998 04 031a/eng | Insects XXIV. Vol. IV. No. 29. BUTTERFLIES. III. Phalaena. 1 lie third and mofr. numerous Class-is tliat of The Phalaena of which tili no\7 1529 species are known. When fitting, they let their wings hang downwards like the Sphinx. Their Antennae are somewhat like briftles and decreafing in size from the bafe to the apex. Except forne few species they only fly ahout in the night. Their fluttering is aukward and heavy but quiet and without humming. During day thne they fit stiîl on walls and trees as well as on the grass. The Gaterpiliars are covered with hair and go generally in the night in quest of nourishment. In their transformation the Caterpillars furround themselves with a filklike weh; for which purpofe nature has provided them with a tough juice Corning forth from an opening underneath their mouth; from this juice they Ipin the fine thread of which the Chryfalis coniilïs. They îy sometimes for 2 or 3 years in their web be» fore they change into Butter P ies. The annexed picture shows three différent species in their natural size. Fig. 1. The great Tyger-Moth. (Phalaena Caja.) The superior wings of this species (A) are of a Coffeebrown colour, marked by feveral white ‘(tripes uniting at the bafe; ths inferior wings are of a scarlet colour variegated with black and bîue spots. They are met with the whole fuminer through. The bîack and hairy Caterpillar (B~) lives on nettles, fallet and différent other pbants, and is jaioft frequently found in Juîy on turfy places. Its Chryfalis becomes'a felty web from its fpin»ing all the hair into it. Fig. 2. The Goat-Moth. (Phalaena Cossus.) The large, red Caterpillar (h) of the GoatMoth is especiaîly remarkable. Tt inhabits the trunks of wilfows, oaks, and ahlers and lives on wood. It is very noxions, gnawing the trees with its sharp pinchers in various directions. It défends itself against its enemies with a red juice which it fpouîs with véhémence from its Mouth. It pierces, ail wooden chefts or boxes and can only be kept in glass or. earthen pots. In the third year it covers itself in the trees with a skin of hue chips and changes in the brown rmd yellow Chryfalis (V) which at the tune of ripeness pierces the skin and appears in the new form of the Goat-Moth (a) , which is of a grey and blackish colour. » The french phyfician Lionet who diffected some of these Caterpillars with on aftonishing diligence, discovered 4041 Muscles, befides an enormous quantity of blood-and other Veffels. Fig. 3. The little Emperor-Moth. (Phalaena Pavonia minor.) The Caterpillar (B) of this Butterfly is in Germany frequently found on Rose-bushes, oaks, beeches, etc. It is green and beautifully pencilled with e qüantity of fulvous stars, which gives it an elegant appearance. ît (pins its Chryfalis QC) into a black and yellow longitudinal web in the form of a pair. The Butterfly (Ä) is of a reddish grey and yellow, edged with white; on each of its wings it has a black and white spot in the form ef an eye. | |
| Ad99998 04 032a/eng | Rose III. Vol. IV. No. 30. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROSES. Fig. 1. The Little Centifolia. (Rosa centifolia minor.) The Unie Centijolia is one of the most pretty and elegant fnecies of Roses. Portugal is faid to be its native country. Mr. Blandford at leaft brought it first from there to England, where it is still called : Blandford-Rose. It bas quite the round form and délicate colour of the large Centifolia, but instead of growing so isolated and fingly, it commonly forms a bunch of J or Q (Towers on one staîk. Its wood is green and bas only a few prichles. On account of its great fullness it beats very fei dorn fruit. The bush is 7 or ß feet bigh. Fig. 2. The French Rose. (Rosa turbinata.) This species is not only ufefuî, but also a great ornament of an elegant gard'en; for, planted with intelligence and eukivated with care o it bas the particular advantage to grow to the heigbt of iQ feet againfi: espaliers or pales, and coniequently furnishes the beft means to decorate walls and arbours. It bas différent names, and is called: sometfmes the Suggar-Rose, Vinegar RoseT the French Rose etc. The flowers which appear in Juin and July, are large, open, and of a bigh colour, but their fmell is not so agreeable as tîiat of the large Centifolia. It flourislies abundantly and has plentiful leaves of a pleafant green, with very few prickles. Its flower cups are somewhat fimilar to tunnels and generally divided in two parts, the upper of which is fmoothr the louer füll of minute prickles. It very fekîom bears any fruit t for the buds soon waste away and peaish. | |
| Ad99998 04 033a/eng | Birds. LIII. Vol. IV. No. 31. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SHRIKES. VV e have seen various Speeres of Shrike9 in Number 47 of die III. Vol, of our picture Galierie; we are hère made acquainted with fix other Speeres, foine of wbich are beautifully pencilled. Fig. 1. The jocose Shrike. (Lanius jocosus.) This slender and lively Bird is of the size of a common lark, and inhabits différent parts of China, Ben gai and the coaft of Coromandel. The colour of its back and wings is yellow brown; its breast and belly are of a dirty white; beneath the eyes and tail it is marked with Rose coloured spots, and on the hind part of its head some feathers of a brown colour form a loofe creft. Fig. 2. The Rock-Shrike. (Lanius infaustus.) Ax. the firfi hght this Species as well as the jocofe Shrike feem to belong to the kind of throftles, but their crooked bill is an evident proof of their being of the Shrike-race. This species is jto be found on the Mountains of Tyrol and Swizzerîand, in France and Iraly. On account of its turreful finging it is frequently kept in cages, its length is generally 7 J inches; the colours of its feathers are yellow-red, blew and brown. Why this bird in German and Latin is cal]ed the Unhappy, is unkn. own, but probably superst. ition has iuggefîed the Idea. Fig. 3. The blak-headed Shrike. (Lanius melanocephalus.) This beautiful Inhabitant of the southern Islands, which only foine of the late Travellers brought to Europe, is ahout 6 inches long. Its principal colour is olive green except the tail which has a large black band aeross, and yellow ends. Fig. 4. The crested Shrike. (Lanius Canadensis.) measures about 6 inches and lives in Canada, The long brown-red feathers of its head form a hanging creft. It3 breast is of a yellow leather-colour, the belly dirty white, the back tawny, and the wings black, crofTed by lèverai Üripes of white. Fig. 5. The blue Shrike. (Lanius bicolor.) A beautiful species which is only to be met with in the Island of Madagascar. It generally lives on insects. Its size is larger then that of the crefted Shrike meafuring about 6 § inches in length. The upper part of its body is azuré; breast and belly are of a fhining white; bill and feet of a blakish colour. Fig. 6 The pied Shrike. (Lanius doliatus.) measures also about 6 f inches. The whole Bird is neatîy pencilled with undulated white and black stripes. It is an Inhabitant of Cayenne. |
